Preface
Welcome to Astronomy, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high- quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost.
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Customization
Astronomy is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license, which means that you can distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors.
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About Astronomy
Astronomy is written in clear non-technical language, with the occasional touch of humor and a wide range of clarifying illustrations. It has many analogies drawn from everyday life to help non-science majors appreciate, on their own terms, what our modern exploration of the universe is revealing. The book can be used for either a one-semester or two-semester introductory course (bear in mind, you can customize your version and include
only those chapters or sections you will be teaching.) It is made available free of charge in electronic form (and low cost in printed form) to students around the world. If you have ever thrown up your hands in despair over the spiraling cost of astronomy textbooks, you owe your students a good look at this one.
Coverage and scope
Astronomy was written, updated, and reviewed by a broad range of astronomers and astronomy educators in a strong community effort. It is designed to meet scope and sequence requirements of introductory astronomy courses nationwide.
Chapter 1: Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour
Chapter 2: Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy
Chapter 3: Orbits and Gravity
Chapter 4: Earth, Moon, and Sky
Chapter 5: Radiation and Spectra
Chapter 6: Astronomical Instruments
Chapter 7: Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
Chapter 8: Earth as a Planet
Chapter 9: Cratered Worlds
Chapter 10: Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars
Chapter 11: The Giant Planets
Chapter 12: Rings, Moons, and Pluto
Chapter 13: Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar System
Chapter 14: Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
Chapter 15: The Sun: A Garden-Variety Star
Chapter 16: The Sun: A Nuclear Powerhouse
Chapter 17: Analyzing Starlight
Chapter 18: The Stars: A Celestial Census
Chapter 19: Celestial Distances
Chapter 20: Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space
Chapter 21: The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
Chapter 22: Stars from Adolescence to Old Age
Chapter 23: The Death of Stars
Chapter 24: Black Holes and Curved Spacetime
Chapter 25: The Milky Way Galaxy
Chapter 26: Galaxies
Chapter 27: Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes
Chapter 28: The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies
Chapter 29: The Big Bang
Chapter 30: Life in the Universe
Appendix A: How to Study for Your Introductory Astronomy Course
Appendix B: Astronomy Websites, Pictures, and Apps
Appendix C: Scientific Notation
Appendix D: Units Used in Science
Appendix E: Some Useful Constants for Astronomy
Appendix F: Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets
Appendix G: Selected Moons of the Planets
Appendix H: Upcoming Total Eclipses
Appendix I: The Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
Appendix J: The Brightest Twenty Stars
Appendix K: The Chemical Elements
Appendix L: The Constellations
Appendix M: Star Charts and Sky Event Resources
Currency and accuracy
Astronomy has information and images from the New Horizons exploration of Pluto, the discovery of gravitational waves, the Rosetta Mission to Comet C-G, and many other recent projects in astronomy. The discussion of exoplanets has been updated with recent information—indicating not just individual examples, but trends in what sorts of planets seem to be most common. Black holes receive their own chapter, and the role of supermassive black holes in active galaxies and galaxy evolution is clearly explained. Chapters have been reviewed by subject-matter experts for accuracy and currency.
Flexibility
Because there are many different ways to teach introductory astronomy, we have made the text as flexible as we could. Math examples are shown in separate sections throughout, so that you can leave out the math or require it as you deem best. Each section of a chapter treats a different aspect of the topic being covered; a number of sections could be omitted in shorter overview courses and can be included where you need more depth. And, as we have already discussed, you can customize the book in a variety of ways that have never been possible in traditional textbooks.
Student-centered focus
This book is written to help students understand the big picture rather than get lost in random factoids to memorize. The language is accessible and inviting. Helpful diagrams and summary tables review and encapsulate the ideas being covered. Each chapter contains interactive group activities you can assign to help students work in teams and pool their knowledge.
Interactive online resources
Interesting “Links to Learning” are scattered throughout the chapters, which direct students to online animations, short videos, or enrichment readings to enhance their learning. Also, the resources listed at the end of each chapter include links to websites and other useful educational videos.
Feature boxes that help students think outside the box
A variety of feature boxes within the chapters connect astronomy to the students’ other subjects and humanize the face of astronomy by highlighting the lives of the men and women who have been key to its progress. Besides the math examples that we’ve already mentioned, the boxes include:
Making Connections. This feature connects the chapter topic to students’ experiences with other fields, from poetry to engineering, popular culture, and natural disasters.
Voyagers in Astronomy. This feature presents brief and engaging biographies of the people behind historically significant discoveries, as well as emerging research.
Astronomy Basics. This feature explains basic science concepts that we often (incorrectly) assume students know from earlier classes.
Seeing for Yourself. This feature provides practical ways that students can make astronomical observations on their own.
End-of-chapter materials to extend students’ learning
Chapter Summaries. Summaries give the gist of each section for easy review.
For Further Exploration. This section offers a list of suggested articles, websites, and videos so students can delve into topics of interest, whether for their own learning, for homework, extra credit, or papers.
Review Questions. Review questions allow students to show you (or themselves) how well they understood the chapter.
Thought Questions. Thought questions help students assess their learning by asking for critical reflection on principles or ideas in the chapter.
Figuring For Yourself. Mathematical questions, using only basic algebra and arithmetic, allow students to apply the math principles given in the example boxes throughout the chapter.
Collaborative Group Activities. This section suggests ideas for group discussion, research, or reports.
Our comprehensive art program is designed to enhance students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs. Here are a few examples.
Figure 1 How a Pulsar Beam Sweeps over Earth.
Figure 2 Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Figure 3 Two Aspects of Plate Tectonics.
Figure 4 Pluto Close Up.
Additional resources
Student and instructor resources
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Partner resources
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About the authors
Senior contributing authors Andrew Fraknoi, Foothill College
Andrew Fraknoi is Chair of the Astronomy Department at Foothill College and served as the Executive Director of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1978–1992. His work with the society included editing Mercury Magazine, Universe in the Classroom, and Astronomy Beat. He’s taught at San Francisco State University, Canada College, and the University of California Extension. He is editor/co-author of The Universe at Your Fingertips 2.0, a collection of teaching activities, and co-author of Solar Science, a book for middle-school teachers. He was co- author of a syndicated newspaper column on astronomy, and appears regularly on local and national radio. With Sidney Wolff, he was founder of Astronomy Education Review. He serves on the Board of Trustees of the SETI Institute and on the Lick Observatory Council. In addition, he has organized six national symposia on teaching introductory astronomy. He received the Klumpke-Roberts Prize of the ASP, the Gemant Award of the American Institute of Physics, and the Faraday Award of the NSTA.
David Morrison, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
David Morrison is a Senior Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. He received his PhD in astronomy from Harvard, where he was one of Carl Sagan’s graduate students. He is a founder of the field of astrobiology and is known for research on small bodies in the solar system. He spent 17 years at University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy and the Department of Physics and Astronomy. He was Director of the IRTF at Mauna Kea Observatory. Morrison has held senior NASA positions including Chief of the Ames Space Science Division and founding Director of the Lunar Science Institute. He’s been on science teams for the Voyager, Galileo, and Kepler missions. Morrison received NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals and the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal. He was awarded the AAS Carl Sagan medal and the ASP Klumpke-Roberts prize. Committed to the struggle against pseudoscience, he serves as Contributing Editor of Skeptical Inquirer and on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
Sidney C. Wolff, National Optical Astronomy Observatories (Emeritus)
After receiving her PhD from the UC Berkeley, Dr. Wolff was involved with the astronomical development of Mauna Kea. In 1984, she became the Director of Kitt Peak National Observatory, and was director of National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Most recently, she led the design and development of the 8.4-meter Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. Dr. Wolff has published over ninety refereed papers on star formation and stellar atmospheres. She has served as President of the AAS and the ASP. Her recently published book, The Boundless Universe: Astronomy in the New Age of Discovery, won the 2016 IPPY (Independent Publisher Book Awards) Silver Medal in Science.
All three senior contributing authors have received the Education Prize of the American Astronomical Society and have had an asteroid named after them by the International Astronomical Union. They have worked together on a series of astronomy textbooks over the past two decades.
Contributing authors
John Beck, Stanford University
Susan D. Benecchi, Planetary Science Institute
John Bochanski, Rider University
Howard Bond, Pennsylvania State University, Emeritus, Space Telescope Science Institute Jennifer Carson, Occidental College
Bryan Dunne, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Martin Elvis, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Debra Fischer, Yale University
Heidi Hammel, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Tori Hoehler, NASA Ames Research Center
Douglas Ingram, Texas Christian University Steven Kawaler, Iowa State University Lloyd Knox, University of California, Davis
Mark Krumholz, Australian National University James Lowenthal, Smith College
Siobahn Morgan, University of Northern Iowa Daniel Perley, California Institute of Technology Claire Raftery, National Solar Observatory Deborah Scherrer, retired, Stanford University Phillip Scherrer, Stanford University
Sanjoy Som, Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, NASA Ames Research Center Wes Tobin, Indiana University East
William H. Waller, retired, Tufts University, Rockport (MA) Public Schools Todd Young, Wayne State College
Reviewers
Elisabeth R. Adams, Planetary Science Institute Alfred N. Alaniz, San Antonio College
Charles Allison, Texas A&M University–Kingsville Douglas Arion, Carthage College
Timothy Barker, Wheaton College Marshall Bartlett, The Hockaday School Charles Benesh, Wesleyan College Gerald B. Cleaver, Baylor University Kristi Concannon, King’s College Anthony Crider, Elon University
Scott Engle, Villanova University
Matthew Fillingim, University of California, Berkeley Robert Fisher, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Carrie Fitzgerald, Montgomery College
Christopher Fuse, Rollins College
Shila Garg, Emeritus, The College of Wooster Richard Gelderman, Western Kentucky University Lee Hartman, University of Michigan
Beth Hufnagel, Anne Arundel Community College Francine Jackson, Brown University
Joseph Jensen, Utah Valley University John Kielkopf, University of Louisville
James C. Lombardi, Jr., Allegheny College Amy Lovell, Agnes Scott College
Charles Niederriter, Gustavus Adolphus College Richard Olenick, University of Dallas
Matthew Olmstead, King’s College
Zoran Pazameta, Eastern Connecticut State University David Quesada, Saint Thomas University
Valerie A. Rapson, Dudley Observatory Joseph Ribaudo, Utica College
Dean Richardson, Xavier University of Louisiana Andrew Rivers, Northwestern University
Marc Sher, College of William & Mary
Christopher Sirola, University of Southern Mississippi Ran Sivron, Baker University
J. Allyn Smith, Austin Peay State University Jason Smolinski, Calvin College
Michele Thornley, Bucknell University Richard Webb, Union College
Terry Willis, Chesapeake College David Wood, San Antonio College
Jeremy Wood, Hazard Community and Technical College Jared Workman, Colorado Mesa University
Kaisa E. Young, Nicholls State University
