{"id":480,"date":"2022-10-24T21:55:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-24T21:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/chapter\/__unknown__-32\/"},"modified":"2023-03-16T17:04:28","modified_gmt":"2023-03-16T17:04:28","slug":"__unknown__-32","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/chapter\/__unknown__-32\/","title":{"raw":"5.5 EXPRESSIONISM-FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS","rendered":"5.5 EXPRESSIONISM-FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>Expressionism Develops in Two Major R<\/strong><strong>egions<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">As discussed earlier in this chapter, Expressionists sought to develop an emotionally powerful style that rejected naturalistic imagery in favor of emotional impact.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Here is a reminder of the general expectations that we may have about Expressionism.\u00a0Keep these in mind as you begin to distinguish between the varied directions in which the style developed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">The focus is psychological rather than natural.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Emotional states are often presented in contrasting and even dissident colors or in stark black and white.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Metaphor is more important than any specific situation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Shapes are distorted to amplify the emotion being evoked.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Art works are often experimental in form or media.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Visual arts, music and literature all embraced and used expressionism as a way of capturing the human element in the industrial revolution, which often seemed to leave humans behind, in terms of importance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Rather than describing physical or spiritual events, expressionism tended to describe reactions to those events.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">These excursions through the human mind created a wide variety of expressionistic experiences but tended to focus on strong and often terrifying emotional experiences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Rather than creating pictures and experiences relating to the outside world, expressionists created paths into the world within the human.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>The French Fauvists<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The Paris Salon of 1905 introduced the world to a group of French painters that became known as The Fauvists (The Wild Beasts). This was the reaction of critics to the French Expressionist style at its debut.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\u201c18th October, 1905: French President Emile Loubet refused to open the third autumn exhibition opening at the Grand Palais. The reason: room VII, containing paintings by Camoin, Derain, Manguin, Marquet, Matisse and Vlaminck was judged unacceptable by all critics. They were described as \"random gaudy colours\", \"frenzied brushes\", \"a mixture of bottle wax and parrot feathers\". Attacked most fiercely, Matisse\u2019s {Woman with a Hat}, when it was not being laughed at, attracted the most virulent comments and scorn. A bust placed in the centre of the room led Louis Vauxcelles to write: \"C\u2019est Donatello parmi les fauves\" (\u201cIt is Donatello among the wild beasts!\u201d). The phrase was so popular that the room was soon renamed the \u201ccage aux fauves\u201d (\u201ccage of wild beasts\u201d). By extension, the artists exhibited there were associated with the expression and their painting was called \u2018Fauvist\u2019.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This movement set the tone for future developments in Dadaism, Futurism and Surrealism among others. Unlike most of the other art movements, however, Expressionism was not founded on a single agreed upon formula. These formulas were generally expressed in the form of manifestos. Many of these artists did know each other and some even painted together. They no doubt discussed their work with together but they never claimed to be part of a movement. All were, however, influenced by earlier styles, particularly that of Van Gogh and Gauguin. They used the same vibratingly bright colors and incorporated the loose brush work seen in these two earlier artists. From Gauguin they also borrowed his idea of colored shadows. From Seurat they took a divided touch and the constructive value of untouched canvas. During this same period that Cubists were exploring a more intellectualized approach to painting, the Fauvists were primarily experimenting with color. The timing was perfect as new pigments and binders were being developed that allowed for long lasting bright colors.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4><strong>Henri Matisse<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Henri Matisse (1869-1954) is the most famous of the Fauvists. This is a bit odd as he was one of the more conservative painters associated with the style. Notice the similarities and the differences between this painting of dancers by Gauguin and the same subject painted by Matisse.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"299\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image1-18.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting, Breton Girls Dancing, Paul Gauguin, 1888\" width=\"299\" height=\"234\" \/> 5.10 Paul Gauguin. <em>Breton Girls Dancing<\/em>. 1888.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote2anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"340\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image2-19.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting, Henri Matisse. La Danse (The Dance). 1909.3\" width=\"340\" height=\"234\" \/> 5.11 Henri Matisse<em>. <\/em><em>La <\/em><em>Danse<\/em> (The Dance). 1909.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote3anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Notice how the background in the painting by Matisse is vague and unimportant, other than the bright blue that helps the orange dancers stand out. While the \u201cground is a filed of green, it reveals no sense of depth other than the overlap of the dancing figures. It is the dynamic movement that is captured by Matisse, rather than the moment in time that is captured by Gauguin. While Gauguin presents dancers, Matisse presents the spirit of dance.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Below is an interior painted by Matisse in 1911. Note how the artist uses bright patterns that may represent wallpaper or <a id=\"sdfootnote3anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\"><\/a> carpet, it is impossible to tell which is intended. The decorative designs flatten the picture as they are both below and behind the table. There are many other intentional departures from the traditional rules of painting. Matisse places a window at the edge of the painting, leading the viewer\u2019s eyes out of the picture. There seems to be several viewpoints seen of the table. The linear perspective created by the tabletop becoming smaller as it moves away from the viewer is counteracted by the placement of the eggplants, which seem to lay at the edge, neither on nor off the surface of the table. Because the tablecloth does not fall at the edge of the table, we see the eggplants from above, whereas the view of the plate with the pears is frontal. Matisse is playing with ideas initiated by C\u00e9zanne as well as those of Munch and Gauguin. Although overlap indicates that the folding screen behind the table is also behind the mirror, it is reflected in the mirror.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"428\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image3-20.jpeg\" alt=\"Henri Matisse.L\u2019interier aux Aubergines (Interior of the Eggplants). Oil on canvas. 1911-1912\" width=\"428\" height=\"363\" \/> 5.12 Henri Matisse.<em>L\u2019interier<\/em><em> aux <\/em><em>Aubergines<\/em> (Interior of the Eggplants). Oil on canvas. 1911-1912.Mus\u00e9e de Peinture et de Sculpture, Grenoble, France.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote4anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">For more on the application of Fauvist ideas <strong>click the hyperlinks:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">A<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Beginner's Guide to Fauvism<\/span><\/a><\/strong> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>article<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, Luxury, <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Calmand<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Voluptuous<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">3:26<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<a class=\"rId12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">The<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Red Studio<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">4:36<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, Dance 1<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> article<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i<\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In the images below, look for the ideas found in most Expressionistic endeavors while also noticing how these paintings are distinctly Fauvist. Can you tell who the artists are borrowing ideas from?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Common tendencies of the Fauvists:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Bright, even violent use of color<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Loose brushwork<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Often drawings made from paint (critics considered many of these works to be unfinished sketches).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Canvas often peeks through<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The shadows are filled with color<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Representational images are of little interest<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There may be several perspectives used in the painting<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are often color and patterns that seem more decorative than naturalistic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any sense of depth is subservient to colors and shapes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The focus of subject matter is on reactions to experiences rather than on capturing a moment in time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Draw on \u201cprimitive\u201d influences (although seldom to the degree that Neo-primitivists did)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"503\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image4-13.jpeg\" alt=\"Henri Manguin (1874-1949). Baigneuse (Woman Bather) \" width=\"503\" height=\"605\" \/> 5.13 Henri Manguin (1874-1949). <em>Baigneuse<\/em> (<em>Woman Bather<\/em>) Pushkin Museum, Moscow.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote5anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\">5<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"601\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image5-14.jpeg\" alt=\"Maurice de Vlaminck. Houses at Chatou,1905\" width=\"601\" height=\"484\" \/> 5.14 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Maurice de <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Vlaminck<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">. <\/span><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Houses<\/em> <em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">at<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Chatou<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">1905<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Jacques<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> and Natasha <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Gelman<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Collection, 1998<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote6anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote6sym\">6<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image6-15.jpeg\" alt=\"Albert Marquet. (1875-1947) The Pier at Sainte-Adresse, 1906\" width=\"260\" height=\"212\" \/> 5.15 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Albert<\/span> <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Marquet.<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> (1875-1947)<\/span> <em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">The Pier <\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">at<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Sainte-Adresse<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> 1906.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote7anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote7sym\">7<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"264\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image7-15.jpeg\" alt=\"Albert Marquet. (1875-1947) Luxembourg Garden. 1898\" width=\"264\" height=\"216\" \/> 5.16 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Albert Marquet. <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">(1875-1947) <\/span><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Luxembourg Garden<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">. 1898.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote8anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote8sym\">8<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">More on <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Fauvism<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">:<\/span> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Fauve landscapes and City Views<\/span> article <strong><a class=\"rId18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Fauvism and African Art<\/span><\/a> <\/strong><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>article.<\/strong>\u00a0 If you receive an error with the link above, use this link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1<\/a> \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>German <\/strong><strong>Expressionism<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>Die <\/strong><strong>Br\u00fccke<\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><strong>The Bridge)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">German Expressionism before World War I was primarily developed by two different groups. Die Br\u00fccke (The Bridge) was an association of painters that lived in Dresden. In 1905 they chose this name because they hoped to build or become a bridge that would connect them to other Expressionistic artists and to the future.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\u201cLed by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, the group wanted to create a radical art that could speak to modern audiences, which they characterized as young, vital, and urban. Drawn from the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, the nineteenth-century German\u00a0philosopher, the name \u201cDie Br\u00fccke\u201d describes their desire to serve as a bridge from the present to the future. While each artist had his own personal style, Die Br\u00fccke art is characterized by bright, often arbitrary colors and a \u201cprimitive\u201d aesthetic, inspired by both African and European medieval art. Their work often addressed modern urban themes of alienation and anxiety, and sexually charged themes\u00a0in their depictions\u00a0of the female nude.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote9anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote9sym\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Die Br\u00fccke, unlike the Fauvists did have a sort of manifesto, although it was not formal. Kirchner had this quote included in the introductory broadsheet for the first Die Br\u00fccke exposition. \u201cWith faith in progress and in a new generation of creators and spectators we call together all youth. As youth we carry the future and want to create for ourselves freedom of life and of movement against the long-established older forces.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote10anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote10sym\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"584\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image8-13.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Woodcut advertising the first exhibition of The Bridge. 1905\" width=\"584\" height=\"532\" \/> 5.17 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Woodcut advertising the first exhibition of The Bridge. 1905.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote11anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote11sym\">11<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">One of the major ways that The Bridge differed from the Fauvists is their interest in the spiritual aspects often displayed in the Symbolist and Romantic styles. That interest can be seen in the common use of the woodcut method of printmaking that was the norm in the middle-ages.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"716\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image9-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Czardas Dancers. 1905\" width=\"716\" height=\"545\" \/> 5.18 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, <em>Czardas Dancers<\/em>. 1905.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote12anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote12sym\">12<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Kirchner often painted dancers. His experience with use of the \u201cprimitive\u201d convinced him that dancing put people in touch with their basic urges. Above is a painting of can-can dancers. Can-can dances happened in music halls, the 1800s version of nightclubs, and served as peep shows. The girls raised their skirts and swished them about, revealing their many layered undergarments and the garters that held up their stockings. At least in this case, Kirchner clearly had a point!<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Below is another of Kirchner\u2019s paintings. Note the emaciated condition of the men crowded into the shower. It is an unpleasant image of skinny, hungry men crowed into a shower while watched by a fully dressed officer. No one seems to have extra body fat. The men are not presented as individuals but as a part of a large group who all seem to look alike. Most have ribs showing as if they could use a good meal. <em>Artillery Men in the Shower<\/em> is an apt metaphor for the lack of privacy and often dire conditions that accompanied urbanization. It also serves as a metaphor for the brutality of the war that had begun a year earlier. The war would bring many hardships and many changes to the people and to the world of art. Subjects would change, and the brutality and devastation that the war caused to most Germans would change people\u2019s attitudes toward many things.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"611\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image10-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Kirchner. Artillery Men in the Shower, 1915\" width=\"611\" height=\"565\" \/> 5.19 Ernst Kirchner. <em>Artillery Men in the Shower<\/em>, 1915. National Museum of Art Architecture and Design.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote13anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\">13<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Notice that Kirchner uses intense hues of blue and orange, opposites on the color wheel. The only exceptions to this palette are the orange red of the fire and the red accents on the bodies of the emaciated men. The red lines that indicate ribs showing also read as slashes or cuts. The use of black, normally avoided in earlier painting styles, serves to make the color pop out at the viewer by contrast. White is also used sparingly to draw attention to the stove where the shower water is heated and to the coat of the officer who stands by dutifully, and unenthusiastically.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\">For a deeper look at the work of the DieBr\u00fccke German Expressionists<strong> click the hyperlinks below:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street Berlin<\/span><\/a> 2:21<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Emil <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Nolde<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">, Young Couple, 1913<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> 2:16<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"192\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image11-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Fritz Bleyl .Advertising print, lithograph. 1906\" width=\"192\" height=\"577\" \/> 5.20 Fritz Bleyl .Advertising print, lithograph. 1906.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote14anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote14sym\">14<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">Another of the Die Br\u00fccke group was Fritz Bleyl (Hilmar Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl). He too was interested in wood cut prints. On the left is a lithographic image that was created to look like a wood print. The artist constructed this image as a poster advertising a 1906 showing of the work of Die Br\u00fccke. Although the group only functioned for a short time, (1905-1913) Die Br\u00fccke had a great impact on other artists and on future art. Although they were best known for their revival of the wood-cut print they also worked in varied mediums including oils, pastels, wood-cut prints, lithographs, pen and ink and charcoal. This group created a communal atmosphere, sharing ideas and painting and exhibiting together. Most of their work emphasized simplicity, bold lines, \u201cprimitive\u201d influences and strong planes of color. Not as lyrical in their subject matter as the French Fauvists, the Die Br\u00fccke group were heavily influenced by Norwegian painter, Edvard Munch. Their work tended to express angst, anxiety and spiritual conflict.\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The coming of war to Germany in 1914 would affect many things and would disillusion many people. Eventually these shifts ended the Die Br\u00fccke and changed the arts world-wide. Before moving on to how worldwide events affected the arts, however, we will look at another German Expressionist group, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>German Expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In 1909 a group of avant-garde (favoring new, experimental or unusual ideas) artists formed the informal group, Neue Kunstler Vereiningung (New Artist Association or NKV) in Munich. Members included Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, August Macke, Gabriele Munter and Marianne von Werefkin. In 1911, Kandinsky and Marc broke with the NKV. In December of that year, the two painters held the first exhibition under the name, Der Blaue Reiter.Both artists also acted as sole editors in the collection of essays,<em>Almanach Der Blaue Reiter<\/em> (<em>Blue Rider Almanac<\/em>) first published in May 1912.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote15anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote15sym\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The magazine was originally intended to be a yearly publication. Although that did not happen, it had an impact. The \u201calmanac\u201d contained an eclectic grouping of ideas in the form of a dozen essays and illustrations of the work of many artists. Kirchner, Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Picasso are there alongside images of African Statues, Chinese ink paintings, German folk art and Renaissance wood cuts.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\u201cOne of the editors of the book, the Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky, wrote of Der Blaue Reiter\u2019s intent, \u2018We aim to show by means of the variety of forms represented how the inner wishes of the artist are embodied.\u2019\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote16anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote16sym\">16<\/a><\/sup> In this simple statement a paradigm shift is made evident. Artists were clearly moving away from the traditional forms of imitation of the outer world and searching for ways to present inner truths.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"205\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image12-8.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Cover art for The Blue Rider Almanac, 1912\" width=\"205\" height=\"268\" \/> 5.21 Wassily Kandinsky. Cover art for <em>The Blue Rider Almanac<\/em>, 1912.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote17anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote17sym\">17<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The name of the group does not seem to have any deep meaning on its own, except perhaps as a metaphor. Cramer and Grant share that, Kandinsky flippantly said that Marc liked horses and he liked riders and they both liked blue.The metaphor came in to play in who the rider was. Saint George, the dragon-slayer rides the blue horse. The article goes on to say,\u201dThe crude, almost childlike simplicity of the cover art for the Almanac, along with its Christian medieval imagery of the blue rider as Saint George, is a visual emblem of two of the groups\u2019 main themes: <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><a class=\"rId26\" href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/primitivism-and-modern-art\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">primitivism<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span>and<span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><a class=\"rId27\" href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/abstract-art-and-theosophy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> spirituality<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote18anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote18sym\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Other artists were drawn to The Blue Rider Group. Eventually Gabriele M\u00fcnter, Auguste Macke, and Alexej von Jawlensky had also become members. Much like the Impressionists before them, banding together allowed them Riders to create the opportunities they had been denied by the well-established salons and galleries. Their exhibitions not only presented the group\u2019s work but also included ancient woodcuts and other art that had been identified as \u201cprimitive.\u201d They redefined ancient religious images, foreign paintings and even German folk art to the status of fine art. In many cases the art was done by untrained artists, opening another door through which many would later follow.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The works in the exhibitions had something in common. The artists that had created them rejected or were unaware of the tradition of scientific naturalism that emerged during the European Renaissance. This was The Blue Rider\u2019s way of reconnecting with the spiritual aspects of art. There was a feeling that the \u201cprimitive\u201d approach would reveal higher spiritual aims than had been seen in \u201chigh\u201d art for some time, if ever.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D<\/strong><strong>er <\/strong><strong>Blaue<\/strong><strong> Reiter, <\/strong><strong>Vasily<\/strong><strong> Kandinsky<\/strong><strong>(1866-1944)<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Vasily Kandinsky was a Russian born artist who moved around Europe as circumstances required. Kandinsky worked in several mediums, wood cut, watercolor and oil were among them. The artist\u2019s life was spent searching for the spiritual in art. During this search, he belonged to several associations of artists who had similar goals. He also taught at the Bauhaus, a progressive German school and at another progressive school, Phalanx, where he met his lover and prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Their association lasted for twelve years and is documented by his many paintings of her. Kandisnky\u2019s teaching, his art associations and his publishing spread his ideas around the world.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This search for the spiritual through art filled his work with themes of renewal and metamorphosis. His art was generally positive, bright and unpredictable. He experimented with multiple art forms including painting, poetry, essay writing and stage composition. He also experimented with many different painting mediums and surfaces. He worked in oil, watercolor, gouache, tempra and probably varied mixtures of these mediums. He painted on canvas, board, wood, plywood, glass, compressed board and others that he devised himself.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote19anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote19sym\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This experimentation was encouraging to other artists who wished to deny tradition and redefine art. In an article published by the Guggenheim the author tells us, \u201cHis was not a fixed path from representation to abstraction, but rather a circular passage traversing persistent themes centered around the pursuit of one dominant ideal: the impulse for spiritual expression. This, what Kandinsky called the artist\u2019s \u201cinner necessity,\u201d remained the guiding principle through the periodic redefinitions of his life and work.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote20anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote20sym\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">As early as 1912 in Kandinsky\u2019s<em>Improvisation<\/em> series, we see works that at first sight seem to be pure abstraction. To discover why that is not considered to be the case, view this video analysis of a Kandinsky painting from that series.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 (second version), 1912<\/span><\/a> 5:15\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Vasily<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Kandinsky \"<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Kl\u00e4nge<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (Sounds)\"<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">2:12<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"651\"]<img style=\"color: #373d3f;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image13-7.jpeg\" alt=\"Vasily Kandinsky. Autumn Landscape with Boats, oil. 1908\" width=\"651\" height=\"478\" \/> 5.22 Vasily Kandinsky. Autumn Landscape with Boats, oil. 1908. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote21anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote21sym\">21<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Above is one of Kandinsky\u2019s more representative works from early in his career. Notice that even though there is a recognizable subject, the image is more emotional than realistic. His love for blue is clearly seen in this painting.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In the image below Kandinsky uses a woodcut to present one of his favorite subjects, riders on horses. In true Kandinsky fashion he seems to borrow the subject from a medieval work, the <em>Bayeux tapestry<\/em>. The odd positioning of the rear horse and the stylized tree evoke memories of the folk art tapestry, made to honor the Christian King, William the Conqueror.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"530\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image14-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky (one of many spellings of the artist\u2019s first name) Two riders against a Red Background. 1913\" width=\"530\" height=\"368\" \/> 5.23 Wassily Kandinsky (one of many spellings of the artist\u2019s first name) <em>Two<\/em><em> riders against a Red Background<\/em>. 1913. Honolulu Museum of Art.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote22anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote22sym\">22<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"246\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image15-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Color Study. Squares with Concentric Circles. Watercolor, Gouache and crayon on paper. 1913\" width=\"246\" height=\"184\" \/> 5.24 Wassily Kandinsky. <em>Color Study. Squares with Concentric Circles. Watercolor, Gouache and crayon on paper. 1913.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote24anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote24sym\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"287\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image16.png\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Composition X. Oil on Canvas. 1944\" width=\"287\" height=\"188\" \/> 5.25 Wassily Kandinsky. <em>Composition X<\/em>. Oil on Canvas. 1944, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfallen collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote23anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote23sym\">23<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"748\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image17-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky, Ohne Titel (No Title) 1923\" width=\"748\" height=\"509\" \/> 5.26 Wassily Kandinsky, <em>OhneTitel <\/em>(<em>No Title<\/em>) 1923, watercolor, pen and ink on paper laid down on board.1923. Southeby\u2019s.<sup><a href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\">25<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"624\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image18-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Vassily Kandinsky. In Blue. Oil on Canvas. 1925\" width=\"624\" height=\"449\" \/> 5.27 Vassily Kandinsky. <em>In Blue<\/em>. Oil on Canvas. 1925. Dusseldorf. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote26anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote26sym\">26<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D<\/strong><strong>er <\/strong><strong>Blaue<\/strong><strong> Reiter, <\/strong><strong>Franz Marc<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Franz Marc (1880-1916), who according to Kandinsky also loved blue, was clearly drawn to animals. He was particularly fond of painting horses. Please read the brief but excellent article provided by Kahn academy to understand what Marc meant when he called for the \u201canimalization of art.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\r\n<a class=\"rId36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>Franz Marc and the animalization of art.<\/strong><\/span><\/a><strong> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">A<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">rticle<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (MUST READ)<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Note that like Kandinsky, Marc paints in bright colors and experiments with his approach. He even fragments some images in an almost Cubist way, but that never overshadows the emotional or spiritual content of his work. Here are a few additional images for your pleasure. The painting below is filled with tension, which is amplified by the black fragmentation. This painting shows the influence of the Picasso and Cezanne on Marc\u2019s work.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"605\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image19-5.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc. Tiger. 1912, oil on canvas\" width=\"605\" height=\"657\" \/> 5.28 Franz Marc. <em>Tiger<\/em>. 1912, oil on canvas.Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote27anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote27sym\">27<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"584\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image20-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc. Horse in Landscape. 1910, oil on canvas\" width=\"584\" height=\"433\" \/> 5.29 Franz Marc. <em>Horse in Landscape<\/em>. 1910, oil on canvas. Folkwang Museum, Essen, Germany.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote28anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote28sym\">28<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"469\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image21-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc, Two Cats, Blue and Yellow. 1912\" width=\"469\" height=\"355\" \/> 5.30 Franz Marc, <em>Two Cats, Blue and Yellow<\/em>. 1912, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote29anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote29sym\">29<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"457\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image22-5.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc, Tierschicksale (Animal Destinies). Oil on canvas\" width=\"457\" height=\"342\" \/> 5.31 Franz Marc, Tierschicksale (Animal Destinies). Oil on canvas.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The image above is an exception to Marc\u2019s regular treatment of animals. They were normally presented as being peaceful. According to Mark Dober,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\u201cAs the war progressed, Marc\u2019s correspondence with Maria suggests that his response shifts subtly to one that hints at signs of resignation. \u00a0A kind of weariness is evident when, in April 1915, he writes that \u2018the lack of purity (of nature) has become clear to me\u2019, though this was also a rationale for the artist\u2019s declared commitment to abandon animal imagery in favour of abstraction.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote30anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote30sym\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marc was killed in battle the year after writing this letter. While he seems to have realized that seeing animals as flawless and pure was illusory, he never quite let go of the idea that the war would cleanse his continent in a useful way, bringing changes that would improve society. In that, he died agreeing with the futurists.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Other <\/strong><strong>BlaueRieter<\/strong><strong> Artists<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Gabriele M\u00fcnter was exceptional in her time as she was an accepted member of this artist\u2019s group (and earlier of NKV)\u00a0and she was female. Women from Germany were not encouraged to attempt a career in the arts. Neither were women from Gabriele\u2019s upper-middle class family. She threw aside tradition and attended the new progressive school Phalanx to study sculpture and wood cut printing. There she met and studied under Vasily Kandinsky. For the next twelve years she lived with him and became the subject of many of his painting. It is unfortunate that in looking for images of her work, one must sift through dozens of Kandinsky paintings that she appeared in before finding anything that was painted by her. Following a period of relative inactivity during the war, and after Kandinsky divorced his wife and married another woman, M\u00fcnter returned to painting in her early style using simplified forms, and expressive use of line and color.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote31anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote31sym\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"639\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image23-3.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Nightfall in St. Cloud, 1906, oil on paperboard \" width=\"639\" height=\"401\" \/> 5.32 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Nightfall in St. Cloud<\/em>, 1906, oil on paperboard. Brooklyn Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote32anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote32sym\">32<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"647\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image24-3.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Countryside Near Paris, oil on paperboard, mounted on pulpboard, 1907\" width=\"647\" height=\"406\" \/> 5.33 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Countryside <\/em><em>Near<\/em><em> Paris<\/em>, oil on paperboard, mounted on pulpboard, 1907, Brooklyn Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote33anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote33sym\">33<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"216\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image25-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Still-life with Votive Picture, oil on canvas, 1910\u00a0\" width=\"216\" height=\"288\" \/> 5.34 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Still-life<\/em><em> with Votive Picture<\/em>, oil on canvas, 1910. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote34anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote34sym\">34<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"215\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image26-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Alexej von Jawlensky, Savior\u2019s Face Number 10, Last Look, oil on paper 1919\" width=\"215\" height=\"283\" \/> 5.35 Alexej von Jawlensky, <em>Savior\u2019s Face Number 1<\/em><em>0<\/em><em>,<\/em><em> Last Look<\/em>, oil on paper 1919, Long Beach Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote35anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote35sym\">35<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Figure 5.35<\/strong> is from Alexej Jawlensky\u2019s series, <em>Mystical<\/em>, also called <em>Abstract Heads<\/em>. This image was painted after the group was dissolved but is an excellent example of the artist\u2019s mature style. This painting is titled, <em>Savior\u2019s Face<\/em><em>, Number 10<\/em>, <em>Last Look<\/em>. Note the almost childlike drawing, the simplicity of line and the seemingly random placement of color. Jawlensky made it clear that these images were not drawn from nature. \"I sat in my studio and painted, and I did not need Nature to prompt me. It was enough for me to immerse myself in myself, to pray and prepare my soul to attain a religious state.\"<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote36anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote36sym\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">August Macke\u2019s approach is somewhat different. Unlike Jawlensky, he began with what he saw in front of him but, he interpreted rather than imitated it. The painting below is of the ancient Tunisian Islamic city of Kairouan. In the painting he includes both modern and ancient buildings, a camel and a minaret, his reference to spirituality. Notice that Macke paints in watercolor, a medium previously not thought appropriate for high art.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"423\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image27.png\" alt=\"August Macke. Kairouan. Before 1914. Watercolor\" width=\"423\" height=\"331\" \/> 5.36 August Macke<strong>. <\/strong><em>Kairouan<\/em>. Before 1914. Watercolor. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote37anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote37sym\">37<\/a><\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">August Macke, like many other members of The Blue Rider, experimented with most of the new emerging styles. It was in his years with the Blue Rider that he honed his craft. His patient wife sat for over 200 portraits as he did so. The 27 year-old artist, like so many of his young compatriots, died in France fighting in World War I. We will never know what he may have been capable of.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote38anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote38sym\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\">1<\/a> Ministre de la Culture. \u201cFauvism.\u201d Rmn- Grand Palais. https:\/\/www.grandpalais.fr\/en\/article\/fauvism accessed 09\/04\/2022.<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\">2<\/a> Gauguin, Paul. Breton Girls Dancing. Rawpixel Ltd, CC BY 2.0 https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/Breton_Girls_Dancing%2C_Pont-Aven_%281888%29_by_Paul_Gauguin._Original_from_The_National_Gallery_of_Art._Digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel._%2850622957008%29.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\">3<\/a> Matisse, Henri. La Danse (The Dance) Michel B.,\u00a0CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Museum of Modern Art, New York. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/78\/PA060602-wiki.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\">4<\/a> Matisse, Henri. Interior of the Eggplants. Samari Prismade, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Int%C3%A9rieur_aux_aubergines%2C_Henri_Matisse%2C_1911-12%2C_212x246cm%2C_mus%C3%A9e_de_Grenoble.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\">5<\/a> Manguin, Henri. Baigneuse (Woman Bather). Henri Manguin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Henri_Manguin%2C_1906%2C_Baigneuse_%28Woman_Bather%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Pushkin_Museum%2C_Moscow.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote6sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote6anc\">6<\/a> Vlaminck, Maurice de. Houses at Chatou. Fuzheado, Fuzheado, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Houses_at_Chatou.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote7sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote7anc\">7<\/a> Marquet, Albert. The Pier at Sainte-Adresse. Albert Marquet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/The_Pier_at_Sainte-Adresse_Albert_Marquet_%281906%29.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote8sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote8anc\">8<\/a> Marquet, Albert. Luxembourg Garden. Albert Marquet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Luxembourg_Garden_Albert_Marquet_%281898%29.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote9sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote9anc\">9<\/a> Roggenkamp, Shawn. \"Expressionism, an introduction,\" in\u00a0Smarthistory, October 2, 2016, accessed September 4, 2022,\u00a0https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/expressionism-intro\/.<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote10sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote10anc\">10<\/a> ibid<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote11sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote11anc\">11<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Advertizing for first exhibition of The Bridge. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_Br%C3%BCcke_1905.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote12sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote12anc\">12<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Czardas Dancers. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_-_Czardas_dancers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote13sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote13anc\">13<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Artillery Men in the Shower. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Kirchner_-_Das_Soldatenbad.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote14sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote14anc\">14<\/a>Bleyl, Fritz. Advertising poster. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/Bleyl-Poster.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote15sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote15anc\">15<\/a> \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Tate. https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/about-us accessed 09\/05\/2022.<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote16sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote16anc\">16<\/a> Dr. Cramer, Charles and Dr. Kim Grant. \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Khan Academy.Translated in Kenneth C. Lindsay and Peter Vergo, eds.,\u00a0Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art\u00a0(New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), p. 113. https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/der-blaue-reiter?modal=1<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote17sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote17anc\">17<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Cover Art for the Blaue Reiter Almanac. 1912. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1a\/BlaueReiter.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote18sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote18anc\">18<\/a> Dr Cramer, Charles and Dr. Kim Grant. \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Khan Academy. https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/der-blaue-reiter?modal=1<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote19sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote19anc\">19<\/a> \u201cVasily Kandinsky Research Project.\u201d Kandinsky exhibition, Guggenheim Museum. 2010.https:\/\/www.guggenheim.org\/conservation\/vasily-kandinsky-research-project<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote20sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote20anc\">20<\/a> Fontella, Megan M. Editor and Curator of Vasily Kandinsky: Around the Circle. 2021-22. Guggenheim Museum. https:\/\/www.guggenheim.org\/exhibition\/vasily-kandinsky-around-the-circle<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote21sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote21anc\">21<\/a> Kandinsky, Vasily. Autumn Landscape with Boats. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Autumn_Landscape_with_Boats.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote22sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote22anc\">22<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Two Riders against a Red Background. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/%27Two_Riders_against_a_Red_Background%27%2C_by_Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_20756.JPG<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote23sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote23anc\">23<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Composition X.Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_1939_-_Composition_X.png<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote24sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote24anc\">24<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Color Study. Squares in Concentric Circles. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/Wassily_Kandinsky_Color_Study._Squares_with_Concentric_Circles.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote25sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\">25<\/a> Kandinsky,Vasily. OhneTitel (no title). Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/%27Ohne_Titel%27_by_Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_1923.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote26sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote26anc\">26<\/a> Kandinsky,Vassily.In Blue..Wassily Kandinsky, Public Domain viaWikimedia Commons.HYPERLINK \"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1925_-In_Blue.jpg\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1925_-In_Blue.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote27sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote27anc\">27<\/a> Marc, Franz. Tiger. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Marc_tiger.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote28sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote28anc\">28<\/a> Marc, Franz. Horse in Landscape. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Marc_pferd-in-landschaft.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote29sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote29anc\">29<\/a> Marc, Franz. Two Cats, Blue and Yellow. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Marc_zwei-katzen%2Cblau-und-gelb.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote30sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote30anc\">30<\/a> Dober, Mark. \u201cFranz Marc: Utopian Hopes for Art and the Great War.\u201d Overland. Borrowed from Marc to Maria, Letters from the War, 12 April 1915, p.46. https:\/\/overland.org.au\/2013\/04\/franz-marc-utopian-hopes-for-art-and-the-great-war\/accessed 09\/02\/2022.<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote31sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote31anc\">31<\/a> Gabriel M\u00fcnter, 1877-1962.\u201d Trove: The Collection in Depth, 2011.Four Centuries of Women\u2019s Art: The National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1990. https:\/\/nmwa.org\/art\/artists\/gabriele-munter\/<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote32sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote32anc\">32<\/a> Gabriele M\u00fcnter, Nightfall in St. Cloud. 1906. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons. Brooklyn Museum. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter_Abend_im_Park_%28Nightfall_in_St._Cloud%29.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote33sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote33anc\">33<\/a> M\u00fcnter, Gabriele. Countryside Near Paris. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter_Bei_Paris_II_%28Countryside_Near_Paris%29.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote34sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote34anc\">34<\/a> Photo by Threecharlie.M\u00fcnter, Gabriele. Still-life with Votive Picture.CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter%2C_natura_morta_con_quadro_votivo%2C_1910%2C_foto_scattata_alla_mostra_Kandinskij._L%27opera_1900-1940%2C_Palazzo_Roverella%2C_Rovigo.jpg<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote35sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote35anc\">35<\/a> Jawlensky, Alexej. Savior\u2019s Faces, Number 10, Last Look. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/%27Savior%27s_Faces%2C_Number_10%2C_Last_Look%27_by_Alexei_Jawlensky%2C_1919%2C_Long_Beach_Museum_of_Art.JPG<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote36sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote36anc\">36<\/a> Ibid, \u2014Cited in J\u00fcrgen Schultze,\u00a0AlexejJawlensky\u00a0(Cologne, 1970), p. 39.<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote37sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote37anc\">37<\/a> Photo by Melina1965, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/8989278@N03\/46778131675<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sdfootnote38sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote38anc\">38<\/a> Dyson, Gokce. \u201cAugust Macke: Short and Colorful Life of a Promising Artist.\u201d Daily Art. 15 June, 2022.https:\/\/www.dailyartmagazine.com\/august-macke\/<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>Expressionism Develops in Two Major R<\/strong><strong>egions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">As discussed earlier in this chapter, Expressionists sought to develop an emotionally powerful style that rejected naturalistic imagery in favor of emotional impact.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Here is a reminder of the general expectations that we may have about Expressionism.\u00a0Keep these in mind as you begin to distinguish between the varied directions in which the style developed.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">The focus is psychological rather than natural.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Emotional states are often presented in contrasting and even dissident colors or in stark black and white.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Metaphor is more important than any specific situation.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Shapes are distorted to amplify the emotion being evoked.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Art works are often experimental in form or media.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Visual arts, music and literature all embraced and used expressionism as a way of capturing the human element in the industrial revolution, which often seemed to leave humans behind, in terms of importance.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Rather than describing physical or spiritual events, expressionism tended to describe reactions to those events.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">These excursions through the human mind created a wide variety of expressionistic experiences but tended to focus on strong and often terrifying emotional experiences.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-EndnoteText\">Rather than creating pictures and experiences relating to the outside world, expressionists created paths into the world within the human.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>The French Fauvists<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The Paris Salon of 1905 introduced the world to a group of French painters that became known as The Fauvists (The Wild Beasts). This was the reaction of critics to the French Expressionist style at its debut.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\u201c18th October, 1905: French President Emile Loubet refused to open the third autumn exhibition opening at the Grand Palais. The reason: room VII, containing paintings by Camoin, Derain, Manguin, Marquet, Matisse and Vlaminck was judged unacceptable by all critics. They were described as &#8220;random gaudy colours&#8221;, &#8220;frenzied brushes&#8221;, &#8220;a mixture of bottle wax and parrot feathers&#8221;. Attacked most fiercely, Matisse\u2019s {Woman with a Hat}, when it was not being laughed at, attracted the most virulent comments and scorn. A bust placed in the centre of the room led Louis Vauxcelles to write: &#8220;C\u2019est Donatello parmi les fauves&#8221; (\u201cIt is Donatello among the wild beasts!\u201d). The phrase was so popular that the room was soon renamed the \u201ccage aux fauves\u201d (\u201ccage of wild beasts\u201d). By extension, the artists exhibited there were associated with the expression and their painting was called \u2018Fauvist\u2019.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This movement set the tone for future developments in Dadaism, Futurism and Surrealism among others. Unlike most of the other art movements, however, Expressionism was not founded on a single agreed upon formula. These formulas were generally expressed in the form of manifestos. Many of these artists did know each other and some even painted together. They no doubt discussed their work with together but they never claimed to be part of a movement. All were, however, influenced by earlier styles, particularly that of Van Gogh and Gauguin. They used the same vibratingly bright colors and incorporated the loose brush work seen in these two earlier artists. From Gauguin they also borrowed his idea of colored shadows. From Seurat they took a divided touch and the constructive value of untouched canvas. During this same period that Cubists were exploring a more intellectualized approach to painting, the Fauvists were primarily experimenting with color. The timing was perfect as new pigments and binders were being developed that allowed for long lasting bright colors.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Henri Matisse<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Henri Matisse (1869-1954) is the most famous of the Fauvists. This is a bit odd as he was one of the more conservative painters associated with the style. Notice the similarities and the differences between this painting of dancers by Gauguin and the same subject painted by Matisse.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 299px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image1-18.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting, Breton Girls Dancing, Paul Gauguin, 1888\" width=\"299\" height=\"234\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.10 Paul Gauguin. <em>Breton Girls Dancing<\/em>. 1888.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote2anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 340px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image2-19.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting, Henri Matisse. La Danse (The Dance). 1909.3\" width=\"340\" height=\"234\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.11 Henri Matisse<em>. <\/em><em>La <\/em><em>Danse<\/em> (The Dance). 1909.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote3anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Notice how the background in the painting by Matisse is vague and unimportant, other than the bright blue that helps the orange dancers stand out. While the \u201cground is a filed of green, it reveals no sense of depth other than the overlap of the dancing figures. It is the dynamic movement that is captured by Matisse, rather than the moment in time that is captured by Gauguin. While Gauguin presents dancers, Matisse presents the spirit of dance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Below is an interior painted by Matisse in 1911. Note how the artist uses bright patterns that may represent wallpaper or <a href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\"><\/a> carpet, it is impossible to tell which is intended. The decorative designs flatten the picture as they are both below and behind the table. There are many other intentional departures from the traditional rules of painting. Matisse places a window at the edge of the painting, leading the viewer\u2019s eyes out of the picture. There seems to be several viewpoints seen of the table. The linear perspective created by the tabletop becoming smaller as it moves away from the viewer is counteracted by the placement of the eggplants, which seem to lay at the edge, neither on nor off the surface of the table. Because the tablecloth does not fall at the edge of the table, we see the eggplants from above, whereas the view of the plate with the pears is frontal. Matisse is playing with ideas initiated by C\u00e9zanne as well as those of Munch and Gauguin. Although overlap indicates that the folding screen behind the table is also behind the mirror, it is reflected in the mirror.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 428px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image3-20.jpeg\" alt=\"Henri Matisse.L\u2019interier aux Aubergines (Interior of the Eggplants). Oil on canvas. 1911-1912\" width=\"428\" height=\"363\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.12 Henri Matisse.<em>L\u2019interier<\/em><em> aux <\/em><em>Aubergines<\/em> (Interior of the Eggplants). Oil on canvas. 1911-1912.Mus\u00e9e de Peinture et de Sculpture, Grenoble, France.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote4anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote4sym\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">For more on the application of Fauvist ideas <strong>click the hyperlinks:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">A<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Beginner&#8217;s Guide to Fauvism<\/span><\/a><\/strong> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>article<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/a-beginners-guide-to-fauvism<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, Luxury, <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Calmand<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Voluptuous<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">3:26<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/matisse-luxe-calme-et-volupt-1904<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<a class=\"rId12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">The<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Red Studio<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">4:36<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/v\/henri-matisse-the-red-studio-1911<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Matisse, Dance 1<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> article<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/matisse-dance-i<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In the images below, look for the ideas found in most Expressionistic endeavors while also noticing how these paintings are distinctly Fauvist. Can you tell who the artists are borrowing ideas from?<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Common tendencies of the Fauvists:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bright, even violent use of color<\/li>\n<li>Loose brushwork<\/li>\n<li>Often drawings made from paint (critics considered many of these works to be unfinished sketches).<\/li>\n<li>Canvas often peeks through<\/li>\n<li>The shadows are filled with color<\/li>\n<li>Representational images are of little interest<\/li>\n<li>There may be several perspectives used in the painting<\/li>\n<li>There are often color and patterns that seem more decorative than naturalistic<\/li>\n<li>Any sense of depth is subservient to colors and shapes<\/li>\n<li>The focus of subject matter is on reactions to experiences rather than on capturing a moment in time<\/li>\n<li>Draw on \u201cprimitive\u201d influences (although seldom to the degree that Neo-primitivists did)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 503px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image4-13.jpeg\" alt=\"Henri Manguin (1874-1949). Baigneuse (Woman Bather)\" width=\"503\" height=\"605\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.13 Henri Manguin (1874-1949). <em>Baigneuse<\/em> (<em>Woman Bather<\/em>) Pushkin Museum, Moscow.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote5anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote5sym\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 601px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image5-14.jpeg\" alt=\"Maurice de Vlaminck. Houses at Chatou,1905\" width=\"601\" height=\"484\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.14 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Maurice de <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Vlaminck<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">. <\/span><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Houses<\/em> <em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">at<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Chatou<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">1905<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Jacques<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> and Natasha <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Gelman<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Collection, 1998<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote6anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote6sym\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image6-15.jpeg\" alt=\"Albert Marquet. (1875-1947) The Pier at Sainte-Adresse, 1906\" width=\"260\" height=\"212\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.15 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Albert<\/span> <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Marquet.<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> (1875-1947)<\/span> <em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">The Pier <\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">at<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> Sainte-Adresse<\/em><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">,<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\"> 1906.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote7anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote7sym\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 264px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image7-15.jpeg\" alt=\"Albert Marquet. (1875-1947) Luxembourg Garden. 1898\" width=\"264\" height=\"216\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.16 <span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Albert Marquet. <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">(1875-1947) <\/span><em lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Luxembourg Garden<\/em><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">. 1898.<\/span><sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote8anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote8sym\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center\"><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">More on <\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">Fauvism<\/span><span lang=\"fr-FR\" xml:lang=\"fr-FR\">:<\/span> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Fauve landscapes and City Views<\/span> article <strong><a class=\"rId18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Fauvism and African Art<\/span><\/a> <\/strong><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>article.<\/strong>\u00a0 If you receive an error with the link above, use this link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/fauvism-matisse\/a\/andre-derain-the-dance?modal=1<\/a> \u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>German <\/strong><strong>Expressionism<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>Die <\/strong><strong>Br\u00fccke<\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><strong>The Bridge)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">German Expressionism before World War I was primarily developed by two different groups. Die Br\u00fccke (The Bridge) was an association of painters that lived in Dresden. In 1905 they chose this name because they hoped to build or become a bridge that would connect them to other Expressionistic artists and to the future.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\u201cLed by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, the group wanted to create a radical art that could speak to modern audiences, which they characterized as young, vital, and urban. Drawn from the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, the nineteenth-century German\u00a0philosopher, the name \u201cDie Br\u00fccke\u201d describes their desire to serve as a bridge from the present to the future. While each artist had his own personal style, Die Br\u00fccke art is characterized by bright, often arbitrary colors and a \u201cprimitive\u201d aesthetic, inspired by both African and European medieval art. Their work often addressed modern urban themes of alienation and anxiety, and sexually charged themes\u00a0in their depictions\u00a0of the female nude.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote9anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote9sym\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Die Br\u00fccke, unlike the Fauvists did have a sort of manifesto, although it was not formal. Kirchner had this quote included in the introductory broadsheet for the first Die Br\u00fccke exposition. \u201cWith faith in progress and in a new generation of creators and spectators we call together all youth. As youth we carry the future and want to create for ourselves freedom of life and of movement against the long-established older forces.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote10anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote10sym\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image8-13.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Woodcut advertising the first exhibition of The Bridge. 1905\" width=\"584\" height=\"532\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.17 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Woodcut advertising the first exhibition of The Bridge. 1905.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote11anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote11sym\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">One of the major ways that The Bridge differed from the Fauvists is their interest in the spiritual aspects often displayed in the Symbolist and Romantic styles. That interest can be seen in the common use of the woodcut method of printmaking that was the norm in the middle-ages.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 716px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image9-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Czardas Dancers. 1905\" width=\"716\" height=\"545\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.18 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, <em>Czardas Dancers<\/em>. 1905.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote12anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote12sym\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Kirchner often painted dancers. His experience with use of the \u201cprimitive\u201d convinced him that dancing put people in touch with their basic urges. Above is a painting of can-can dancers. Can-can dances happened in music halls, the 1800s version of nightclubs, and served as peep shows. The girls raised their skirts and swished them about, revealing their many layered undergarments and the garters that held up their stockings. At least in this case, Kirchner clearly had a point!<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Below is another of Kirchner\u2019s paintings. Note the emaciated condition of the men crowded into the shower. It is an unpleasant image of skinny, hungry men crowed into a shower while watched by a fully dressed officer. No one seems to have extra body fat. The men are not presented as individuals but as a part of a large group who all seem to look alike. Most have ribs showing as if they could use a good meal. <em>Artillery Men in the Shower<\/em> is an apt metaphor for the lack of privacy and often dire conditions that accompanied urbanization. It also serves as a metaphor for the brutality of the war that had begun a year earlier. The war would bring many hardships and many changes to the people and to the world of art. Subjects would change, and the brutality and devastation that the war caused to most Germans would change people\u2019s attitudes toward many things.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 611px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image10-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Ernst Kirchner. Artillery Men in the Shower, 1915\" width=\"611\" height=\"565\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.19 Ernst Kirchner. <em>Artillery Men in the Shower<\/em>, 1915. National Museum of Art Architecture and Design.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote13anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote13sym\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Notice that Kirchner uses intense hues of blue and orange, opposites on the color wheel. The only exceptions to this palette are the orange red of the fire and the red accents on the bodies of the emaciated men. The red lines that indicate ribs showing also read as slashes or cuts. The use of black, normally avoided in earlier painting styles, serves to make the color pop out at the viewer by contrast. White is also used sparingly to draw attention to the stove where the shower water is heated and to the coat of the officer who stands by dutifully, and unenthusiastically.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\">For a deeper look at the work of the DieBr\u00fccke German Expressionists<strong> click the hyperlinks below:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street Berlin<\/span><\/a> 2:21<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kirchner-street-berlin?modal=1<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Emil <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Nolde<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">, Young Couple, 1913<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> 2:16<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/moma-nolde-youngcouple?modal=1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<figure style=\"width: 192px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image11-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Fritz Bleyl .Advertising print, lithograph. 1906\" width=\"192\" height=\"577\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.20 Fritz Bleyl .Advertising print, lithograph. 1906.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote14anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote14sym\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">Another of the Die Br\u00fccke group was Fritz Bleyl (Hilmar Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl). He too was interested in wood cut prints. On the left is a lithographic image that was created to look like a wood print. The artist constructed this image as a poster advertising a 1906 showing of the work of Die Br\u00fccke. Although the group only functioned for a short time, (1905-1913) Die Br\u00fccke had a great impact on other artists and on future art. Although they were best known for their revival of the wood-cut print they also worked in varied mediums including oils, pastels, wood-cut prints, lithographs, pen and ink and charcoal. This group created a communal atmosphere, sharing ideas and painting and exhibiting together. Most of their work emphasized simplicity, bold lines, \u201cprimitive\u201d influences and strong planes of color. Not as lyrical in their subject matter as the French Fauvists, the Die Br\u00fccke group were heavily influenced by Norwegian painter, Edvard Munch. Their work tended to express angst, anxiety and spiritual conflict.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The coming of war to Germany in 1914 would affect many things and would disillusion many people. Eventually these shifts ended the Die Br\u00fccke and changed the arts world-wide. Before moving on to how worldwide events affected the arts, however, we will look at another German Expressionist group, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong>German Expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In 1909 a group of avant-garde (favoring new, experimental or unusual ideas) artists formed the informal group, Neue Kunstler Vereiningung (New Artist Association or NKV) in Munich. Members included Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, August Macke, Gabriele Munter and Marianne von Werefkin. In 1911, Kandinsky and Marc broke with the NKV. In December of that year, the two painters held the first exhibition under the name, Der Blaue Reiter.Both artists also acted as sole editors in the collection of essays,<em>Almanach Der Blaue Reiter<\/em> (<em>Blue Rider Almanac<\/em>) first published in May 1912.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote15anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote15sym\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The magazine was originally intended to be a yearly publication. Although that did not happen, it had an impact. The \u201calmanac\u201d contained an eclectic grouping of ideas in the form of a dozen essays and illustrations of the work of many artists. Kirchner, Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Picasso are there alongside images of African Statues, Chinese ink paintings, German folk art and Renaissance wood cuts.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\u201cOne of the editors of the book, the Russian artist Vasily Kandinsky, wrote of Der Blaue Reiter\u2019s intent, \u2018We aim to show by means of the variety of forms represented how the inner wishes of the artist are embodied.\u2019\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote16anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote16sym\">16<\/a><\/sup> In this simple statement a paradigm shift is made evident. Artists were clearly moving away from the traditional forms of imitation of the outer world and searching for ways to present inner truths.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 205px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image12-8.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Cover art for The Blue Rider Almanac, 1912\" width=\"205\" height=\"268\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.21 Wassily Kandinsky. Cover art for <em>The Blue Rider Almanac<\/em>, 1912.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote17anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote17sym\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The name of the group does not seem to have any deep meaning on its own, except perhaps as a metaphor. Cramer and Grant share that, Kandinsky flippantly said that Marc liked horses and he liked riders and they both liked blue.The metaphor came in to play in who the rider was. Saint George, the dragon-slayer rides the blue horse. The article goes on to say,\u201dThe crude, almost childlike simplicity of the cover art for the Almanac, along with its Christian medieval imagery of the blue rider as Saint George, is a visual emblem of two of the groups\u2019 main themes: <span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><a class=\"rId26\" href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/primitivism-and-modern-art\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">primitivism<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span>and<span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><a class=\"rId27\" href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/abstract-art-and-theosophy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"border: none windowtext 0pt;padding: 0\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> spirituality<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote18anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote18sym\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Other artists were drawn to The Blue Rider Group. Eventually Gabriele M\u00fcnter, Auguste Macke, and Alexej von Jawlensky had also become members. Much like the Impressionists before them, banding together allowed them Riders to create the opportunities they had been denied by the well-established salons and galleries. Their exhibitions not only presented the group\u2019s work but also included ancient woodcuts and other art that had been identified as \u201cprimitive.\u201d They redefined ancient religious images, foreign paintings and even German folk art to the status of fine art. In many cases the art was done by untrained artists, opening another door through which many would later follow.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The works in the exhibitions had something in common. The artists that had created them rejected or were unaware of the tradition of scientific naturalism that emerged during the European Renaissance. This was The Blue Rider\u2019s way of reconnecting with the spiritual aspects of art. There was a feeling that the \u201cprimitive\u201d approach would reveal higher spiritual aims than had been seen in \u201chigh\u201d art for some time, if ever.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D<\/strong><strong>er <\/strong><strong>Blaue<\/strong><strong> Reiter, <\/strong><strong>Vasily<\/strong><strong> Kandinsky<\/strong><strong>(1866-1944)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Vasily Kandinsky was a Russian born artist who moved around Europe as circumstances required. Kandinsky worked in several mediums, wood cut, watercolor and oil were among them. The artist\u2019s life was spent searching for the spiritual in art. During this search, he belonged to several associations of artists who had similar goals. He also taught at the Bauhaus, a progressive German school and at another progressive school, Phalanx, where he met his lover and prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Their association lasted for twelve years and is documented by his many paintings of her. Kandisnky\u2019s teaching, his art associations and his publishing spread his ideas around the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This search for the spiritual through art filled his work with themes of renewal and metamorphosis. His art was generally positive, bright and unpredictable. He experimented with multiple art forms including painting, poetry, essay writing and stage composition. He also experimented with many different painting mediums and surfaces. He worked in oil, watercolor, gouache, tempra and probably varied mixtures of these mediums. He painted on canvas, board, wood, plywood, glass, compressed board and others that he devised himself.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote19anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote19sym\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This experimentation was encouraging to other artists who wished to deny tradition and redefine art. In an article published by the Guggenheim the author tells us, \u201cHis was not a fixed path from representation to abstraction, but rather a circular passage traversing persistent themes centered around the pursuit of one dominant ideal: the impulse for spiritual expression. This, what Kandinsky called the artist\u2019s \u201cinner necessity,\u201d remained the guiding principle through the periodic redefinitions of his life and work.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote20anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote20sym\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">As early as 1912 in Kandinsky\u2019s<em>Improvisation<\/em> series, we see works that at first sight seem to be pure abstraction. To discover why that is not considered to be the case, view this video analysis of a Kandinsky painting from that series.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Kandinsky, Improvisation 28 (second version), 1912<\/span><\/a> 5:15\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/ap-art-history\/later-europe-and-americas\/modernity-ap\/v\/kandinsky-improv28<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a class=\"rId29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Vasily<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> Kandinsky &#8220;<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Kl\u00e4nge<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (Sounds)&#8221;<\/span><\/a> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">2:12<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/v\/kandinsky-sounds<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure style=\"width: 651px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"color: #373d3f;font-weight: bold;font-size: 1em\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image13-7.jpeg\" alt=\"Vasily Kandinsky. Autumn Landscape with Boats, oil. 1908\" width=\"651\" height=\"478\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.22 Vasily Kandinsky. Autumn Landscape with Boats, oil. 1908. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote21anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote21sym\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Above is one of Kandinsky\u2019s more representative works from early in his career. Notice that even though there is a recognizable subject, the image is more emotional than realistic. His love for blue is clearly seen in this painting.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In the image below Kandinsky uses a woodcut to present one of his favorite subjects, riders on horses. In true Kandinsky fashion he seems to borrow the subject from a medieval work, the <em>Bayeux tapestry<\/em>. The odd positioning of the rear horse and the stylized tree evoke memories of the folk art tapestry, made to honor the Christian King, William the Conqueror.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image14-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky (one of many spellings of the artist\u2019s first name) Two riders against a Red Background. 1913\" width=\"530\" height=\"368\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.23 Wassily Kandinsky (one of many spellings of the artist\u2019s first name) <em>Two<\/em><em> riders against a Red Background<\/em>. 1913. Honolulu Museum of Art.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote22anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote22sym\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 246px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image15-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Color Study. Squares with Concentric Circles. Watercolor, Gouache and crayon on paper. 1913\" width=\"246\" height=\"184\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.24 Wassily Kandinsky. <em>Color Study. Squares with Concentric Circles. Watercolor, Gouache and crayon on paper. 1913.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote24anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote24sym\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 287px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image16.png\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky. Composition X. Oil on Canvas. 1944\" width=\"287\" height=\"188\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.25 Wassily Kandinsky. <em>Composition X<\/em>. Oil on Canvas. 1944, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfallen collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote23anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote23sym\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<figure style=\"width: 748px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image17-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Wassily Kandinsky, Ohne Titel (No Title) 1923\" width=\"748\" height=\"509\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.26 Wassily Kandinsky, <em>OhneTitel <\/em>(<em>No Title<\/em>) 1923, watercolor, pen and ink on paper laid down on board.1923. Southeby\u2019s.<sup><a href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image18-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Vassily Kandinsky. In Blue. Oil on Canvas. 1925\" width=\"624\" height=\"449\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.27 Vassily Kandinsky. <em>In Blue<\/em>. Oil on Canvas. 1925. Dusseldorf. Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote26anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote26sym\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D<\/strong><strong>er <\/strong><strong>Blaue<\/strong><strong> Reiter, <\/strong><strong>Franz Marc<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Franz Marc (1880-1916), who according to Kandinsky also loved blue, was clearly drawn to animals. He was particularly fond of painting horses. Please read the brief but excellent article provided by Kahn academy to understand what Marc meant when he called for the \u201canimalization of art.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center\">\n<p><a class=\"rId36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><strong>Franz Marc and the animalization of art.<\/strong><\/span><\/a><strong> <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">A<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">rticle<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (MUST READ)<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>If you receive an error with the link above, use the following link <a style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: center\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/franz-marc-and-the-animalization-of-art<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Note that like Kandinsky, Marc paints in bright colors and experiments with his approach. He even fragments some images in an almost Cubist way, but that never overshadows the emotional or spiritual content of his work. Here are a few additional images for your pleasure. The painting below is filled with tension, which is amplified by the black fragmentation. This painting shows the influence of the Picasso and Cezanne on Marc\u2019s work.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 605px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image19-5.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc. Tiger. 1912, oil on canvas\" width=\"605\" height=\"657\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.28 Franz Marc. <em>Tiger<\/em>. 1912, oil on canvas.Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote27anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote27sym\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 584px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image20-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc. Horse in Landscape. 1910, oil on canvas\" width=\"584\" height=\"433\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.29 Franz Marc. <em>Horse in Landscape<\/em>. 1910, oil on canvas. Folkwang Museum, Essen, Germany.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote28anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote28sym\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 469px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image21-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc, Two Cats, Blue and Yellow. 1912\" width=\"469\" height=\"355\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.30 Franz Marc, <em>Two Cats, Blue and Yellow<\/em>. 1912, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel, Switzerland.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote29anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote29sym\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 457px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image22-5.jpeg\" alt=\"Franz Marc, Tierschicksale (Animal Destinies). Oil on canvas\" width=\"457\" height=\"342\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.31 Franz Marc, Tierschicksale (Animal Destinies). Oil on canvas.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The image above is an exception to Marc\u2019s regular treatment of animals. They were normally presented as being peaceful. According to Mark Dober,<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\u201cAs the war progressed, Marc\u2019s correspondence with Maria suggests that his response shifts subtly to one that hints at signs of resignation. \u00a0A kind of weariness is evident when, in April 1915, he writes that \u2018the lack of purity (of nature) has become clear to me\u2019, though this was also a rationale for the artist\u2019s declared commitment to abandon animal imagery in favour of abstraction.\u201d<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote30anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote30sym\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Marc was killed in battle the year after writing this letter. While he seems to have realized that seeing animals as flawless and pure was illusory, he never quite let go of the idea that the war would cleanse his continent in a useful way, bringing changes that would improve society. In that, he died agreeing with the futurists.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Other <\/strong><strong>BlaueRieter<\/strong><strong> Artists<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Gabriele M\u00fcnter was exceptional in her time as she was an accepted member of this artist\u2019s group (and earlier of NKV)\u00a0and she was female. Women from Germany were not encouraged to attempt a career in the arts. Neither were women from Gabriele\u2019s upper-middle class family. She threw aside tradition and attended the new progressive school Phalanx to study sculpture and wood cut printing. There she met and studied under Vasily Kandinsky. For the next twelve years she lived with him and became the subject of many of his painting. It is unfortunate that in looking for images of her work, one must sift through dozens of Kandinsky paintings that she appeared in before finding anything that was painted by her. Following a period of relative inactivity during the war, and after Kandinsky divorced his wife and married another woman, M\u00fcnter returned to painting in her early style using simplified forms, and expressive use of line and color.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote31anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote31sym\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 639px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image23-3.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Nightfall in St. Cloud, 1906, oil on paperboard\" width=\"639\" height=\"401\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.32 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Nightfall in St. Cloud<\/em>, 1906, oil on paperboard. Brooklyn Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote32anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote32sym\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 647px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image24-3.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Countryside Near Paris, oil on paperboard, mounted on pulpboard, 1907\" width=\"647\" height=\"406\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.33 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Countryside <\/em><em>Near<\/em><em> Paris<\/em>, oil on paperboard, mounted on pulpboard, 1907, Brooklyn Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote33anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote33sym\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 216px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image25-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Gabriele M\u00fcnter. Still-life with Votive Picture, oil on canvas, 1910\u00a0\" width=\"216\" height=\"288\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.34 Gabriele M\u00fcnter. <em>Still-life<\/em><em> with Votive Picture<\/em>, oil on canvas, 1910. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote34anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote34sym\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image26-2.jpeg\" alt=\"Alexej von Jawlensky, Savior\u2019s Face Number 10, Last Look, oil on paper 1919\" width=\"215\" height=\"283\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.35 Alexej von Jawlensky, <em>Savior\u2019s Face Number 1<\/em><em>0<\/em><em>,<\/em><em> Last Look<\/em>, oil on paper 1919, Long Beach Museum.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote35anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote35sym\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>Figure 5.35<\/strong> is from Alexej Jawlensky\u2019s series, <em>Mystical<\/em>, also called <em>Abstract Heads<\/em>. This image was painted after the group was dissolved but is an excellent example of the artist\u2019s mature style. This painting is titled, <em>Savior\u2019s Face<\/em><em>, Number 10<\/em>, <em>Last Look<\/em>. Note the almost childlike drawing, the simplicity of line and the seemingly random placement of color. Jawlensky made it clear that these images were not drawn from nature. &#8220;I sat in my studio and painted, and I did not need Nature to prompt me. It was enough for me to immerse myself in myself, to pray and prepare my soul to attain a religious state.&#8221;<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote36anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote36sym\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">August Macke\u2019s approach is somewhat different. Unlike Jawlensky, he began with what he saw in front of him but, he interpreted rather than imitated it. The painting below is of the ancient Tunisian Islamic city of Kairouan. In the painting he includes both modern and ancient buildings, a camel and a minaret, his reference to spirituality. Notice that Macke paints in watercolor, a medium previously not thought appropriate for high art.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 423px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/99\/2022\/10\/image27.png\" alt=\"August Macke. Kairouan. Before 1914. Watercolor\" width=\"423\" height=\"331\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">5.36 August Macke<strong>. <\/strong><em>Kairouan<\/em>. Before 1914. Watercolor. Private collection.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote37anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote37sym\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">August Macke, like many other members of The Blue Rider, experimented with most of the new emerging styles. It was in his years with the Blue Rider that he honed his craft. His patient wife sat for over 200 portraits as he did so. The 27 year-old artist, like so many of his young compatriots, died in France fighting in World War I. We will never know what he may have been capable of.<sup class=\"import-EndnoteReference\"><a id=\"sdfootnote38anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote38sym\">38<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\">1<\/a> Ministre de la Culture. \u201cFauvism.\u201d Rmn- Grand Palais. https:\/\/www.grandpalais.fr\/en\/article\/fauvism accessed 09\/04\/2022.<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote2anc\">2<\/a> Gauguin, Paul. Breton Girls Dancing. Rawpixel Ltd, CC BY 2.0 https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/Breton_Girls_Dancing%2C_Pont-Aven_%281888%29_by_Paul_Gauguin._Original_from_The_National_Gallery_of_Art._Digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel._%2850622957008%29.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\">3<\/a> Matisse, Henri. La Danse (The Dance) Michel B.,\u00a0CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons Museum of Modern Art, New York. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/78\/PA060602-wiki.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote4sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote4anc\">4<\/a> Matisse, Henri. Interior of the Eggplants. Samari Prismade, CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Int%C3%A9rieur_aux_aubergines%2C_Henri_Matisse%2C_1911-12%2C_212x246cm%2C_mus%C3%A9e_de_Grenoble.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote5sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote5anc\">5<\/a> Manguin, Henri. Baigneuse (Woman Bather). Henri Manguin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Henri_Manguin%2C_1906%2C_Baigneuse_%28Woman_Bather%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Pushkin_Museum%2C_Moscow.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote6sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote6anc\">6<\/a> Vlaminck, Maurice de. Houses at Chatou. Fuzheado, Fuzheado, CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Houses_at_Chatou.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote7sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote7anc\">7<\/a> Marquet, Albert. The Pier at Sainte-Adresse. Albert Marquet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/The_Pier_at_Sainte-Adresse_Albert_Marquet_%281906%29.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote8sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote8anc\">8<\/a> Marquet, Albert. Luxembourg Garden. Albert Marquet, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Luxembourg_Garden_Albert_Marquet_%281898%29.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote9sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote9anc\">9<\/a> Roggenkamp, Shawn. &#8220;Expressionism, an introduction,&#8221; in\u00a0Smarthistory, October 2, 2016, accessed September 4, 2022,\u00a0https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/expressionism-intro\/.<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote10sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote10anc\">10<\/a> ibid<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote11sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote11anc\">11<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Advertizing for first exhibition of The Bridge. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_Br%C3%BCcke_1905.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote12sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote12anc\">12<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Czardas Dancers. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7e\/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_-_Czardas_dancers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote13sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote13anc\">13<\/a> Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig. Artillery Men in the Shower. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Kirchner_-_Das_Soldatenbad.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote14sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote14anc\">14<\/a>Bleyl, Fritz. Advertising poster. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/Bleyl-Poster.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote15sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote15anc\">15<\/a> \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Tate. https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/about-us accessed 09\/05\/2022.<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote16sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote16anc\">16<\/a> Dr. Cramer, Charles and Dr. Kim Grant. \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Khan Academy.Translated in Kenneth C. Lindsay and Peter Vergo, eds.,\u00a0Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art\u00a0(New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), p. 113. https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/der-blaue-reiter?modal=1<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote17sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote17anc\">17<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Cover Art for the Blaue Reiter Almanac. 1912. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1a\/BlaueReiter.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote18sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote18anc\">18<\/a> Dr Cramer, Charles and Dr. Kim Grant. \u201cDer Blaue Reiter.\u201d Khan Academy. https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/art-1010\/early-abstraction\/expressionism1\/a\/der-blaue-reiter?modal=1<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote19sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote19anc\">19<\/a> \u201cVasily Kandinsky Research Project.\u201d Kandinsky exhibition, Guggenheim Museum. 2010.https:\/\/www.guggenheim.org\/conservation\/vasily-kandinsky-research-project<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote20sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote20anc\">20<\/a> Fontella, Megan M. Editor and Curator of Vasily Kandinsky: Around the Circle. 2021-22. Guggenheim Museum. https:\/\/www.guggenheim.org\/exhibition\/vasily-kandinsky-around-the-circle<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote21sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote21anc\">21<\/a> Kandinsky, Vasily. Autumn Landscape with Boats. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1908_-_Autumn_Landscape_with_Boats.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote22sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote22anc\">22<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Two Riders against a Red Background. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/%27Two_Riders_against_a_Red_Background%27%2C_by_Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_20756.JPG<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote23sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote23anc\">23<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Composition X.Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_1939_-_Composition_X.png<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote24sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote24anc\">24<\/a> Kandinsky, Wassily. Color Study. Squares in Concentric Circles. Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/Wassily_Kandinsky_Color_Study._Squares_with_Concentric_Circles.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote25sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote25anc\">25<\/a> Kandinsky,Vasily. OhneTitel (no title). Wassily Kandinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/%27Ohne_Titel%27_by_Wassily_Kandinsky%2C_1923.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote26sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote26anc\">26<\/a> Kandinsky,Vassily.In Blue..Wassily Kandinsky, Public Domain viaWikimedia Commons.HYPERLINK &#8220;https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1925_-In_Blue.jpg&#8221;https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/11\/Vassily_Kandinsky%2C_1925_-In_Blue.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote27sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote27anc\">27<\/a> Marc, Franz. Tiger. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Marc_tiger.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote28sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote28anc\">28<\/a> Marc, Franz. Horse in Landscape. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Marc_pferd-in-landschaft.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote29sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote29anc\">29<\/a> Marc, Franz. Two Cats, Blue and Yellow. Franz Marc, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Marc_zwei-katzen%2Cblau-und-gelb.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote30sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote30anc\">30<\/a> Dober, Mark. \u201cFranz Marc: Utopian Hopes for Art and the Great War.\u201d Overland. Borrowed from Marc to Maria, Letters from the War, 12 April 1915, p.46. https:\/\/overland.org.au\/2013\/04\/franz-marc-utopian-hopes-for-art-and-the-great-war\/accessed 09\/02\/2022.<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote31sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote31anc\">31<\/a> Gabriel M\u00fcnter, 1877-1962.\u201d Trove: The Collection in Depth, 2011.Four Centuries of Women\u2019s Art: The National Museum of Women in the Arts, 1990. https:\/\/nmwa.org\/art\/artists\/gabriele-munter\/<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote32sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote32anc\">32<\/a> Gabriele M\u00fcnter, Nightfall in St. Cloud. 1906. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons. Brooklyn Museum. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter_Abend_im_Park_%28Nightfall_in_St._Cloud%29.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote33sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote33anc\">33<\/a> M\u00fcnter, Gabriele. Countryside Near Paris. No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter_Bei_Paris_II_%28Countryside_Near_Paris%29.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote34sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote34anc\">34<\/a> Photo by Threecharlie.M\u00fcnter, Gabriele. Still-life with Votive Picture.CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter%2C_natura_morta_con_quadro_votivo%2C_1910%2C_foto_scattata_alla_mostra_Kandinskij._L%27opera_1900-1940%2C_Palazzo_Roverella%2C_Rovigo.jpg<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote35sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote35anc\">35<\/a> Jawlensky, Alexej. Savior\u2019s Faces, Number 10, Last Look. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/%27Savior%27s_Faces%2C_Number_10%2C_Last_Look%27_by_Alexei_Jawlensky%2C_1919%2C_Long_Beach_Museum_of_Art.JPG<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote36sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote36anc\">36<\/a> Ibid, \u2014Cited in J\u00fcrgen Schultze,\u00a0AlexejJawlensky\u00a0(Cologne, 1970), p. 39.<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote37sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote37anc\">37<\/a> Photo by Melina1965, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0, https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/8989278@N03\/46778131675<\/div>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote38sym\"><a href=\"#sdfootnote38anc\">38<\/a> Dyson, Gokce. \u201cAugust Macke: Short and Colorful Life of a Promising Artist.\u201d Daily Art. 15 June, 2022.https:\/\/www.dailyartmagazine.com\/august-macke\/<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":75,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-480","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":430,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/75"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/480\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1452,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/480\/revisions\/1452"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/430"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/480\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=480"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=480"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppschum1023moderncivilizations\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}