{"id":438,"date":"2025-05-12T20:34:12","date_gmt":"2025-05-12T20:34:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/?post_type=chapter&p=438"},"modified":"2025-07-13T20:07:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-13T20:07:10","slug":"structuring-the-conclusion","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/chapter\/structuring-the-conclusion\/","title":{"raw":"Structuring the Conclusion","rendered":"Structuring the Conclusion"},"content":{"raw":"Similar to the introduction, the conclusion has three specific elements that you will want to incorporate in order to make it as strong as possible. Given the nature of these elements and what they do, these should generally be incorporated into your conclusion in the order they are presented below.\r\n

Element 1: Signal the End<\/h2>\r\nThe first thing a good conclusion should do is to signal the end of a speech. You may be thinking that telling an audience that you\u2019re about to stop speaking is a \u201cno-brainer,\u201d but many speakers really don\u2019t prepare their audience for the end. When a speaker just suddenly stops speaking, the audience is left confused and disappointed. Instead, you want to make sure that audiences are left knowledgeable and satisfied with your speech. In a way, it gives them time to begin mentally organizing and cataloging all the points you have made for further consideration later.\r\n
\r\n\r\nGenerally, the easiest way to signal that it is the end of your speech is to begin your conclusion with the words, \u201cIn conclusion.\u201d Similarly, \u201cIn summary\u201d or \u201cTo conclude\u201d work just as well. While these may seem very blunt ways of communicating the end of your speech to the audience, you want it to be extremely clear to everyone that you are wrapping things up. Certainly, you can choose to employ more elegant, interesting, or creative language here, but you then run the risk of the audience not catching on to the fact that your speech is ending.\r\n\r\nOn the other hand, saying \u201cIn conclusion\u201d (and definitely saying it more than once) can have an unintended negative effect. The audience may figure you are finished and turn you off, sort of like how we get up and leave during the credits in a movie. Therefore, you can also go straight to the summary, which is Element 2.\r\n

Element 2: Restate Main Points<\/h2>\r\nIn the introduction of a speech you delivered a preview of your main points; now in the conclusion you will deliver a review. One of the biggest differences between written and oral communication is the necessity of repetition in oral communication (the issue of \u201cplanned redundancy\u201d again). When you preview your main points in the introduction, effectively discuss and make transitions to your main points during the body of the speech, and finally, review the main points in the conclusion, you increase the likelihood that the audience will understand and retain your main points after the speech is over. Remember, your English instructors can re-read your essays as many times as they want, but your audience \u2013 and your instructor \u2013 only have one opportunity to catch and remember the points you are trying to get across in your speech.\r\n\r\nBecause you are trying to remind the audience of your main points, you want to be sure not to bring up any new material or ideas. For example, if you said, \u201cThere are several other issues related to this topic, such as\u2026but I don\u2019t have time for them,\u201d that would make the audience confused and perhaps wonder why you did not address those issues in the body section. Or if you were giving a persuasive speech on wind energy and you ended with, \u201cWind energy is the energy of the future, but there are still a few problems with it, such as noise and killing lots of birds,\u201d you are bringing up a counter-argument that should have been dealt with in the body of the speech.\r\n\r\nThis is a good place to remind you that the introduction, preview, transitions, and conclusion are for helping the audience be interested and prepared to listen, to retain, and to follow your speech. The conclusion is too late for that. The hard core facts and content are in the body. If you are tempted to cram lots of material into the conclusion, that is not the place for it, nor is it the place to provide the important steps to a solution.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you progress as a public speaker, you will want to work on rephrasing your summary statement so that it does not sound like an exact repeat of the preview. For example, if your preview was:\r\n
The three arguments in favor of medical marijuana that I will present are that it would make necessary treatments available to all, it would cut down on the costs to law enforcement, and it would bring revenue to state budgets.<\/em><\/div>\r\nYour summary might be:\r\n
In the minutes we\u2019ve had together, I have shown you that approving medical marijuana in our state will greatly help persons with a variety of chronic and severe conditions. Also, funds spent on law enforcement to find and convict legitimate marijuana users would go down as revenues from medical marijuana to the state budget would go up.<\/em><\/div>\r\n

Element 3: Clincher<\/h2>\r\nThe third element of your conclusion is the clincher<\/strong>, or something memorable with which to conclude your speech. The clincher is sometimes referred to as a Concluding Device. These are the very last words you will say in your speech, so you need to make them count. This is the last thing your audience will hear, so you want to make it good. A good clincher prevents your audience from feeling let down, and in fact can even make an audience remember a speech more favorably.\r\n\r\nIn many ways the clincher is like the inverse of the attention getter. You want to start the speech off with something strong, and you want to end the speech with something strong. To that end, similar to what we discussed above with attention getters, there are a number of ways you can make your clincher strong and memorable.\r\n
\r\n\r\nClincher<\/strong>\r\n\r\nsomething memorable with which to conclude your speech\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Conclude with a Challenge<\/h3>\r\nOne way you can end your speech is with a challenge. A challenge is a call to engage in some kind of activity that requires a special effort. In a speech on the necessity of fundraising, a speaker could conclude by challenging the audience to raise 10 percent more than their original projections. In a speech on eating more vegetables, you could challenge your audience to increase their current intake of vegetables by two portions daily. In both of these challenges, audience members are being asked to go out of their way to do something different that involves effort on their part.\r\n\r\nIn a challenge, try to make it aspirational but reasonable. The challenge should be something they can strive for but not see as something impossible. The audience may see two more servings a day of fruits and vegetables as reasonable, but six probably as too much.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nIn the same category as a challenge, probably the most common persuasive concluding device is the appeal for action or the call to action. In essence, the appeal for action occurs when a speaker asks her or his audience to engage in a specific behavior. Whether the speaker appeals for people to eat more fruit, buy a car, vote for a candidate, oppose the death penalty, get more sleep, or sing more in the shower, the speaker is asking the audience to engage in action.\r\n\r\nOne specific type of appeal for action is the immediate call to action. Whereas some appeals ask for people to engage in behavior in the future, the immediate call to action asks people to engage in behavior right now. If a speaker wants to see a new traffic light placed at a dangerous intersection, he or she may conclude by asking all the audience members to sign a digital petition right then and there, using a computer the speaker has made available. For a speech on eating more vegetables, pass out raw veggies and dip at the conclusion of the speech; someone giving a speech on petitioning a lawmaker for a new law could provide audience members with a prewritten email they can send to the lawmaker.\r\n\r\nIf you are giving a persuasive speech about a solution to a problem, you should not relegate the call to action to the very end of the speech. It should probably be a main point where you can deal with the steps and specifics of the solution in more detail. For example, perhaps a speaker has been discussing the problems associated with the disappearance of art education in the United States. The speaker could then propose a solution of creating more community-based art experiences for school children as a way to fill this gap. Although this can be an effective conclusion, speakers should ask themselves whether the solution should be discussed in more depth as a stand-alone main point within the body of the speech so that audience concerns about the proposed solution may be addressed.\r\n

Conclude with a Quotation<\/h3>\r\nAnother way you can conclude a speech is by providing a quotation relevant to the speech topic. When using a quotation, you need to think about whether your goal is to end on a persuasive note or an informative note.\r\n\r\nSome quotations will have a clear call to action, while other quotations summarize or provoke thought. For example, let\u2019s say you are delivering an informative speech about dissident writers in the former Soviet Union. You could end by citing this quotation from Alexander Solzhenitsyn: \u201cA great writer is, so to speak, a second government in his country. And for that reason no regime has ever loved great writers.\u201d\r\n\r\nNotice that this quotation underscores the idea of writers as dissidents, but it doesn\u2019t ask listeners to put forth effort to engage in any specific thought process or behavior. If, on the other hand, you were delivering a persuasive speech urging your audience to sponsor a child in a developing country for $40 per month, you might use this quotation by Forest Witcraft:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\u201cA hundred years from now it will not matter what my bank account was, the sort of house I lived in, or the kind of car I drove. But the world may be different, because I was important in the life of a child.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn this case, the quotation leaves the audience with the message that monetary sacrifices are worth taking, that they make our lives worthwhile, and that the right thing to do is to go ahead and make that sacrifice.\r\n

Conclude by Visualizing the Future<\/h3>\r\nThe purpose of a conclusion that refers to the future is to help your audience imagine the future you believe can occur. If you are giving a speech on the development of video games for learning, you could conclude by depicting the classroom of the future where video games are perceived as true learning tools. More often, speakers use visualization of the future to depict how society or how individual listeners\u2019 lives would be different if the audience accepts and acts on the speaker\u2019s main idea. For example, if a speaker proposes that a solution to illiteracy is hiring more reading specialists in public schools, the speaker could ask her or his audience to imagine a world without illiteracy.\r\n

Conclude by Inspiration<\/h3>\r\nBy definition, the word inspire <\/strong>means to affect or arouse someone. Both affect and arouse have strong emotional connotations. The ultimate goal of an inspirational concluding device is similar to an \u201cappeal for action\u201d but the ultimate goal is more lofty or ambiguous; the goal is to stir someone\u2019s emotions in a specific manner. This is done by sharing a story, poem, or quotation that appeals to the audience\u2019s basic values and therefore appeals to emotions. Stories or allusions to \u201cunderdogs\u201d who overcame obstacles to achieve something worthwhile or those who make sacrifices for the good of others can help inspire. You probably know of such stories (Olympic athletes and a well-known figure such as Captain Sullenberg are examples) that would be of value, as long as they are relevant to your topic and purpose. Poetry is sometimes used to inspire, but you want to use a short passage (eight lines or less) of poetry that is clear to the audience.\r\n
\r\n\r\nInspire<\/strong>\r\n\r\nto affect or arouse someone\u2019s emotions in a specific, positive manner\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Conclude with a Question<\/h3>\r\nAnother way you can end a speech is to ask a rhetorical question that forces the audience to ponder an idea. Maybe you are giving a speech on the importance of the environment, so you end the speech by saying, \u201cThink about your children\u2019s future. What kind of world do you want them raised in? A world that is clean, vibrant, and beautiful\u2014or one that is filled with smog, pollution, filth, and disease?\u201d Notice that you aren\u2019t actually asking the audience to verbally or nonverbally answer the question; the goal of this question is to force the audience into thinking about what kind of world they want for their children.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Refer Back to the Introduction<\/h3>\r\nThis method provides a good sense of closure to the speech and can be one of the most effective methods. If you started the speech with a startling statistic or fact, such as \u201cLast year, according to the official website of the American Humane Society, four million pets were euthanized in shelters in the United States,\u201d in the end you could say, \u201cRemember that shocking number of four million euthanized pets? With your donation of time or money to the Northwest Georgia Rescue Shelter, you can help lower that number in our region.\u201d\r\n

Conclude with an Anecdote or Personal Story<\/h3>\r\nAs with your attention getter, a brief story can be a strong way to conclude. However, it must be relevant and not go on too long. Combining this method and the previous one, you might finish telling a story that you started in the introduction as your clincher. This method is probably better with persuasive speeches where you want to end with a strong emotional appeal.\r\n

Conclude with a Reference to Audience or Audience Self-Interest<\/h3>\r\nThe last concluding device involves a direct reference to your audience. This concluding device is used when a speaker attempts to answer the basic audience question, \u201cWhat\u2019s in it for me?\u201d (the WIIFM question). The goal of this concluding device is to spell out the direct benefits a behavior or thought change has for audience members. For example, a speaker talking about stress reduction techniques could conclude by clearly listing all the physical health benefits stress reduction offers (e.g., improved reflexes, improved immune system, improved hearing, reduction in blood pressure). In this case, the speaker is spelling out why audience members should care about the topic and what\u2019s in it for them.\r\n

Informative versus Persuasive Conclusions<\/h3>\r\nAs you read through the above possible ways to conclude a speech, hopefully you noticed that some of the methods are more appropriate for persuasive speeches and others are more appropriate for informative speeches. An appeal to action, for example, may not be appropriate for an informative speech since asking your audience to do something often borders on persuasion, which isn\u2019t what an informative speech is intended to do. Similarly, if your persuasive speech is on the importance of voting in the next local election, an appeal to action clincher would probably be one of your stronger options.","rendered":"

Similar to the introduction, the conclusion has three specific elements that you will want to incorporate in order to make it as strong as possible. Given the nature of these elements and what they do, these should generally be incorporated into your conclusion in the order they are presented below.<\/p>\n

Element 1: Signal the End<\/h2>\n

The first thing a good conclusion should do is to signal the end of a speech. You may be thinking that telling an audience that you\u2019re about to stop speaking is a \u201cno-brainer,\u201d but many speakers really don\u2019t prepare their audience for the end. When a speaker just suddenly stops speaking, the audience is left confused and disappointed. Instead, you want to make sure that audiences are left knowledgeable and satisfied with your speech. In a way, it gives them time to begin mentally organizing and cataloging all the points you have made for further consideration later.<\/p>\n

\n

Generally, the easiest way to signal that it is the end of your speech is to begin your conclusion with the words, \u201cIn conclusion.\u201d Similarly, \u201cIn summary\u201d or \u201cTo conclude\u201d work just as well. While these may seem very blunt ways of communicating the end of your speech to the audience, you want it to be extremely clear to everyone that you are wrapping things up. Certainly, you can choose to employ more elegant, interesting, or creative language here, but you then run the risk of the audience not catching on to the fact that your speech is ending.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, saying \u201cIn conclusion\u201d (and definitely saying it more than once) can have an unintended negative effect. The audience may figure you are finished and turn you off, sort of like how we get up and leave during the credits in a movie. Therefore, you can also go straight to the summary, which is Element 2.<\/p>\n

Element 2: Restate Main Points<\/h2>\n

In the introduction of a speech you delivered a preview of your main points; now in the conclusion you will deliver a review. One of the biggest differences between written and oral communication is the necessity of repetition in oral communication (the issue of \u201cplanned redundancy\u201d again). When you preview your main points in the introduction, effectively discuss and make transitions to your main points during the body of the speech, and finally, review the main points in the conclusion, you increase the likelihood that the audience will understand and retain your main points after the speech is over. Remember, your English instructors can re-read your essays as many times as they want, but your audience \u2013 and your instructor \u2013 only have one opportunity to catch and remember the points you are trying to get across in your speech.<\/p>\n

Because you are trying to remind the audience of your main points, you want to be sure not to bring up any new material or ideas. For example, if you said, \u201cThere are several other issues related to this topic, such as\u2026but I don\u2019t have time for them,\u201d that would make the audience confused and perhaps wonder why you did not address those issues in the body section. Or if you were giving a persuasive speech on wind energy and you ended with, \u201cWind energy is the energy of the future, but there are still a few problems with it, such as noise and killing lots of birds,\u201d you are bringing up a counter-argument that should have been dealt with in the body of the speech.<\/p>\n

This is a good place to remind you that the introduction, preview, transitions, and conclusion are for helping the audience be interested and prepared to listen, to retain, and to follow your speech. The conclusion is too late for that. The hard core facts and content are in the body. If you are tempted to cram lots of material into the conclusion, that is not the place for it, nor is it the place to provide the important steps to a solution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

As you progress as a public speaker, you will want to work on rephrasing your summary statement so that it does not sound like an exact repeat of the preview. For example, if your preview was:<\/p>\n

The three arguments in favor of medical marijuana that I will present are that it would make necessary treatments available to all, it would cut down on the costs to law enforcement, and it would bring revenue to state budgets.<\/em><\/div>\n

Your summary might be:<\/p>\n

In the minutes we\u2019ve had together, I have shown you that approving medical marijuana in our state will greatly help persons with a variety of chronic and severe conditions. Also, funds spent on law enforcement to find and convict legitimate marijuana users would go down as revenues from medical marijuana to the state budget would go up.<\/em><\/div>\n

Element 3: Clincher<\/h2>\n

The third element of your conclusion is the clincher<\/strong>, or something memorable with which to conclude your speech. The clincher is sometimes referred to as a Concluding Device. These are the very last words you will say in your speech, so you need to make them count. This is the last thing your audience will hear, so you want to make it good. A good clincher prevents your audience from feeling let down, and in fact can even make an audience remember a speech more favorably.<\/p>\n

In many ways the clincher is like the inverse of the attention getter. You want to start the speech off with something strong, and you want to end the speech with something strong. To that end, similar to what we discussed above with attention getters, there are a number of ways you can make your clincher strong and memorable.<\/p>\n

\n

Clincher<\/strong><\/p>\n

something memorable with which to conclude your speech<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Conclude with a Challenge<\/h3>\n

One way you can end your speech is with a challenge. A challenge is a call to engage in some kind of activity that requires a special effort. In a speech on the necessity of fundraising, a speaker could conclude by challenging the audience to raise 10 percent more than their original projections. In a speech on eating more vegetables, you could challenge your audience to increase their current intake of vegetables by two portions daily. In both of these challenges, audience members are being asked to go out of their way to do something different that involves effort on their part.<\/p>\n

In a challenge, try to make it aspirational but reasonable. The challenge should be something they can strive for but not see as something impossible. The audience may see two more servings a day of fruits and vegetables as reasonable, but six probably as too much.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In the same category as a challenge, probably the most common persuasive concluding device is the appeal for action or the call to action. In essence, the appeal for action occurs when a speaker asks her or his audience to engage in a specific behavior. Whether the speaker appeals for people to eat more fruit, buy a car, vote for a candidate, oppose the death penalty, get more sleep, or sing more in the shower, the speaker is asking the audience to engage in action.<\/p>\n

One specific type of appeal for action is the immediate call to action. Whereas some appeals ask for people to engage in behavior in the future, the immediate call to action asks people to engage in behavior right now. If a speaker wants to see a new traffic light placed at a dangerous intersection, he or she may conclude by asking all the audience members to sign a digital petition right then and there, using a computer the speaker has made available. For a speech on eating more vegetables, pass out raw veggies and dip at the conclusion of the speech; someone giving a speech on petitioning a lawmaker for a new law could provide audience members with a prewritten email they can send to the lawmaker.<\/p>\n

If you are giving a persuasive speech about a solution to a problem, you should not relegate the call to action to the very end of the speech. It should probably be a main point where you can deal with the steps and specifics of the solution in more detail. For example, perhaps a speaker has been discussing the problems associated with the disappearance of art education in the United States. The speaker could then propose a solution of creating more community-based art experiences for school children as a way to fill this gap. Although this can be an effective conclusion, speakers should ask themselves whether the solution should be discussed in more depth as a stand-alone main point within the body of the speech so that audience concerns about the proposed solution may be addressed.<\/p>\n

Conclude with a Quotation<\/h3>\n

Another way you can conclude a speech is by providing a quotation relevant to the speech topic. When using a quotation, you need to think about whether your goal is to end on a persuasive note or an informative note.<\/p>\n

Some quotations will have a clear call to action, while other quotations summarize or provoke thought. For example, let\u2019s say you are delivering an informative speech about dissident writers in the former Soviet Union. You could end by citing this quotation from Alexander Solzhenitsyn: \u201cA great writer is, so to speak, a second government in his country. And for that reason no regime has ever loved great writers.\u201d<\/p>\n

Notice that this quotation underscores the idea of writers as dissidents, but it doesn\u2019t ask listeners to put forth effort to engage in any specific thought process or behavior. If, on the other hand, you were delivering a persuasive speech urging your audience to sponsor a child in a developing country for $40 per month, you might use this quotation by Forest Witcraft:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cA hundred years from now it will not matter what my bank account was, the sort of house I lived in, or the kind of car I drove. But the world may be different, because I was important in the life of a child.\u201d<\/p>\n

In this case, the quotation leaves the audience with the message that monetary sacrifices are worth taking, that they make our lives worthwhile, and that the right thing to do is to go ahead and make that sacrifice.<\/p>\n

Conclude by Visualizing the Future<\/h3>\n

The purpose of a conclusion that refers to the future is to help your audience imagine the future you believe can occur. If you are giving a speech on the development of video games for learning, you could conclude by depicting the classroom of the future where video games are perceived as true learning tools. More often, speakers use visualization of the future to depict how society or how individual listeners\u2019 lives would be different if the audience accepts and acts on the speaker\u2019s main idea. For example, if a speaker proposes that a solution to illiteracy is hiring more reading specialists in public schools, the speaker could ask her or his audience to imagine a world without illiteracy.<\/p>\n

Conclude by Inspiration<\/h3>\n

By definition, the word inspire <\/strong>means to affect or arouse someone. Both affect and arouse have strong emotional connotations. The ultimate goal of an inspirational concluding device is similar to an \u201cappeal for action\u201d but the ultimate goal is more lofty or ambiguous; the goal is to stir someone\u2019s emotions in a specific manner. This is done by sharing a story, poem, or quotation that appeals to the audience\u2019s basic values and therefore appeals to emotions. Stories or allusions to \u201cunderdogs\u201d who overcame obstacles to achieve something worthwhile or those who make sacrifices for the good of others can help inspire. You probably know of such stories (Olympic athletes and a well-known figure such as Captain Sullenberg are examples) that would be of value, as long as they are relevant to your topic and purpose. Poetry is sometimes used to inspire, but you want to use a short passage (eight lines or less) of poetry that is clear to the audience.<\/p>\n

\n

Inspire<\/strong><\/p>\n

to affect or arouse someone\u2019s emotions in a specific, positive manner<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Conclude with a Question<\/h3>\n

Another way you can end a speech is to ask a rhetorical question that forces the audience to ponder an idea. Maybe you are giving a speech on the importance of the environment, so you end the speech by saying, \u201cThink about your children\u2019s future. What kind of world do you want them raised in? A world that is clean, vibrant, and beautiful\u2014or one that is filled with smog, pollution, filth, and disease?\u201d Notice that you aren\u2019t actually asking the audience to verbally or nonverbally answer the question; the goal of this question is to force the audience into thinking about what kind of world they want for their children.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Refer Back to the Introduction<\/h3>\n

This method provides a good sense of closure to the speech and can be one of the most effective methods. If you started the speech with a startling statistic or fact, such as \u201cLast year, according to the official website of the American Humane Society, four million pets were euthanized in shelters in the United States,\u201d in the end you could say, \u201cRemember that shocking number of four million euthanized pets? With your donation of time or money to the Northwest Georgia Rescue Shelter, you can help lower that number in our region.\u201d<\/p>\n

Conclude with an Anecdote or Personal Story<\/h3>\n

As with your attention getter, a brief story can be a strong way to conclude. However, it must be relevant and not go on too long. Combining this method and the previous one, you might finish telling a story that you started in the introduction as your clincher. This method is probably better with persuasive speeches where you want to end with a strong emotional appeal.<\/p>\n

Conclude with a Reference to Audience or Audience Self-Interest<\/h3>\n

The last concluding device involves a direct reference to your audience. This concluding device is used when a speaker attempts to answer the basic audience question, \u201cWhat\u2019s in it for me?\u201d (the WIIFM question). The goal of this concluding device is to spell out the direct benefits a behavior or thought change has for audience members. For example, a speaker talking about stress reduction techniques could conclude by clearly listing all the physical health benefits stress reduction offers (e.g., improved reflexes, improved immune system, improved hearing, reduction in blood pressure). In this case, the speaker is spelling out why audience members should care about the topic and what\u2019s in it for them.<\/p>\n

Informative versus Persuasive Conclusions<\/h3>\n

As you read through the above possible ways to conclude a speech, hopefully you noticed that some of the methods are more appropriate for persuasive speeches and others are more appropriate for informative speeches. An appeal to action, for example, may not be appropriate for an informative speech since asking your audience to do something often borders on persuasion, which isn\u2019t what an informative speech is intended to do. Similarly, if your persuasive speech is on the importance of voting in the next local election, an appeal to action clincher would probably be one of your stronger options.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":133,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-438","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":430,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/438","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/133"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/438\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":810,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/438\/revisions\/810"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/430"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/438\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=438"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=438"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=438"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=438"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}