{"id":233,"date":"2025-05-09T21:36:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T21:36:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/chapter\/appendix-e-apa-citation\/"},"modified":"2025-07-14T21:04:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T21:04:26","slug":"appendix-e-apa-citation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/chapter\/appendix-e-apa-citation\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix E: APA Citation","rendered":"Appendix E: APA Citation"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"appendix-e-apa-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"title\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">After reading this section, the student will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">Understand the purposes of citation;<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">Recognize when to cite information;<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">Understand different ways to cite sources;<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">Find citation assistance when needed; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">Cite sources in APA format<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: normal;\">Appendix Preview<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"appendix-preview\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.1 \u2013 Citation<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.2 \u2013 When to Cite<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.3 \u2013 Elements of Citation<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.4 \u2013 APA Resources<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.5 \u2014 Reference List<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"e.1-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.1 \u2013 Citation<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Citing your sources is part of using information. While there are many citation styles used by different disciplines, this appendix focuses on <strong class=\"calibre5\">APA style<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">APA Style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">A citation style developed by the American Psychological Association (APA), used by a variety of disciplines, including psychology, health sciences, STEM fields, business, social sciences, and communication.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">APA style is detailed in the <em class=\"calibre6\">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Citation (in any style) has many functions; it:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">allows you to support the claims you make,<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">gives credit to the source of the information, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">allows your audience to locate the information if they want to learn more.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">The practice of citation is inseparable from research, because new developments always build on existing knowledge. No individual knows everything there is to know about a topic, which is why research involves examining what is already known.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Engaging with the ideas of others is a way of adding your voice into a conversation about a topic. This can include agreeing with others\u2019 perspectives, building on existing ideas, or introducing a new interpretation or counter-argument.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"e.2-when-to-cite\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.2 \u2013 When to Cite<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Any time you use someone else\u2019s original ideas, statistics, studies, borrowed concepts, phrases, images, quoted material, and tables\u2014their <strong class=\"calibre5\">Intellectual property<\/strong>\u2014you cite to indicate its source. This reflects both on the research you have done, and your academic integrity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Intellectual Property<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">A legal term used to refer to intangible creations of individuals, including art, written work, research findings, and ideas<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Not everything you use in your work need to be cited, though. You do not have to cite facts that are commonly known by your audience and easily verified in reference sources. You also do not have to cite information that comes from you, such as your opinion.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">When in doubt, it\u2019s best to cite your source.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"e.3-elements-of-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.3 \u2013 Elements of citation<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">There are two main elements of citation: the brief in-context citation, and the full reference entry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"in-context-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">In-Context Citation<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You may be used to citing in text, and while citing in speeches works differently, the same principles apply\u2014you want to ensure that your audience knows where you found the information.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You can use both quotation and paraphrasing in speeches, and for either, be sure to provide the details about the source when you use the information.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Quotation<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Since quoting means using someone else\u2019s exact words, you should indicate that you are using a quote. Examples of how to do this are:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cAs legendary football coach Vince Lombardi said, \u2018Winning isn\u2019t everything, but wanting to win is.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cDutch painter Vincent van Gogh said, and I quote, \u2018I would rather die of passion than boredom.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"paraphrasing\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Paraphrasing<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Paraphrasing, or restating a source\u2019s ideas in your own words, is another option. Be sure to acknowledge the author, source, and date of the information you use. This can be accomplished in various ways, such as:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cDuring the December 27, 2017 episode of 60 Minutes, correspondent Lara Logan described the practice of airlifting rhinos by helicopter to protect them from poachers.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cA 2017 study by Dr.\u00a0Serge Ferrari, published in the medical journal Lancet, found that the use of drugs containing bone-forming agents in patients with osteoporosis reduced their risk of fragility fractures.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Citation FAQs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">What if I\u2019m citing multiple sources?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">This depends on the information. Is it common knowledge\/factual? If so, you do not need to cite it.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">If it needs to be cited, be sure to indicate the sources:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><em class=\"calibre6\">As many scholars, including Buranen, Haviland &amp; Mullin, Blum, and DeSena, have noted, plagiarism refers to a variety of phenomena, which vary widely.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">What if I\u2019m using a lot of information, but it\u2019s all from the same source?<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Cite the source each time you use it:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><em class=\"calibre6\">According to Blum,\u2026Blum also found\u2026In the same study,\u2026<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"e.4---apa-resources\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.4 - APA Resources<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You may have questions about APA style, and while full APA guidelines are included in the <em class=\"calibre6\">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition, other resources are also available. The APA runs a site at <a href=\"http:\/\/apastyle.org\">apastyle.org<\/a> that provides additional information about APA citation. Also, the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) has <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_style_introduction.html\">a wonderful online guide to APA citation<\/a>. Of course, librarians are a good resource, too!<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"e.5---reference-list\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.5 - Reference List<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">As part of a speech assignment, you will likely be asked to provide a list of references used. This may be on a slide, if it is a presentation file, or on a document, for written materials that are submitted along with the verbal presentation of your speech.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Each source you used will be listed on this page, using a full APA-style citation. The page itself will be labeled \u201cReferences,\u201d and will list all of the sources you used in alphabetical order. An example of an APA-style References page is shown in figure E.1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Citation Generators<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Many online services will generate full reference entries. However, the citations generated by these tools may contain errors, and it is important to be familiar enough with APA style that you can proofread to ensure that these citations are formatted correctly.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"sample-references\" class=\"bc-section section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Sample References<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Book or eBook (APA manual, p.\u00a0321-325)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A., &amp; Author, C.D. (Year). <em class=\"calibre6\">Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle<\/em>. Publisher. URL if ebook.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Spellman, F. &amp; Whiting, N. (2005). <em class=\"calibre6\">Environmental engineer\u2019s mathematics handbook<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Article, Chapter, or Work in a Reference Book or Edited Collection (APA manual, p.\u00a0326-328)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A.A. (Year). Article or chapter title: Capitalize first letter of subtitle. In A. Editor, B. Editor (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle<\/em>. (# ed., pp. #). Publisher.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Donnerstein, E. (2005). Is popular culture too violent? Media violence promotes violent behavior. In J. Woodward (Ed.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Popular culture: Opposing viewpoints<\/em> (pp.\u00a0114-119). Thompson Gale.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Reference or Encyclopedia Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0328)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Entry title. In A. Editor &amp; B. Editor (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of encyclopedia<\/em> (Vol. #, pp. #). Publisher.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Richelle, M.N. (2001). Skinner, Burrhus Frederick (1904-1990). In N. Smelser &amp; P. Baltes (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences<\/em> (Vol. 21, pp.\u00a014141-14146). Elsevier.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Magazine Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0320)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Magazine title, Volume<\/em>(Issue). Page(s).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Southerland, R. (2017). Textile trail. <em class=\"calibre6\">Georgia Trend, 33<\/em>(1), 86.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Newspaper Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0320)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Newspaper title<\/em>, p.\u00a0SectionPage.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Brown, R. (2009, December 16). Long faces ethics complaint. <em class=\"calibre6\">Dalton Daily Citizen<\/em>, A1.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Academic Journal Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0317-318)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A.A. (Year). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of Journal, Volume<\/em>(issue), page(s).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Schultz-Bergin, M. (2018). Is CRISPR an ethical game changer? <em class=\"calibre6\">Journal of Agricultural &amp; Environmental Ethics, 31<\/em>(2), 219-238. https:\/\/doi:10.1007\/s10806-018-9721-z<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Web Page (APA manual, p.\u00a0351-352) (Last example below is for a page with no author)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Title of page. <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of website<\/em>. http:\/\/thewebsite.com<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Naylor, S. (1998). Hindu mythology. <em class=\"calibre6\">Encyclopedia Mythica<\/em>. http:\/\/www.pantheon.org\/articles\/h\/hindu_mythology.html<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Adderall. (2009). <em class=\"calibre6\">Prescribers\u2019 Digital Reference<\/em>. http:\/\/www.pdr.net\/pdr-consumer-monograph\/adderall?druglabelid=1048&amp;ConsumerId=1008<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Reports (APA Manual, p.\u00a0329-330)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Title (Report #). Publisher. DOI or URL<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Bauman, K. (2003). <em class=\"calibre6\">Educational attainment, 2000<\/em> (Census 2000 brief C2KBR-17). U.S. Government Printing Office. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2003pubs\/c2kbr-24.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Film or video (APA manual, p.\u00a0342-343)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Producer, A (Producer) &amp; Director, A. (Director). (Year). <em class=\"calibre6\">Title<\/em> [Description]. Studio.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Carroll, G. (Producer) &amp; Rosenberg, S. (Director). (1991). Cool hand Luke [Film]. Warner Bros.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Online Video (APA manual, p.\u00a0344)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author. (Year, Month Day). <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of video<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. http:\/\/www.website.com\/specificURL<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Adult Swim. (2014, November 7). <em class=\"calibre6\">Too many cooks<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QrGrOK8oZG8<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">If APA style is new to you, it has a few intricacies that you may want to know:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Tips on formatting reference entries in APA style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Authors\u2019 names are credited using their first and middle (if one is given) initials only. You do not need to list credentials such as Ph.D., M.D., etc.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Within a reference entry, authors are listed in the order they list themselves, even if it is not alphabetical.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">The title of a source (article title, book title, etc.) is capitalized as follows: the first letter of the title and the first letter of the subtitle are the only words capitalized, except for where grammatically required for individual words, such as proper nouns or acronyms.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Tips on formatting a references page in APA style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">\r\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Once you\u2019ve ensured that the individual entries are correct, you\u2019ll want to make sure the text on the page is double-spaced, and only the first line of an entry is aligned to the left margin. Subsequent lines of individual entries will be indented 1\/2 inch; this is called a \u201changing indent.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"calibre4\">The reference entries will be listed in alphabetical order on this page.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"appendix-e-apa-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"title\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">After reading this section, the student will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\n<li class=\"calibre4\">Understand the purposes of citation;<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">Recognize when to cite information;<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">Understand different ways to cite sources;<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">Find citation assistance when needed; and<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">Cite sources in APA format<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1.602em; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: normal;\">Appendix Preview<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"appendix-preview\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.1 \u2013 Citation<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.2 \u2013 When to Cite<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.3 \u2013 Elements of Citation<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.4 \u2013 APA Resources<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">E.5 \u2014 Reference List<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"e.1-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.1 \u2013 Citation<\/h2>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Citing your sources is part of using information. While there are many citation styles used by different disciplines, this appendix focuses on <strong class=\"calibre5\">APA style<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">APA Style<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">A citation style developed by the American Psychological Association (APA), used by a variety of disciplines, including psychology, health sciences, STEM fields, business, social sciences, and communication.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">APA style is detailed in the <em class=\"calibre6\">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Citation (in any style) has many functions; it:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\n<li class=\"calibre4\">allows you to support the claims you make,<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">gives credit to the source of the information, and<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">allows your audience to locate the information if they want to learn more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">The practice of citation is inseparable from research, because new developments always build on existing knowledge. No individual knows everything there is to know about a topic, which is why research involves examining what is already known.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Engaging with the ideas of others is a way of adding your voice into a conversation about a topic. This can include agreeing with others\u2019 perspectives, building on existing ideas, or introducing a new interpretation or counter-argument.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"e.2-when-to-cite\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.2 \u2013 When to Cite<\/h2>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Any time you use someone else\u2019s original ideas, statistics, studies, borrowed concepts, phrases, images, quoted material, and tables\u2014their <strong class=\"calibre5\">Intellectual property<\/strong>\u2014you cite to indicate its source. This reflects both on the research you have done, and your academic integrity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Intellectual Property<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">A legal term used to refer to intangible creations of individuals, including art, written work, research findings, and ideas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Not everything you use in your work need to be cited, though. You do not have to cite facts that are commonly known by your audience and easily verified in reference sources. You also do not have to cite information that comes from you, such as your opinion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">When in doubt, it\u2019s best to cite your source.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"e.3-elements-of-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.3 \u2013 Elements of citation<\/h2>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">There are two main elements of citation: the brief in-context citation, and the full reference entry.<\/p>\n<div id=\"in-context-citation\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">In-Context Citation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You may be used to citing in text, and while citing in speeches works differently, the same principles apply\u2014you want to ensure that your audience knows where you found the information.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You can use both quotation and paraphrasing in speeches, and for either, be sure to provide the details about the source when you use the information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Quotation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Since quoting means using someone else\u2019s exact words, you should indicate that you are using a quote. Examples of how to do this are:<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cAs legendary football coach Vince Lombardi said, \u2018Winning isn\u2019t everything, but wanting to win is.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cDutch painter Vincent van Gogh said, and I quote, \u2018I would rather die of passion than boredom.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"paraphrasing\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Paraphrasing<\/h3>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Paraphrasing, or restating a source\u2019s ideas in your own words, is another option. Be sure to acknowledge the author, source, and date of the information you use. This can be accomplished in various ways, such as:<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cDuring the December 27, 2017 episode of 60 Minutes, correspondent Lara Logan described the practice of airlifting rhinos by helicopter to protect them from poachers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">\u201cA 2017 study by Dr.\u00a0Serge Ferrari, published in the medical journal Lancet, found that the use of drugs containing bone-forming agents in patients with osteoporosis reduced their risk of fragility fractures.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Citation FAQs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">What if I\u2019m citing multiple sources?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">This depends on the information. Is it common knowledge\/factual? If so, you do not need to cite it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">If it needs to be cited, be sure to indicate the sources:<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><em class=\"calibre6\">As many scholars, including Buranen, Haviland &amp; Mullin, Blum, and DeSena, have noted, plagiarism refers to a variety of phenomena, which vary widely.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">What if I\u2019m using a lot of information, but it\u2019s all from the same source?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Cite the source each time you use it:<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><em class=\"calibre6\">According to Blum,\u2026Blum also found\u2026In the same study,\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"e.4---apa-resources\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.4 &#8211; APA Resources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">You may have questions about APA style, and while full APA guidelines are included in the <em class=\"calibre6\">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association<\/em>, 7th edition, other resources are also available. The APA runs a site at <a href=\"http:\/\/apastyle.org\">apastyle.org<\/a> that provides additional information about APA citation. Also, the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) has <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.purdue.edu\/owl\/research_and_citation\/apa_style\/apa_style_introduction.html\">a wonderful online guide to APA citation<\/a>. Of course, librarians are a good resource, too!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"e.5---reference-list\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2 class=\"calibre1\">E.5 &#8211; Reference List<\/h2>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">As part of a speech assignment, you will likely be asked to provide a list of references used. This may be on a slide, if it is a presentation file, or on a document, for written materials that are submitted along with the verbal presentation of your speech.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Each source you used will be listed on this page, using a full APA-style citation. The page itself will be labeled \u201cReferences,\u201d and will list all of the sources you used in alphabetical order. An example of an APA-style References page is shown in figure E.1.<\/p>\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Citation Generators<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Many online services will generate full reference entries. However, the citations generated by these tools may contain errors, and it is important to be familiar enough with APA style that you can proofread to ensure that these citations are formatted correctly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sample-references\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h3 class=\"calibre7\">Sample References<\/h3>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Book or eBook (APA manual, p.\u00a0321-325)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A., &amp; Author, C.D. (Year). <em class=\"calibre6\">Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle<\/em>. Publisher. URL if ebook.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Spellman, F. &amp; Whiting, N. (2005). <em class=\"calibre6\">Environmental engineer\u2019s mathematics handbook<\/em>. CRC Press.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Article, Chapter, or Work in a Reference Book or Edited Collection (APA manual, p.\u00a0326-328)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A.A. (Year). Article or chapter title: Capitalize first letter of subtitle. In A. Editor, B. Editor (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle<\/em>. (# ed., pp. #). Publisher.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Donnerstein, E. (2005). Is popular culture too violent? Media violence promotes violent behavior. In J. Woodward (Ed.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Popular culture: Opposing viewpoints<\/em> (pp.\u00a0114-119). Thompson Gale.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Reference or Encyclopedia Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0328)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Entry title. In A. Editor &amp; B. Editor (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of encyclopedia<\/em> (Vol. #, pp. #). Publisher.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Richelle, M.N. (2001). Skinner, Burrhus Frederick (1904-1990). In N. Smelser &amp; P. Baltes (Eds.), <em class=\"calibre6\">International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences<\/em> (Vol. 21, pp.\u00a014141-14146). Elsevier.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Magazine Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0320)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Magazine title, Volume<\/em>(Issue). Page(s).<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Southerland, R. (2017). Textile trail. <em class=\"calibre6\">Georgia Trend, 33<\/em>(1), 86.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Newspaper Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0320)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Newspaper title<\/em>, p.\u00a0SectionPage.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Brown, R. (2009, December 16). Long faces ethics complaint. <em class=\"calibre6\">Dalton Daily Citizen<\/em>, A1.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Academic Journal Article (APA manual, p.\u00a0317-318)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A.A. (Year). Article title. <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of Journal, Volume<\/em>(issue), page(s).<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Schultz-Bergin, M. (2018). Is CRISPR an ethical game changer? <em class=\"calibre6\">Journal of Agricultural &amp; Environmental Ethics, 31<\/em>(2), 219-238. https:\/\/doi:10.1007\/s10806-018-9721-z<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Web Page (APA manual, p.\u00a0351-352) (Last example below is for a page with no author)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Title of page. <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of website<\/em>. http:\/\/thewebsite.com<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Naylor, S. (1998). Hindu mythology. <em class=\"calibre6\">Encyclopedia Mythica<\/em>. http:\/\/www.pantheon.org\/articles\/h\/hindu_mythology.html<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Adderall. (2009). <em class=\"calibre6\">Prescribers\u2019 Digital Reference<\/em>. http:\/\/www.pdr.net\/pdr-consumer-monograph\/adderall?druglabelid=1048&amp;ConsumerId=1008<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Reports (APA Manual, p.\u00a0329-330)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author, A. (Year). Title (Report #). Publisher. DOI or URL<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Bauman, K. (2003). <em class=\"calibre6\">Educational attainment, 2000<\/em> (Census 2000 brief C2KBR-17). U.S. Government Printing Office. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2003pubs\/c2kbr-24.pdf<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Film or video (APA manual, p.\u00a0342-343)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Producer, A (Producer) &amp; Director, A. (Director). (Year). <em class=\"calibre6\">Title<\/em> [Description]. Studio.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Carroll, G. (Producer) &amp; Rosenberg, S. (Director). (1991). Cool hand Luke [Film]. Warner Bros.<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Online Video (APA manual, p.\u00a0344)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Author. (Year, Month Day). <em class=\"calibre6\">Title of video<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. http:\/\/www.website.com\/specificURL<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Adult Swim. (2014, November 7). <em class=\"calibre6\">Too many cooks<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QrGrOK8oZG8<\/p>\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">If APA style is new to you, it has a few intricacies that you may want to know:<\/p>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Tips on formatting reference entries in APA style<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\n<li class=\"calibre4\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Authors\u2019 names are credited using their first and middle (if one is given) initials only. You do not need to list credentials such as Ph.D., M.D., etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Within a reference entry, authors are listed in the order they list themselves, even if it is not alphabetical.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">The title of a source (article title, book title, etc.) is capitalized as follows: the first letter of the title and the first letter of the subtitle are the only words capitalized, except for where grammatically required for individual words, such as proper nouns or acronyms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"calibre2\"><strong class=\"calibre5\">Tips on formatting a references page in APA style<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"calibre3\">\n<li class=\"calibre4\">\n<p class=\"calibre2\">Once you\u2019ve ensured that the individual entries are correct, you\u2019ll want to make sure the text on the page is double-spaced, and only the first line of an entry is aligned to the left margin. Subsequent lines of individual entries will be indented 1\/2 inch; this is called a \u201changing indent.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"calibre4\">The reference entries will be listed in alphabetical order on this page.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-233","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":591,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":896,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/revisions\/896"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/591"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/233\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=233"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=233"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=233"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppsccom1150publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=233"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}