{"id":165,"date":"2023-03-27T16:31:17","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T16:31:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/chapter\/market-value-ratios-boundless-finance-course-hero\/"},"modified":"2023-04-03T02:53:15","modified_gmt":"2023-04-03T02:53:15","slug":"market-value-ratios-boundless-finance-course-hero","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/chapter\/market-value-ratios-boundless-finance-course-hero\/","title":{"raw":"Market Value Ratios","rendered":"Market Value Ratios"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"block_ssi-global_HeaderFragment\"><header>\r\n<h2>Price\/Earnings Ratio<\/h2>\r\n<\/header><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"block_app\">\r\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n\r\nPrice to earnings ratio (market price per share \/ annual earnings per share) is used as a guide to the relative values of companies.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nCalculate a company's Price to Earnings Ratio.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<h4>Key Points<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>P\/E ratio = Market price per share \/ Annual earnings per share.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The P\/E ratio is a widely used valuation multiple used as a guide to the relative values of companies; for example, a higher P\/E ratio means that investors are paying more for each unit of current net income, so the stock is more expensive than one with a lower P\/E ratio.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Different types of P\/E include: trailing P\/E or P\/E ttm, trailing P\/E from continued operations, and forward P\/E or P\/Ef.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Key Terms<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>time value of money<\/strong>: The value of money, figuring in a given amount of interest, earned over a given amount of time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inflation<\/strong>: An increase in the general level of prices or in the cost of living.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Price\/Earnings Ratio<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"block_app\">\r\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n\r\nIn stock trading, the price-to-earnings ratio of a share (also called its P\/E, or simply \"multiple\") is the market price of that share divided by the annual earnings per share (EPS).\r\n\r\nThe P\/E ratio is a widely used valuation multiple used as a guide to the relative values of companies; a higher P\/E ratio means that investors are paying more for each unit of current net income, so the stock is more \"expensive\" than one with a lower P\/E ratio. The P\/E ratio can be regarded as being expressed in years. The price is in currency per share, while earnings are in currency per share per year, so the P\/E ratio shows the number of years of earnings that would be required to pay back the purchase price, ignoring inflation, earnings growth, and the time value of money.\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/32353\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"452\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/128\/2023\/03\/f3i9sjmkrsuqtzsjd0oh1.png\" alt=\"Map of price earning ratios reflected over a twenty year timeframe. \" width=\"452\" height=\"361\" \/> <strong>Price-Earning Ratios as a Predictor of Twenty-Year Returns:<\/strong> The horizontal axis shows the real price-earnings ratio of the S&amp;P Composite Stock Price Index as computed in Irrational Exuberance\u00a0(inflation adjusted price divided by the prior ten-year mean of inflation-adjusted earnings). The vertical axis shows the geometric average real annual return on investing in the S&amp;P Composite Stock Price Index, reinvesting dividends, and selling twenty years later. Note that over the last century, as the P\/E ratio has decreased, annualized returns have increased.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nP\/E ratio = Market price per share \/ Annual earnings per share\r\n\r\nThe price per share in the numerator is the market price of a single share of the stock. The earnings per share in the denominator may vary depending on the type of P\/E. The types of P\/E include the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Trailing P\/E or P\/E ttm: Here, earning per share is the net income of the company for the most recent 12 month period, divided by the weighted average number of common shares in issue during the period. This is the most common meaning of P\/E if no other qualifier is specified. Monthly earnings data for individual companies are not available, and usually fluctuate seasonally, so the previous four quarterly earnings reports are used, and earnings per share are updated quarterly. Note, each company chooses its own financial year so the timing of updates will vary from one to another.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trailing P\/E from continued operations: Instead of net income, this uses operating earnings, which exclude earnings from discontinued operations, extraordinary items (e.g. one-off windfalls and write-downs), and accounting changes. Longer-term P\/E data, such as Shiller's, use net earnings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Forward P\/E, P\/Ef, or estimated P\/E: Instead of net income, this uses estimated net earnings over the next 12 months. Estimates are typically derived as the mean of those published by a select group of analysts (selection criteria are rarely cited). In times of rapid economic dislocation, such estimates become less relevant as the situation changes (e.g. new economic data is published, and\/or the basis of forecasts becomes obsolete) more quickly than analysts adjust their forecasts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBy comparing price and earnings per share for a company, one can analyze the market's stock valuation of a company and its shares relative to the income the company is actually generating. Stocks with higher (or more certain) forecast earnings growth will usually have a higher P\/E, and those expected to have lower (or riskier) earnings growth will usually have a lower P\/E. Investors can use the P\/E ratio to compare the value of stocks; for example, if one stock has a P\/E twice that of another stock, all things being equal (especially the earnings growth rate ), it is a less attractive investment. Companies are rarely equal, however, and comparisons between industries, companies, and time periods may be misleading. P\/E ratio in general is useful for comparing valuation of peer companies in a similar sector or group.\r\n\r\nThe P\/E ratio of a company is a significant focus for management in many companies and industries. Managers have strong incentives to increase stock prices, firstly as part of their fiduciary responsibilities to their companies and shareholders, but also because their performance based remuneration is usually paid in the form of company stock or options on their company's stock (a form of payment that is supposed to align the interests of management with the interests of other stock holders). The stock price can increase in one of two ways: either through improved earnings, or through an improved multiple that the market assigns to those earnings. In turn, the primary driver for multiples such as the P\/E ratio is through higher and more sustained earnings growth rates.\r\n\r\nCompanies with high P\/E ratios but volatile earnings may be tempted to find ways to smooth earnings and diversify risk; this is the theory behind building conglomerates. Conversely, companies with low P\/E ratios may be tempted to acquire small high growth businesses in an effort to \"rebrand\" their portfolio of activities and burnish their image as growth stocks and thus obtain a higher P\/E rating.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Market\/Book Ratio<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"block_app\">\r\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n\r\nThe price-to-book ratio is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market price to its book value.\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nCalculate the different types of price to book ratios for a company.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<h4>Key Points<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The calculation can be performed in two ways: 1) the company's market capitalization can be divided by the company's total book value from its balance sheet, 2) using per-share values, is to divide the company's current share price by the book value per share.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A higher P\/B ratio implies that investors expect management to create more value from a given set of assets, all else equal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Technically, P\/B can be calculated either including or excluding intangible assets and goodwill.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>Key Terms<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>outstanding shares<\/strong>: Shares outstanding are all the shares of a corporation that have been authorized, issued and purchased by investors and are held by them.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Price\/Book Ratio<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"block_app\">\r\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n\r\nThe price-to-book ratio, or P\/B ratio, is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market price to its book value. The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same either way.\r\n\r\nIn the first way, the company's market capitalization can be divided by the company's total book value from its balance sheet.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Market Capitalization \/ Total Book Value<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe second way, using per-share values, is to divide the company's current share price by the book value per share (i.e. its book value divided by the number of outstanding shares).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Share price \/ Book value per share<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs with most ratios, it varies a fair amount by industry. Industries that require more infrastructure capital (for each dollar of profit) will usually trade at P\/B ratios much lower than, for example, consulting firms. P\/B ratios are commonly used to compare banks, because most assets and liabilities of banks are constantly valued at market values.\r\n\r\nA higher P\/B ratio implies that investors expect management to create more value from a given set of assets, all else equal (and\/or that the market value of the firm's assets is significantly higher than their accounting value). P\/B ratios do not, however, directly provide any information on the ability of the firm to generate profits or cash for shareholders.\r\n\r\nThis ratio also gives some idea of whether an investor is paying too much for what would be left if the company went bankrupt immediately. For companies in distress, the book value is usually calculated without the intangible assets that would have no resale value. In such cases, P\/B should also be calculated on a \"diluted\" basis, because stock options may well vest on the sale of the company, change of control, or firing of management.\r\n\r\nIt is also known as the market-to-book ratio and the price-to-equity ratio (which should not be confused with the price-to-earnings ratio), and its inverse is called the book-to-market ratio.\r\n<h3>Total Book Value vs Tangible Book Value<\/h3>\r\nTechnically, P\/B can be calculated either including or excluding intangible assets and goodwill. When intangible assets and goodwill are excluded, the ratio is often specified to be \"price to tangible book value\" or \"price to tangible book\".\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h4>Licenses and Attributions<\/h4>\r\n<div id=\"block_app\">\r\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\r\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\r\n<div class=\"licensing collapsed\">\r\n<h4>CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Curation and Revision. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless.com. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>PE ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>time value of money. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>inflation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wiktionary. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Price-Earnings Ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Price-Earnings_Ratios_as_a_Predictor_of_Twenty-Year_Returns_(Shiller_Data).png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noindex nofollow noopener\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Price-Earnings_Ratios_as_a_Predictor_of_Twenty-Year_Returns_(Shiller_Data).png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>P\/B ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>outstanding shares. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Price-Earnings Ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"block_ssi-global_HeaderFragment\">\n<header>\n<h2>Price\/Earnings Ratio<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"block_app\">\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<p>Price to earnings ratio (market price per share \/ annual earnings per share) is used as a guide to the relative values of companies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>Calculate a company&#8217;s Price to Earnings Ratio.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h4>Key Points<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>P\/E ratio = Market price per share \/ Annual earnings per share.<\/li>\n<li>The P\/E ratio is a widely used valuation multiple used as a guide to the relative values of companies; for example, a higher P\/E ratio means that investors are paying more for each unit of current net income, so the stock is more expensive than one with a lower P\/E ratio.<\/li>\n<li>Different types of P\/E include: trailing P\/E or P\/E ttm, trailing P\/E from continued operations, and forward P\/E or P\/Ef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Key Terms<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>time value of money<\/strong>: The value of money, figuring in a given amount of interest, earned over a given amount of time.<\/li>\n<li><strong>inflation<\/strong>: An increase in the general level of prices or in the cost of living.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Price\/Earnings Ratio<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<p>In stock trading, the price-to-earnings ratio of a share (also called its P\/E, or simply &#8220;multiple&#8221;) is the market price of that share divided by the annual earnings per share (EPS).<\/p>\n<p>The P\/E ratio is a widely used valuation multiple used as a guide to the relative values of companies; a higher P\/E ratio means that investors are paying more for each unit of current net income, so the stock is more &#8220;expensive&#8221; than one with a lower P\/E ratio. The P\/E ratio can be regarded as being expressed in years. The price is in currency per share, while earnings are in currency per share per year, so the P\/E ratio shows the number of years of earnings that would be required to pay back the purchase price, ignoring inflation, earnings growth, and the time value of money.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/32353\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<figure style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/128\/2023\/03\/f3i9sjmkrsuqtzsjd0oh1.png\" alt=\"Map of price earning ratios reflected over a twenty year timeframe.\" width=\"452\" height=\"361\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Price-Earning Ratios as a Predictor of Twenty-Year Returns:<\/strong> The horizontal axis shows the real price-earnings ratio of the S&amp;P Composite Stock Price Index as computed in Irrational Exuberance\u00a0(inflation adjusted price divided by the prior ten-year mean of inflation-adjusted earnings). The vertical axis shows the geometric average real annual return on investing in the S&amp;P Composite Stock Price Index, reinvesting dividends, and selling twenty years later. Note that over the last century, as the P\/E ratio has decreased, annualized returns have increased.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>P\/E ratio = Market price per share \/ Annual earnings per share<\/p>\n<p>The price per share in the numerator is the market price of a single share of the stock. The earnings per share in the denominator may vary depending on the type of P\/E. The types of P\/E include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trailing P\/E or P\/E ttm: Here, earning per share is the net income of the company for the most recent 12 month period, divided by the weighted average number of common shares in issue during the period. This is the most common meaning of P\/E if no other qualifier is specified. Monthly earnings data for individual companies are not available, and usually fluctuate seasonally, so the previous four quarterly earnings reports are used, and earnings per share are updated quarterly. Note, each company chooses its own financial year so the timing of updates will vary from one to another.<\/li>\n<li>Trailing P\/E from continued operations: Instead of net income, this uses operating earnings, which exclude earnings from discontinued operations, extraordinary items (e.g. one-off windfalls and write-downs), and accounting changes. Longer-term P\/E data, such as Shiller&#8217;s, use net earnings.<\/li>\n<li>Forward P\/E, P\/Ef, or estimated P\/E: Instead of net income, this uses estimated net earnings over the next 12 months. Estimates are typically derived as the mean of those published by a select group of analysts (selection criteria are rarely cited). In times of rapid economic dislocation, such estimates become less relevant as the situation changes (e.g. new economic data is published, and\/or the basis of forecasts becomes obsolete) more quickly than analysts adjust their forecasts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By comparing price and earnings per share for a company, one can analyze the market&#8217;s stock valuation of a company and its shares relative to the income the company is actually generating. Stocks with higher (or more certain) forecast earnings growth will usually have a higher P\/E, and those expected to have lower (or riskier) earnings growth will usually have a lower P\/E. Investors can use the P\/E ratio to compare the value of stocks; for example, if one stock has a P\/E twice that of another stock, all things being equal (especially the earnings growth rate ), it is a less attractive investment. Companies are rarely equal, however, and comparisons between industries, companies, and time periods may be misleading. P\/E ratio in general is useful for comparing valuation of peer companies in a similar sector or group.<\/p>\n<p>The P\/E ratio of a company is a significant focus for management in many companies and industries. Managers have strong incentives to increase stock prices, firstly as part of their fiduciary responsibilities to their companies and shareholders, but also because their performance based remuneration is usually paid in the form of company stock or options on their company&#8217;s stock (a form of payment that is supposed to align the interests of management with the interests of other stock holders). The stock price can increase in one of two ways: either through improved earnings, or through an improved multiple that the market assigns to those earnings. In turn, the primary driver for multiples such as the P\/E ratio is through higher and more sustained earnings growth rates.<\/p>\n<p>Companies with high P\/E ratios but volatile earnings may be tempted to find ways to smooth earnings and diversify risk; this is the theory behind building conglomerates. Conversely, companies with low P\/E ratios may be tempted to acquire small high growth businesses in an effort to &#8220;rebrand&#8221; their portfolio of activities and burnish their image as growth stocks and thus obtain a higher P\/E rating.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Market\/Book Ratio<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<p>The price-to-book ratio is a financial ratio used to compare a company&#8217;s current market price to its book value.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>Calculate the different types of price to book ratios for a company.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h4>Key Points<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>The calculation can be performed in two ways: 1) the company&#8217;s market capitalization can be divided by the company&#8217;s total book value from its balance sheet, 2) using per-share values, is to divide the company&#8217;s current share price by the book value per share.<\/li>\n<li>A higher P\/B ratio implies that investors expect management to create more value from a given set of assets, all else equal.<\/li>\n<li>Technically, P\/B can be calculated either including or excluding intangible assets and goodwill.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Key Terms<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>outstanding shares<\/strong>: Shares outstanding are all the shares of a corporation that have been authorized, issued and purchased by investors and are held by them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Price\/Book Ratio<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<p>The price-to-book ratio, or P\/B ratio, is a financial ratio used to compare a company&#8217;s current market price to its book value. The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same either way.<\/p>\n<p>In the first way, the company&#8217;s market capitalization can be divided by the company&#8217;s total book value from its balance sheet.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Market Capitalization \/ Total Book Value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The second way, using per-share values, is to divide the company&#8217;s current share price by the book value per share (i.e. its book value divided by the number of outstanding shares).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Share price \/ Book value per share<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As with most ratios, it varies a fair amount by industry. Industries that require more infrastructure capital (for each dollar of profit) will usually trade at P\/B ratios much lower than, for example, consulting firms. P\/B ratios are commonly used to compare banks, because most assets and liabilities of banks are constantly valued at market values.<\/p>\n<p>A higher P\/B ratio implies that investors expect management to create more value from a given set of assets, all else equal (and\/or that the market value of the firm&#8217;s assets is significantly higher than their accounting value). P\/B ratios do not, however, directly provide any information on the ability of the firm to generate profits or cash for shareholders.<\/p>\n<p>This ratio also gives some idea of whether an investor is paying too much for what would be left if the company went bankrupt immediately. For companies in distress, the book value is usually calculated without the intangible assets that would have no resale value. In such cases, P\/B should also be calculated on a &#8220;diluted&#8221; basis, because stock options may well vest on the sale of the company, change of control, or firing of management.<\/p>\n<p>It is also known as the market-to-book ratio and the price-to-equity ratio (which should not be confused with the price-to-earnings ratio), and its inverse is called the book-to-market ratio.<\/p>\n<h3>Total Book Value vs Tangible Book Value<\/h3>\n<p>Technically, P\/B can be calculated either including or excluding intangible assets and goodwill. When intangible assets and goodwill are excluded, the ratio is often specified to be &#8220;price to tangible book value&#8221; or &#8220;price to tangible book&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>Licenses and Attributions<\/h4>\n<div>\n<div class=\"articleBody\">\n<div class=\"articleContent\">\n<div class=\"licensing collapsed\">\n<h4>CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Curation and Revision. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless.com. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>PE ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>time value of money. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>inflation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wiktionary. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Price-Earnings Ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Price-Earnings_Ratios_as_a_Predictor_of_Twenty-Year_Returns_(Shiller_Data).png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noindex nofollow noopener\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Price-Earnings_Ratios_as_a_Predictor_of_Twenty-Year_Returns_(Shiller_Data).png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>P\/B ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>outstanding shares. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li>Price-Earnings Ratio. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license nofollow noopener\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-165","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":24,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/165","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/165\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1342,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/165\/revisions\/1342"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/24"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/165\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=165"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=165"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=165"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/ppscacc2010principlesoffinance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}