I. Main Body
1. Cover -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
2. Chapter 1
3. Title Page -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
4. Copyright -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
5. Table Of Contents -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
6. About BCcampus Open Education -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
7. Exceptions to the CC BY Licence -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
8. Acknowledgments -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
9. Preface -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
10. Chapter 1 Introduction to Geology -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
11. 1.1 What is Geology? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
12. 1.2 Why Study Earth? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
13. 1.3 What Do Geologists Do? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
14. 1.4 Minerals and Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
15. 1.5 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
16. 1.6 Geological Time -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
17. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
18. Chapter 2 Minerals -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
19. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
20. 2.2 Bonding and Lattices -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
21. 2.3 Mineral Groups -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
22. 2.4 Silicate Minerals -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
23. 2.5 Formation of Minerals -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
24. 2.6 Mineral Properties -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
25. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
26. Chapter 3 Intrusive Igneous Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
27. 3.1 The Rock Cycle -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
28. 3.2 Magma and Magma Formation -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
29. 3.3 Crystallization of Magma -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
30. 3.4 Classification of Igneous Rock -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
31. 3.5 Intrusive Igneous Bodies -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
32. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
33. Chapter 4 Volcanism -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
34. 4.1 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
35. 4.2 Magma Composition and Eruption Style -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
36. 4.3 Types of Volcanoes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
37. 4.4 Volcanic Hazards -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
38. 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
39. 4.6 Volcanoes in British Columbia -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
40. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
41. Chapter 5 Weathering and Soil -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
42. 5.1 Mechanical Weathering -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
43. 5.2 Chemical Weathering -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
44. 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
45. 5.4 Weathering and the Formation of Soil -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
46. 5.5 The Soils of Canada -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
47. 5.6 Weathering and Climate Change -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
48. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
49. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
50. 6.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
51. 6.2 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
52. 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
53. 6.4 Sedimentary Structures and Fossils -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
54. 6.5 Groups, Formations, and Members -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
55. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
56. Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
57. 7.1 Controls Over Metamorphic Processes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
58. 7.2 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
59. 7.3 Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
60. 7.4 Regional Metamorphism -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
61. 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
62. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
63. Review of Minerals and Rocks -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
64. Chapter 8 Measuring Geological Time -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
65. 8.1 The Geological Time Scale -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
66. 8.2 Relative Dating Methods -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
67. 8.3 Dating Rocks Using Fossils -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
68. 8.4 Isotopic Dating Methods -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
69. 8.5 Other Dating Methods -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
70. 8.6 Understanding Geological Time -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
71. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
72. Chapter 9 Earth’s Interior -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
73. 9.1 Understanding Earth Through Seismology -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
74. 9.2 The Temperature of Earth’s Interior -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
75. 9.3 Earth’s Magnetic Field -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
76. 9.4 Isostasy -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
77. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
78. Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
79. 10.1 Alfred Wegener: The Father of Plate Tectonics -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
80. 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
81. 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
82. 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
83. 10.5 Mechanisms for Plate Motion -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
84. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
85. Chapter 11 Earthquakes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
86. 11.1 What is an Earthquake? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
87. 11.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
88. 11.3 Measuring Earthquakes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
89. 11.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
90. 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
91. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
92. Chapter 12 Geological Structures -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
93. 12.1 Stress and Strain -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
94. 12.2 Folding -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
95. 12.3 Fracturing and Faulting -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
96. 12.4 Measuring Geological Structures -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
97. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
98. Chapter 13 Streams and Floods -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
99. 13.1 The Hydrological Cycle -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
100. 13.2 Drainage Basins -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
101. 13.3 Stream Erosion and Deposition -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
102. 13.4 Stream Types -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
103. 13.5 Flooding -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
104. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
105. Chapter 14 Groundwater -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
106. 14.1 Groundwater and Aquifers -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
107. 14.2 Groundwater Flow -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
108. 14.3 Groundwater Extraction -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
109. 14.4 Groundwater Quality -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
110. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
111. Chapter 15 Mass Wasting -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
112. 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
113. 15.2 Classification of Mass Wasting -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
114. 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
115. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
116. Chapter 16 Glaciation -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
117. 16.1 Glacial Periods in Earth’s History -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
118. 16.2 How Glaciers Work -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
119. 16.3 Glacial Erosion -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
120. 16.4 Glacial Deposition -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
121. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
122. Chapter 17 Shorelines -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
123. 17.1 Waves -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
124. 17.2 Landforms and Coastal Erosion -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
125. 17.3 Landforms and Coastal Deposition -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
126. 17.4 Sea-Level Change -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
127. 17.5 Human Interference with Shorelines -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
128. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
129. Chapter 18 Geology of the Oceans -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
130. 18.1 The Topography of the Sea Floor -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
131. 18.2 The Geology of the Oceanic Crust -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
132. 18.3 Sea-Floor Sediments -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
133. 18.4 Ocean Water -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
134. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
135. Chapter 19 Climate Change -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
136. 19.1 What Makes the Climate Change? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
137. 19.2 Anthropogenic Climate Change -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
138. 19.3 Implications of Climate Change -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
139. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
140. Chapter 20 Geological Resources -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
141. 20.1 Metal Deposits -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
142. 20.2 Industrial Materials -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
143. 20.3 Fossil Fuels -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
144. 20.4 Diamonds -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
145. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
146. Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
147. 21.1 Geological History of Canada -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
148. 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
149. 21.3 Western Canada during the Paleozoic -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
150. 21.4 Western Canada during the Mesozoic -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
151. 21.5 Western Canada During the Cenozoic -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
152. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
153. Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
154. 22.1 Starting with a Big Bang -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
155. 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
156. 22.3 How to Build a Solar System -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
157. 22.4 Earth’s First 2 Billion Years -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
158. 22.5 Are There Other Earths? -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
159. Summary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
160. Glossary -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
161. About the Author -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
162. Appendix 1: List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
163. Appendix 2: Answers to Review Questions -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
164. Appendix 3: Answers to Exercises -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
165. Links for Print Edition -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
166. Versioning History -- Physical Geology – 2nd Edition
Appendix
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Physical Geology by Cynthia Krutsinger is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.