{"id":230,"date":"2017-01-23T16:35:55","date_gmt":"2017-01-23T16:35:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/chapter\/6-5-light\/"},"modified":"2021-10-26T21:15:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-26T21:15:40","slug":"6-5-light","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/chapter\/6-5-light\/","title":{"raw":"6.5 Light","rendered":"6.5 Light"},"content":{"raw":"Radiant energy from the sun is important for several major oceanic processes:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Climate, winds, and major ocean currents are ultimately dependent on solar radiation reaching the Earth and heating different areas to different degrees.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sunlight warms the surface water where much oceanic life lives.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Solar radiation provides light for [pb_glossary id=\"1024\"]photosynthesis[\/pb_glossary], which supports the entire ocean ecosystem.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe energy reaching Earth from the sun is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which is represented by the electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 6.5.1). Electromagnetic waves vary in their frequency and wavelength. High frequency waves have very short wavelengths, and are very high energy forms of radiation, such as gamma rays and x-rays. These rays can easily penetrate the bodies of living organisms and interfere with individual atoms and molecules. At the other end of the spectrum are low energy, long wavelength waves such as radio waves, which do not pose a hazard to living organisms.\r\n\r\nMost of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each color of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colors of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar \"ROYGBIV\"; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_227\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img class=\"wp-image-227 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-1024x548.png\" alt=\"The electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz), or waves per second, while wavelengths are expressed in meters. The spectrum ranges from 400 to 700 nanometers.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"548\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 6.5.1<\/strong> The electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz), or waves per second, while wavelengths are expressed in meters (Phillip Roman, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWater is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth (Figure 6.5.2). At 1 m depth, only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 m depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 m. No light penetrates beyond 1000 m.\r\n\r\nIn addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates (Figure 6.5.2). The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10 m, orange by about 40 m, and yellow disappears before 100 m. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_228\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"576\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/figure6.5.2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img class=\"wp-image-228 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2.jpg\" alt=\"Light penetration in open ocean and coastal water, showing the different depths to which each color will penetrate.\" width=\"576\" height=\"352\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 6.5.2<\/strong> Light penetration in open ocean and coastal water, showing the different depths to which each color will penetrate (By NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons).[\/caption]This explains why everything appears blue under water. The colors we perceive depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by our eyes. If an object appears red to us, that is because the object reflects red light but absorbs all of the other colors. So the only color reaching our eyes is red. Under water, blue is the only color of light still available at depth, so that is the only color that can be reflected back to our eyes, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colors near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.\r\n\r\nWater in the open ocean appears clear and blue because it contains much less particulate matter, such as [pb_glossary id=\"1028\"]phytoplankton [\/pb_glossary] or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colors are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand, coastal water often appears greenish (Figure 6.5.2). Coastal water contains much more suspended silt and algae and microscopic organisms than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the color of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.\r\n\r\nThe ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in <a href=\"\/chapter\/1-3-marine-provinces\/\">section 1.3<\/a> (Figure 6.5.3). The upper 200 m is referred to as the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"728\"]photic [\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> or <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"730\"]euphotic zone[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support [pb_glossary id=\"1024\"]photosynthesis[\/pb_glossary], and it corresponds to the [pb_glossary id=\"724\"]epipelagic zone[\/pb_glossary]. From 200-1000 m lies the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"702\"]dysphotic zone[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, or the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"704\"]twilight zone[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> (corresponding with the [pb_glossary id=\"940\"]mesopelagic zone[\/pb_glossary]). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 m is the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"548\"]aphotic [\/pb_glossary] <\/strong>(or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_229\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/figure6.5.3.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img class=\"wp-image-229\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3.png\" alt=\"The zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration: photic (euphotic) zone 0-200 meters, dysphotic (twilight) zone 200 - 1000 meters, and the aphotic (midnight) zone 1000 meters and deeper \" width=\"500\" height=\"465\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 6.5.3<\/strong> The zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration (PW).[\/caption]","rendered":"<p>Radiant energy from the sun is important for several major oceanic processes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Climate, winds, and major ocean currents are ultimately dependent on solar radiation reaching the Earth and heating different areas to different degrees.<\/li>\n<li>Sunlight warms the surface water where much oceanic life lives.<\/li>\n<li>Solar radiation provides light for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_1024\">photosynthesis<\/a>, which supports the entire ocean ecosystem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The energy reaching Earth from the sun is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which is represented by the electromagnetic spectrum (Figure 6.5.1). Electromagnetic waves vary in their frequency and wavelength. High frequency waves have very short wavelengths, and are very high energy forms of radiation, such as gamma rays and x-rays. These rays can easily penetrate the bodies of living organisms and interfere with individual atoms and molecules. At the other end of the spectrum are low energy, long wavelength waves such as radio waves, which do not pose a hazard to living organisms.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the solar energy reaching the Earth is in the range of visible light, with wavelengths between about 400-700 nm. Each color of visible light has a unique wavelength, and together they make up white light. The shortest wavelengths are on the violet and ultraviolet end of the spectrum, while the longest wavelengths are at the red and infrared end. In between, the colors of the visible spectrum comprise the familiar &#8220;ROYGBIV&#8221;; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_227\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-227\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-227 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-1024x548.png\" alt=\"The electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz), or waves per second, while wavelengths are expressed in meters. The spectrum ranges from 400 to 700 nanometers.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"548\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-1024x548.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-768x411.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-225x120.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1-350x187.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2017\/01\/figure6.5.1.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-227\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.5.1<\/strong> The electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency is expressed in Hertz (Hz), or waves per second, while wavelengths are expressed in meters (Phillip Roman, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth (Figure 6.5.2). At 1 m depth, only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 m depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 m. No light penetrates beyond 1000 m.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to overall attenuation, the oceans absorb the different wavelengths of light at different rates (Figure 6.5.2). The wavelengths at the extreme ends of the visible spectrum are attenuated faster than those wavelengths in the middle. Longer wavelengths are absorbed first; red is absorbed in the upper 10 m, orange by about 40 m, and yellow disappears before 100 m. Shorter wavelengths penetrate further, with blue and green light reaching the deepest depths.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_228\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-228\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/figure6.5.2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-228 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2.jpg\" alt=\"Light penetration in open ocean and coastal water, showing the different depths to which each color will penetrate.\" width=\"576\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2.jpg 576w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2-65x40.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2-225x138.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.2-350x214.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-228\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.5.2<\/strong> Light penetration in open ocean and coastal water, showing the different depths to which each color will penetrate (By NOAA &#8211; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This explains why everything appears blue under water. The colors we perceive depends on the wavelengths of light that are received by our eyes. If an object appears red to us, that is because the object reflects red light but absorbs all of the other colors. So the only color reaching our eyes is red. Under water, blue is the only color of light still available at depth, so that is the only color that can be reflected back to our eyes, and everything has a blue tinge under water. A red object at depth will not appear red to us because there is no red light available to reflect off of the object. Objects in water will only appear as their real colors near the surface where all wavelengths of light are still available, or if the other wavelengths of light are provided artificially, such as by illuminating the object with a dive light.<\/p>\n<p>Water in the open ocean appears clear and blue because it contains much less particulate matter, such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_1028\">phytoplankton <\/a> or other suspended particles, and the clearer the water, the deeper the light penetration. Blue light penetrates deeply and is scattered by the water molecules, while all other colors are absorbed; thus the water appears blue. On the other hand, coastal water often appears greenish (Figure 6.5.2). Coastal water contains much more suspended silt and algae and microscopic organisms than the open ocean. Many of these organisms, such as phytoplankton, absorb light in the blue and red range through their photosynthetic pigments, leaving green as the dominant wavelength of reflected light. Therefore the higher the phytoplankton concentration in water, the greener it appears. Small silt particles may also absorb blue light, further shifting the color of water away from blue when there are high concentrations of suspended particles.<\/p>\n<p>The ocean can be divided into depth layers depending on the amount of light penetration, as discussed in <a href=\"\/chapter\/1-3-marine-provinces\/\">section 1.3<\/a> (Figure 6.5.3). The upper 200 m is referred to as the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_728\">photic <\/a><\/strong> or <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_730\">euphotic zone<\/a><\/strong>. This represents the region where enough light can penetrate to support <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_1024\">photosynthesis<\/a>, and it corresponds to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_724\">epipelagic zone<\/a>. From 200-1000 m lies the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_702\">dysphotic zone<\/a><\/strong>, or the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_704\">twilight zone<\/a><\/strong> (corresponding with the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_940\">mesopelagic zone<\/a>). There is still some light at these depths, but not enough to support photosynthesis. Below 1000 m is the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_230_548\">aphotic <\/a> <\/strong>(or midnight) zone, where no light penetrates. This region includes the majority of the ocean volume, which exists in complete darkness.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_229\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-229\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rwu.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/figure6.5.3.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-229\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3.png\" alt=\"The zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration: photic (euphotic) zone 0-200 meters, dysphotic (twilight) zone 200 - 1000 meters, and the aphotic (midnight) zone 1000 meters and deeper\" width=\"500\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3.png 635w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3-225x209.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2021\/10\/figure6.5.3-350x326.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-229\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.5.3<\/strong> The zones of the water column as defined by the amount of light penetration (PW).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_230_1024\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_1024\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the production of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water, using sunlight as an energy source (5.5)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_1028\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_1028\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>drifting, usually single-celled algae that undergo photosynthesis (7.1)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_728\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_728\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the upper regions of the ocean where there is enough light to support photosynthesis; approximately 0-200 m; also called the euphotic zone (1.2)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_730\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_730\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the upper regions of the ocean where there is enough light to support photosynthesis; approximately 0-200 m; also called the photic zone (1.2)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_724\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_724\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the upper layer of water (0 to 200 m) in areas of the open ocean (1.3)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_702\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_702\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>depths of the water column where there is some light penetration, but not enough to support photosynthesis; corresponds to the mesopelagic zone, 200-1000 m. Also known as the twilight zone (1.3)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_704\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_704\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>depths of the water column where there is some light penetration, but not enough to support photosynthesis; corresponds to the mesopelagic zone, 200-1000 m. Also known as the dysphotic zone (1.3)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_940\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_940\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the upper middle zone of the open ocean extending from 200 to 1000 m depth (1.3)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_230_548\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_230_548\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>depths beyond 1000 m where there is no light penetration (1.3)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":33,"menu_order":39,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["paul-webb"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[52],"class_list":["post-230","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-paul-webb","license-cc-by"],"part":206,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1438,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/230\/revisions\/1438"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/206"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/230\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=230"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=230"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/introduction-to-oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}