Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Oceans
1.1 Overview of the Oceans
1.2 Continental Margins
1.3 Marine Provinces
1.4 Mapping the Seafloor
Chapter 2: Getting our Bearings
2.1 Latitude and Longitude
2.2 Measuring Speed
2.3 Map Projections
Chapter 3: The Origin and Structure of Earth
3.1 Origin of Earth and the Solar System
3.2 Structure of Earth
3.3 Determining the Structure of Earth
Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics and Marine Geology
4.1 Alfred Wegener and the Theory of Plate Tectonics
4.2 Paleomagnetic Evidence for Plate Tectonics
4.3 Mechanisms for Plate Motion
4.4 Plates and Plate Motions
4.5 Divergent Plate Boundaries
4.6 Convergent Plate Boundaries
4.7 Transform Plate Boundaries
4.8 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
4.9 Seamounts and Hot Spots
4.10 Coral Reefs
4.11 Hydrothermal Vents
Chapter 5: Chemical Oceanography
5.1 Properties of Water
5.2 Origin of the Oceans
5.3 Salinity Patterns
5.4 Dissolved Gases: Oxygen
5.5 Dissolved Gases: Carbon Dioxide, pH, and Ocean Acidification
5.6 Nitrogen and Nutrients
5.7 Classifying Elements in Seawater
Chapter 6: Physical Oceanography
6.1 Pressure
6.2 Temperature
6.3 Density
6.4 Sound
6.5 Light
Chapter 7: Primary Production
7.1 Primary Production
7.2 The Producers
7.3 Factors Influencing Production
7.4 Patterns of Primary Production
Chapter 8: Oceans and Climate
8.1 Earth’s Heat Budget
8.2 Winds and the Coriolis Effect
8.3 Winds and Climate
8.4 Hurricanes
8.5 Climate Change
Chapter 9: Ocean Circulation
9.1 Surface Gyres
9.2 The Gulf Stream
9.3 The Ekman Spiral and Geostrophic Flow
9.4 Western Intensification
9.5 Currents, Upwelling and Downwelling
9.6 El Niño and La Niña
9.7 Langmuir Circulation
9.8 Thermohaline Circulation
Chapter 10: Waves
10.1 Wave Basics
10.2 Waves at Sea
10.3 Waves on the Shore
10.4 Tsunamis
Chapter 11: Tides
11.1 Tidal Forces
11.2 Dynamic Theory of Tides
11.3 Tide Classification
Chapter 12: Ocean Sediments
12.1 Classifying Sediments
12.2 Lithogenous Sediments
12.3 Biogenous Sediments
12.4 Hydrogenous Sediments
12.5 Cosmogenous Sediments
12.6 Sediment Distribution
Chapter 13: Coastal Oceanography
13.1 Beaches
13.2 Longshore Transport
13.3 Landforms of Coastal Erosion
13.4 Landforms of Coastal Deposition
13.5 Human Interference with Shorelines
13.6 Estuaries
13.7 Sea Level Change
Chapter 14: Ice
14.1 Types of Ice
14.2 Icebergs
14.3 Ice and Climate Change
Glossary
About the Author
For each entry the chapter in which the word first appears is shown in parentheses
Paul Webb
Glossary by Paul Webb is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.