{"id":23,"date":"2021-12-20T21:41:17","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T21:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his247su22\/?post_type=chapter&p=23"},"modified":"2025-05-22T18:14:52","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T18:14:52","slug":"revolutions-and-wars-of-independence","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/chapter\/revolutions-and-wars-of-independence\/","title":{"raw":"1.2 Revolutions and Wars of Independence","rendered":"1.2 Revolutions and Wars of Independence"},"content":{"raw":"
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Revolutions and Wars of Independence<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n\r\nThe 19th century wars of independence and revolutions set the stage for World War I, as it redrew the political map of the world. There were several causes for revolutions: resistance to colonialism; ethic nationalism, nostalgia for an imaginary, shared history; and a desire for self-determination (\"Early 19th Century Revolutionary Movements\"). Just as the 20th century may be considered an age of genocide, the 19th century may be considered an age of revolution. Kimmel (n.d.) defines revolution as \u201cattempts by subordinate groups to transform the social foundations of political power.\u201d When armed resistance is successful, we call it a war of independence. When it is unsuccessful, we call it a revolution. Below are examples of both from the late 18th through early 20th centuries from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/em>.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Wars<\/strong> of Independence<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\nRevolutions<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
American Revolution (1775-1783)<\/a><\/td>\r\nWhite Lotus Rebellion (1796)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
French Revolution (1789-94)<\/a><\/td>\r\nIrish Rebellion (1798)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Haitian Revolution (1790s)<\/a><\/td>\r\nTay Son rebellion<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Spanish American War<\/a><\/td>\r\nSerbian Rebellion (1804)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
War of Greek Independence<\/a><\/td>\r\nDutch East Indies Rebellion (1810-15)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Revolutions of 1830<\/a><\/td>\r\nWahhabi Movement (1740-1820)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Wars of Italian Independence<\/a><\/td>\r\nEuropean Revolutions (1848)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Philippine Revolution (1896)<\/a><\/td>\r\nHungarian Revolution (1848)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Chinese Revolution (1911)<\/a><\/td>\r\nTaiping Rebellion (1850-1864)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\nIndian Rebellion (1857)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\nPhilippine-American War (1899-1902)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\nRussian Revolution (1905)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Knowledge Check<\/h2>\r\nUse the following ungraded, self-check questions to confirm your learning for this module.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"2\"]\r\n

References<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

\"Early 19th Century Revolutionary Movements.\" World History. Accessed September 24, 2018. https:\/\/worldhistory.us\/european-history\/early-19th-century-revolutionary-movements.php.<\/p>\r\n

Kimmel, Michael S. Revolution: A Sociological Interpretation. Cambridge: Temple University Press.<\/p>\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025a, March 28). Philippine-American War<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Philippine-American-War\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025b, April 14). Spanish-american war<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Spanish-American-War\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025c, April 17). Haitian revolution<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Haitian-Revolution\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025d, April 24). War of Greek independence<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/War-of-Greek-Independence\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025e, April 26). Taiping rebellion<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Taiping-Rebellion\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025f, May 3). Indian rebellion of 1857<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Indian-Rebellion-of-1857\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025g, May 16). Irish rebellion<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Irish-Rebellion-Irish-history-1798\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025h, May 16). Philippine Revolution<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Philippine-Revolution\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025i, May 16). Revolutions of 1848<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Revolutions-of-1848\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (2025j, May 21). Wahh\u0101b\u012b<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Wahhabi\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-a). Chinese revolution<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Chinese-Revolution-1911-1912\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-b). French revolution timeline<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/summary\/French-Revolution-Timeline\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-c). Hungarian revolution<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Hungarian-Revolution-1848-1849\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-d). Revolutions of 1830<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Revolutions-of-1830\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-e). Russian revolution of 1905<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Russian-Revolution-of-1905\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-f). Tay son rebellion<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Tay-Son-rebellion\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-g). Wars of Italian independence<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Wars-of-Italian-Independence\r\n\r\nThe Editors of Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. (n.d.-h). White Lotus rebellion<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/White-Lotus-Rebellion\r\n\r\nMetych, M. (2025, April 15). Timeline of the american revolution<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Timeline-of-the-American-Revolution\r\n\r\nPoulsen, T., & Lampe, J. (2025, May 22). The disintegration of Ottoman rule<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Serbia\/The-disintegration-of-Ottoman-rule\r\n\r\nWolters, O., & Adam, O. (n.d.). Dutch rule from 1815 to c. 1920<\/i>. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-Indonesia\/Dutch-rule-from-1815-to-c-1920\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

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Revolutions and Wars of Independence<\/h2>\n
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The 19th century wars of independence and revolutions set the stage for World War I, as it redrew the political map of the world. There were several causes for revolutions: resistance to colonialism; ethic nationalism, nostalgia for an imaginary, shared history; and a desire for self-determination (“Early 19th Century Revolutionary Movements”). Just as the 20th century may be considered an age of genocide, the 19th century may be considered an age of revolution. Kimmel (n.d.) defines revolution as \u201cattempts by subordinate groups to transform the social foundations of political power.\u201d When armed resistance is successful, we call it a war of independence. When it is unsuccessful, we call it a revolution. Below are examples of both from the late 18th through early 20th centuries from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Wars<\/strong> of Independence<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nRevolutions<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
American Revolution (1775-1783)<\/a><\/td>\nWhite Lotus Rebellion (1796)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
French Revolution (1789-94)<\/a><\/td>\nIrish Rebellion (1798)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Haitian Revolution (1790s)<\/a><\/td>\nTay Son rebellion<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spanish American War<\/a><\/td>\nSerbian Rebellion (1804)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
War of Greek Independence<\/a><\/td>\nDutch East Indies Rebellion (1810-15)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Revolutions of 1830<\/a><\/td>\nWahhabi Movement (1740-1820)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wars of Italian Independence<\/a><\/td>\nEuropean Revolutions (1848)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Philippine Revolution (1896)<\/a><\/td>\nHungarian Revolution (1848)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chinese Revolution (1911)<\/a><\/td>\nTaiping Rebellion (1850-1864)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nIndian Rebellion (1857)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nPhilippine-American War (1899-1902)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nRussian Revolution (1905)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Knowledge Check<\/h2>\n

Use the following ungraded, self-check questions to confirm your learning for this module.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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