{"id":156,"date":"2022-01-04T20:52:39","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T20:52:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his247su22\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=156"},"modified":"2022-06-07T16:17:35","modified_gmt":"2022-06-07T16:17:35","slug":"a-century-of-genocide","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/chapter\/a-century-of-genocide\/","title":{"raw":"6.2 A Century of Genocide?","rendered":"6.2 A Century of Genocide?"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>What Is Genocide?<\/h2>\r\n<em>The United Nation\u2019s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/em> defines genocide as:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical [sic], racial or religious group, as such: a) Killing members of the group; b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group (United Nations, <em>History Place<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"376\"]<img style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto\" src=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/images\/ha\/cppcg\/01-l.jpg\" alt=\"Described in caption\" width=\"376\" height=\"300\" \/> Photo of Raphael Lemkin writing. Lemkin first used the word \"genocide\" in his book\u00a0Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944) and helped write The United Nation\u2019s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.\u00a0Attribution: Digital Image, UN Audiovisual\u00a0Library of International Law.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Causes of Genocide<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"519\"]<img style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_bodies.jpg\" alt=\"Described in caption\" width=\"519\" height=\"390\" \/> Partially mummified victims of the 1994\u00a0Rwandan genocide. The photo was taken in 2001 by US Rep. Frank Wolf. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhat causes genocide? Levinger claims the 20th century is a \u201ccentury of genocide,\u201d as governments between 1900-1999 killed more than 170 million people. He argues elite leaders were to blame rather than rivalries between ethnic groups; there were costs and benefits for engaging in genocidal activities, and genocide can be stopped through the deployment of integrated approaches (Levinger).\r\n\r\nAlthough the slogan \u201cNever Again\u201d resounded after the Holocaust, there were at least 11 genocides after World War II, in addition to the three genocides before the Nazi Holocaust.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/ccco.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/fod.infobase.com\/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=29047&amp;wID=151823&amp;plt=FOD&amp;loid=522508&amp;w=640&amp;h=480&amp;fWidth=660&amp;fHeight=530\" width=\"660\" height=\"530\" frameborder=\"0\">\u00a0<\/iframe><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Never Again? Genocide Since the Holocaust.\u00a0<\/em>Films on Demand. 2001. Accessed October 31, 2020. https:\/\/ccco.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/fod.infobase.com\/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=151823&amp;xtid=29047.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fod-infobase-com.ccco.idm.oclc.org\/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=29047#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Cambodian Experience<\/a> [via Films on Demand]<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"center\">If you get an error saying the video can't be authenticated, use the link found in the title to view it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Knowledge Check<\/h2>\r\nUse the following ungraded, self-check questions to confirm your learning for this module.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"7\"]\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left\" align=\"center\">References<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levinger, Michael. \u201cGenocide: Lessons from the 20th Century.\u201d <em>United States Holocaust Memorial <\/em><em>Museum<\/em>. Accessed September 5, 2018. https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/confront-genocide\/speakers-and-events\/all-speakers-and-events\/genocide-lessons-from-the-20th-century.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations. \u201cConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.\u201d <em>History <\/em><em>Place<\/em>. Accessed September 5, 2018. http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldhistory\/genocide\/genocide-convention.htm.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations. \u201cConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Paris, 9 December 1948.\u201d <em>UN Audiovisual Library of International Law<\/em>. Accessed October 10, 2018. http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/cppcg\/cppcg.html.<\/p>","rendered":"<h2>What Is Genocide?<\/h2>\n<p><em>The United Nation\u2019s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<\/em> defines genocide as:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical [sic], racial or religious group, as such: a) Killing members of the group; b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group (United Nations, <em>History Place<\/em>).<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 376px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto\" src=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/images\/ha\/cppcg\/01-l.jpg\" alt=\"Described in caption\" width=\"376\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of Raphael Lemkin writing. Lemkin first used the word &#8220;genocide&#8221; in his book\u00a0Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944) and helped write The United Nation\u2019s Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.\u00a0Attribution: Digital Image, UN Audiovisual\u00a0Library of International Law.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Causes of Genocide<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 519px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_bodies.jpg\" alt=\"Described in caption\" width=\"519\" height=\"390\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Partially mummified victims of the 1994\u00a0Rwandan genocide. The photo was taken in 2001 by US Rep. Frank Wolf. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>What causes genocide? Levinger claims the 20th century is a \u201ccentury of genocide,\u201d as governments between 1900-1999 killed more than 170 million people. He argues elite leaders were to blame rather than rivalries between ethnic groups; there were costs and benefits for engaging in genocidal activities, and genocide can be stopped through the deployment of integrated approaches (Levinger).<\/p>\n<p>Although the slogan \u201cNever Again\u201d resounded after the Holocaust, there were at least 11 genocides after World War II, in addition to the three genocides before the Nazi Holocaust.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/ccco.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/fod.infobase.com\/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?token=29047&amp;wID=151823&amp;plt=FOD&amp;loid=522508&amp;w=640&amp;h=480&amp;fWidth=660&amp;fHeight=530\" width=\"660\" height=\"530\" frameborder=\"0\">\u00a0<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Never Again? Genocide Since the Holocaust.\u00a0<\/em>Films on Demand. 2001. Accessed October 31, 2020. https:\/\/ccco.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/fod.infobase.com\/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=151823&amp;xtid=29047.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fod-infobase-com.ccco.idm.oclc.org\/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=29047#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Cambodian Experience<\/a> [via Films on Demand]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">If you get an error saying the video can&#8217;t be authenticated, use the link found in the title to view it.<\/p>\n<h2>Knowledge Check<\/h2>\n<p>Use the following ungraded, self-check questions to confirm your learning for this module.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"HIS2015 Module 6 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left; text-align: center;\">References<\/h2>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Levinger, Michael. \u201cGenocide: Lessons from the 20th Century.\u201d <em>United States Holocaust Memorial <\/em><em>Museum<\/em>. Accessed September 5, 2018. https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/confront-genocide\/speakers-and-events\/all-speakers-and-events\/genocide-lessons-from-the-20th-century.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations. \u201cConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.\u201d <em>History <\/em><em>Place<\/em>. Accessed September 5, 2018. http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldhistory\/genocide\/genocide-convention.htm.<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">United Nations. \u201cConvention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Paris, 9 December 1948.\u201d <em>UN Audiovisual Library of International Law<\/em>. Accessed October 10, 2018. http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/cppcg\/cppcg.html.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-156","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":122,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/156","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/156\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":311,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/156\/revisions\/311"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/122"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/156\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=156"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=156"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=156"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=156"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}