{"id":144,"date":"2022-01-04T20:50:57","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T20:50:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his247su22\/?post_type=chapter&p=144"},"modified":"2022-01-14T18:08:57","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T18:08:57","slug":"the-developing-world-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/chapter\/the-developing-world-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"5.1 The Developing World Introduction","rendered":"5.1 The Developing World Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"

The Developing World and the Cold War<\/h2>\r\nThe developing world, or as it was known during the Cold War, the Third World, was the location of much of the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century. Both superpowers backed governments and guerillas in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as they sought an edge. The Third World became the place where the superpowers fought proxy wars that prevented them from direct conflicts that could spiral out of control. As former colonies became independent states, they were often drawn into the camps of one of the superpowers. This rivalry played out with negative consequences across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sometimes leading either the United States or the Soviet Union to become directly involved in regional conflicts, as happened in Vietnam and Afghanistan. The end result for millions of people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America who were caught in the middle was often chaos and destruction.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_247\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"258\"]\"Lt. \"Lt. Col. Oliver North is sworn in July 7, 1987, before the Congressional Committee Investigating the Iran-contra Affair (AP).\" Iran-Contra was an example of superpowers meddling in the developing world. Attribution: Digital Image, Washington Post.[\/caption]\r\n

Asia and the Middle East<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"467\"]\"My U.S. soldier looks on as a Viet Cong (Communist Vietnamese) base camp burns down in M\u1ef9 Tho, Vietnam. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons, U.S. Dept. of Defense.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe United States was directly involved in wars in Korea and Vietnam while the Soviet Union engaged in a similar enterprise in Afghanistan. While thousands of American and Soviet military personnel perished in these wars, those losses were small compared to the numbers of Koreans, Vietnamese, and Afghanis killed. Even when the superpowers did not take part in direct combat, the results could be disastrous for civilian populations, as the famine in Ethiopia showed when the Communist-backed government sought to starve out rebel forces.\r\n

Macrohistory:\u00a0Japan, Hunger, New Attitudes and Mishima (2 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: China from Mao (7 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Indonesia and the Great Slaughter (3 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: India and Pakistan (4 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Jews and Arabs from WW2 to the 1967 War (10 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Israel and the Middle East, to 1979 (7 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: The Iranian Revolution (3 pages)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Latin America<\/h2>\r\nIn other places, the superpowers provided less confrontational forms of military and economic support. Cuba, Chile, and Nicaragua each had its own Communist revolution, after which it sought close ties with the Soviet Union. In both Cuba and Nicaragua, the United States had supported the corrupt dictators that rebels overthrew and then funded counter-revolutionary groups to challenge the new Communist governments. Cuba, only ninety miles from Florida, became a flashpoint in the larger Cold War conflict when the Soviet Union moved Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles to the island, which could allow it to attack the United States without warning. This action was taken largely due to the American decision to base similar weapons in Turkey, which had sufficient range to reach Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev\u2019s vacation home across the Black Sea.\r\n

Macrohistory: Latin America Economic Overview, to the 1960s (1 page)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Brazil from 1945 to the Overthrow of Goulart in 1964 (1 page)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: The Dominican Republic, Trujillo Regime and the Overthrow of Juan Bosch (1 page)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Batista and Castro, to 1959 (1 page)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Che Guevara in Bolivia (1 page)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Chile, from Democracy to Dictatorship (2 pages)<\/a>\r\nMacrohistory: Civil War in El Salvador (1 page)<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"594\"]\"Described Map of the western hemisphere showing the full range of the nuclear missiles under construction in Cuba. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons, JFK Library and Museum.[\/caption]\r\n

Africa<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"408\"]\"Described Cartoon from the 19th century depicting European leaders slicing up Africa like a cake as an allusion to colonialism. Anti-colonial sentiment began to expand during the Cold War. Attribution: Wikimedia Commons, Journal L'Illustration (France).[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAmerican domestic politics also became a Cold War issue in other ways: the Civil Rights Movement profited from pressure placed on American diplomats by African leaders, who not only had negative experiences in visiting the United States but were appalled by how African Americans were treated. For their part, African Americans also influenced the development of anti-colonial attitudes in Africa.\r\n

References<\/h2>\r\n

Anderson, Carol, and Eric Arnesen. \"Discussion on African Americans and Anti-colonialism in Africa.\" C-SPAN<\/em>. March 9, 2015. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?324710-1\/discussion-african-americans-anticolonialism-africa.<\/p>\r\n

Byrne, Malcolm. \"CIA Confirms Role in 1953 Iran Coup.\" National Security Archive<\/em>. August 19, 2013. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB435\/#_ftn4.<\/p>\r\n

\"The Cold War in Developing Countries.\" Digital History<\/em>. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3408.<\/p>\r\n

Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.<\/p>","rendered":"

The Developing World and the Cold War<\/h2>\n

The developing world, or as it was known during the Cold War, the Third World, was the location of much of the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century. Both superpowers backed governments and guerillas in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as they sought an edge. The Third World became the place where the superpowers fought proxy wars that prevented them from direct conflicts that could spiral out of control. As former colonies became independent states, they were often drawn into the camps of one of the superpowers. This rivalry played out with negative consequences across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, sometimes leading either the United States or the Soviet Union to become directly involved in regional conflicts, as happened in Vietnam and Afghanistan. The end result for millions of people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America who were caught in the middle was often chaos and destruction.<\/p>\n

\"Lt.
“Lt. Col. Oliver North is sworn in July 7, 1987, before the Congressional Committee Investigating the Iran-contra Affair (AP).” Iran-Contra was an example of superpowers meddling in the developing world. Attribution: Digital Image, Washington Post.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Asia and the Middle East<\/h2>\n
\"My
U.S. soldier looks on as a Viet Cong (Communist Vietnamese) base camp burns down in M\u1ef9 Tho, Vietnam. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons, U.S. Dept. of Defense.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The United States was directly involved in wars in Korea and Vietnam while the Soviet Union engaged in a similar enterprise in Afghanistan. While thousands of American and Soviet military personnel perished in these wars, those losses were small compared to the numbers of Koreans, Vietnamese, and Afghanis killed. Even when the superpowers did not take part in direct combat, the results could be disastrous for civilian populations, as the famine in Ethiopia showed when the Communist-backed government sought to starve out rebel forces.<\/p>\n

Macrohistory:\u00a0Japan, Hunger, New Attitudes and Mishima (2 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: China from Mao (7 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Indonesia and the Great Slaughter (3 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: India and Pakistan (4 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Jews and Arabs from WW2 to the 1967 War (10 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Israel and the Middle East, to 1979 (7 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: The Iranian Revolution (3 pages)<\/a><\/p>\n

Latin America<\/h2>\n

In other places, the superpowers provided less confrontational forms of military and economic support. Cuba, Chile, and Nicaragua each had its own Communist revolution, after which it sought close ties with the Soviet Union. In both Cuba and Nicaragua, the United States had supported the corrupt dictators that rebels overthrew and then funded counter-revolutionary groups to challenge the new Communist governments. Cuba, only ninety miles from Florida, became a flashpoint in the larger Cold War conflict when the Soviet Union moved Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles to the island, which could allow it to attack the United States without warning. This action was taken largely due to the American decision to base similar weapons in Turkey, which had sufficient range to reach Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev\u2019s vacation home across the Black Sea.<\/p>\n

Macrohistory: Latin America Economic Overview, to the 1960s (1 page)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Brazil from 1945 to the Overthrow of Goulart in 1964 (1 page)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: The Dominican Republic, Trujillo Regime and the Overthrow of Juan Bosch (1 page)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Batista and Castro, to 1959 (1 page)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Che Guevara in Bolivia (1 page)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Chile, from Democracy to Dictatorship (2 pages)<\/a>
\nMacrohistory: Civil War in El Salvador (1 page)<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Described
Map of the western hemisphere showing the full range of the nuclear missiles under construction in Cuba. Attribution: Digital Image, Wikimedia Commons, JFK Library and Museum.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Africa<\/h2>\n
\"Described
Cartoon from the 19th century depicting European leaders slicing up Africa like a cake as an allusion to colonialism. Anti-colonial sentiment began to expand during the Cold War. Attribution: Wikimedia Commons, Journal L’Illustration (France).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

American domestic politics also became a Cold War issue in other ways: the Civil Rights Movement profited from pressure placed on American diplomats by African leaders, who not only had negative experiences in visiting the United States but were appalled by how African Americans were treated. For their part, African Americans also influenced the development of anti-colonial attitudes in Africa.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n

Anderson, Carol, and Eric Arnesen. “Discussion on African Americans and Anti-colonialism in Africa.” C-SPAN<\/em>. March 9, 2015. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?324710-1\/discussion-african-americans-anticolonialism-africa.<\/p>\n

Byrne, Malcolm. “CIA Confirms Role in 1953 Iran Coup.” National Security Archive<\/em>. August 19, 2013. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB435\/#_ftn4.<\/p>\n

“The Cold War in Developing Countries.” Digital History<\/em>. Accessed May 25, 2015. http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3408.<\/p>\n

Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times<\/em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-144","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":120,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":249,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/144\/revisions\/249"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/120"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/144\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=144"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=144"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/his2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}