{"id":120,"date":"2018-06-14T19:04:34","date_gmt":"2018-06-14T19:04:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/chapter\/ch07-5\/"},"modified":"2026-02-03T15:41:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T15:41:08","slug":"ch07-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/chapter\/ch07-5\/","title":{"raw":"7.5 Twitter and the Rise of Microblogging","rendered":"7.5 Twitter and the Rise of Microblogging"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"slug-7-5-twitter-and-the-rise-of-microblogging\" class=\"chapter standard\">\r\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\r\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Learning Objectives<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p01\" class=\"nonindent para\">After studying this section you should be able to do the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Appreciate the rapid rise of Twitter\u2014its scale, scope, and broad appeal.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand how Twitter is being used by individuals, organizations, and political movements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Contrast Twitter and microblogging with Facebook, conventional blogs, and other Web 2.0 efforts.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consider the commercial viability of the effort, its competitive environment, and concerns regarding limited revenue.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p02\" class=\"nonindent para editable block\">Spawned in 2006 as a side project at the now-failed podcasting start-up Odeo (an effort backed by Blogger.com founder Evan Williams), Twitter has been on a rocket ride. The site\u2019s user numbers have blasted past both mainstream and new media sites, dwarfing <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, LinkedIn, and Digg, among others. Reports surfaced of rebuffed buyout offers as high as $500 million (Ante, 2009). By the firm\u2019s first developer conference in April 2010, Twitter and its staff of 175 employees had created a global phenomenon embraced by over one hundred million users worldwide.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p03\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter is a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">microblogging<\/a><\/span> service that allows users to post 140-character messages (<span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">tweets<\/a><\/span>) via the Web, <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">SMS<\/a><\/span>, or a variety of third-party desktop and smartphone applications. The microblog moniker is a bit of a misnomer. The service actually has more in common with Facebook\u2019s status updates and news feeds than it does with traditional blogs. But unlike Facebook, where most users must approve \u201cfriends\u201d before they can see status updates, Twitter\u2019s default setting allows for asymmetrical following (although it is possible to set up private Twitter accounts and to block followers).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p04\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Sure, there\u2019s a lot of inane \u201ctweeting\u201d going on\u2014lots of meaningless updates that read, \u201cI\u2019m having a sandwich\u201d or \u201cin line at the airport.\u201d But while not every user may have something worthwhile to tweet, many find that Twitter makes for invaluable reading, offering a sense of what friends, customers, thought leaders, and newsmakers are thinking. Twitter leadership has described the service as communicating \u201cThe Pulse of the Planet\u201d (Schonfeld, 2009). For many, Twitter is a discovery engine, a taste-making machine, a critical source of market intelligence, a source of breaking news, and an instantaneous way to plug into the moment\u2019s zeitgeist.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p05\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Many also find Twitter to be an effective tool for quickly blasting queries to friends, colleagues, or strangers who might offer potentially valuable input. Says futurist Paul Saffo, \u201cInstead of creating the group you want, you send it and the group self-assembles\u201d (Miller, 2009). Users can classify comments on a given topic using <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">hash tags<\/a><\/span> (keywords preceded by the \u201c#\u201d or \u201chash\u201d symbol), allowing others to quickly find related tweets (e.g., #iranelection, #mumbai, #swineflu, #sxsw). Any user can create a hash tag\u2014just type it into your tweet (you may want to search Twitter first to make sure that the tag is not in use by an unrelated topic and that if it is in use, it appropriately describes how you want your tweet classified).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p06\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter users have broken news during disasters, terror attacks, and other major events. Dictators fear the people power Twitter enables, and totalitarian governments worldwide have moved to block citizen access to the service (prompting Twitter to work on censor-evading technology). During the 2009 Iranian election protests, the U.S. State Department even asked Twitter to postpone maintenance to ensure the service would continue to be available to support the voice and activism of Iran\u2019s democracy advocates (Ruffini, 2009).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p07\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter is also emerging as a legitimate business tool. Consider the following commercial examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\r\n \t<li>Starbucks uses Twitter in a variety of ways. It has run Twitter-based contests and used the service to spread free samples of new products, such as its VIA instant coffee line. Twitter has also been a way for the company to engage customers in its cause-based marketing efforts, such as (Starbucks) RED, which supports (Product) RED. Starbucks has even recruited staff via Twitter and was one of the first firms to participate in Twitter\u2019s advertising model featuring \u201cpromoted tweets.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dell used Twitter to uncover an early warning sign indicating poor design of the keyboard on its Mini 9 Netbook PC. After a series of tweets from early adopters indicated that the apostrophe and return keys were positioned too closely together, the firm dispatched design change orders quickly enough to correct the problem when the Mini 10 was launched just three months later. By December 2009, Dell also claimed to have netted $6.5 million in outlet store sales referred via the Twitter account @DellOutlet (more than 1.5 million followers) (Eaton, 2009) and another $1 million from customers who have bounced from the outlet to the new products site (Abel, 2009).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Brooklyn Museum patrons can pay an additional $20 a year for access to the private, members-only \u201c1stFans\u201d Twitter feed that shares information on special events and exclusive access to artist content.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Twitter is credited with having raised millions via Text-to-Donate and other fundraising efforts following the Haiti earthquake.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Twitter can be a boon for sharing time-sensitive information. The True Massage and Wellness Spa in San Francisco tweets last-minute cancellations to tell customers of an unexpected schedule opening. With Twitter, appointments remain booked solid. Gourmet food trucks, popular in many American cities, are also using Twitter to share location and create hipster buzz. Los Angeles\u2019s Kogi Korean Taco Truck now has over sixty thousand followers and uses Twitter to reveal where it\u2019s parked, ensuring long lines of BBQ-craving foodies. Of the firm\u2019s success, owner Roy Choi says, \u201cI have to give all the credit to Twitter\u201d (Romano, 2009).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Electronics retailer Best Buy has recruited over 2,300 Blue Shirt and Geek Squad staffers to crowdsource Twitter-driven inquiries via @Twelpforce, the firm\u2019s customer service Twitter account. Best Buy staffers register their personal Twitter accounts on a separate Best Buy\u2013run site. Then any registered employees tweeting using the #twelpforce, will automatically have those posts echoed through @Twelpforce, with the employee\u2019s account credited at the end of the tweet. As of November 2009, Twelpforce had provided answers to over 19,500 customer inquiries<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_f01\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: .8em; max-width: 1024px;\">\r\n<p class=\"nonindent title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 7.1<\/span> A Sampling of Tweets Filtered through Best Buy\u2019s @Twelpforce Twitter Account<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\"><a>\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1248\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/324\/2018\/06\/Screen-Shot-2015-09-16-at-10.44.22-AM-1024x540-1.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of Best Buy Twelpforce's twitter page\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\" \/>\r\n<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p08\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Surgeons and residents at Henry Ford Hospital have even tweeted during brain surgery (the teaching hospital sees the service as an educational tool). Some tweets are from those so young they\u2019ve got \u201cnegative age.\u201d Twitter.com\/kickbee is an experimental fetal monitor band that sends tweets when motion is detected: \u201cI kicked Mommy at 08:52.\u201d And savvy hackers are embedding \u201ctweeting\u201d sensors into all sorts of devices. Botanicalls, for example, offers an electronic flowerpot stick that detects when plants need care and sends Twitter status updates to owners (sample post: \u201cURGENT! Water me!\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p09\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Organizations are well advised to monitor Twitter activity related to the firm, as it can act as a sort of canary-in-a-coal mine uncovering emerging events. Users are increasingly using the service as a way to form flash protest crowds. Amazon.com, for example, was caught off guard over a spring 2009 holiday weekend when thousands used Twitter to rapidly protest the firm\u2019s reclassification of gay and lesbian books (hash tag #amazonfail). Others use the platform for shame and ridicule. BP has endured withering ridicule from the satire account @BPGlobalPR (followed by roughly 200,000 two months after the spill).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p10\" class=\"indent para editable block\">For all the excitement, many wonder if Twitter is overhyped. Some reports suggest that many Twitter users are curious experimenters who drop the service shortly after signing up (Martin, 2009). This raises the question of whether Twitter is a durable phenomenon or just a fad.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p11\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Pundits also wonder if revenues will ever justify initially high valuations and if rivals could usurp Twitter\u2019s efforts with similar features. Thus far, Twitter has been following a \u201cgrow-first-harvest-later\u201d approach (Murrell, 2010). The site\u2019s rapid rise has allowed it to attract enough start-up capital to enable it to approach revenue gradually and with caution, in the hopes that it won\u2019t alienate users with too much advertising (an approach not unlike Google\u2019s efforts to nurture YouTube). MIT\u2019s <em class=\"emphasis\">Technology Review<\/em> reports that data sharing deals with Google and Bing may have brought in enough money to make the service profitable in 2009, but that amount was modest (just $25 million) (Talbot, 2010). Twitter\u2019s advertising platform is expected to be far more lucrative. Reflecting Twitter\u2019s \u201cdeliberately cautious\u201d approach to revenue development, the ad model featuring sponsored \u2018\u2018promoted tweets\u201d rolled out first as part of the search, with distribution to individual Twitter feeds progressing as the firm experiments and learns what works best for users and advertisers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p12\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Another issue\u2014many Twitter users rarely visit the site. Most active users post and read tweets using one of many\u2014often free\u2014applications provided by third parties, such as Seesmic, TweetDeck, and Twhirl. This happens because Twitter made its data available for free to other developers via <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">API (application programming interface)<\/a><\/span>. Exposing data can be a good move as it spawned an ecosystem of over one hundred thousand complementary third-party products and services that enhance Twitter\u2019s reach and usefulness (generating <em class=\"emphasis\">network effects<\/em> from complementary offerings similar to other \u201cplatforms\u201d like Windows, iPhone, and Facebook). There are potential downsides to such openness. If users don\u2019t visit Twitter.com, that lessens the impact of any ads running on the site. This creates what is known as the \u201c<span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">free rider problem<\/a><\/span>,\u201d where users benefit from a service while offering no value in exchange. Encouraging software and service partners to accept ads for a percentage of the cut could lessen the free rider problem (Kafka, 2010).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p13\" class=\"indent para editable block\">When users don\u2019t visit a service, it makes it difficult to spread awareness of new products and features. It can also create branding challenges and customer frustration. Twitter execs lamented that customers were often confused when they searched for \u201cTwitter\u201d in the iPhone App Store and were presented with scores of offerings but none from Twitter itself (Goldman, 2010). Twitter\u2019s purchase of the iPhone app Tweetie (subsequently turned into the free \u201cTwitter for iPhone\u201d app) and the launch of its own URL-shortening service (competing with bit.ly and others) signal that Twitter is willing to move into product and service niches and compete with third parties that are reliant on the Twitter ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p14\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Microblogging does appear to be here to stay, and the impact of Twitter has been deep, broad, stunningly swift, and at times humbling in the power that it wields. But whether Twitter will be a durable, profit-gushing powerhouse remains to be seen. Speculation on Twitter\u2019s future hasn\u2019t prevented many firms from commercializing new microblogging services, and a host of companies have targeted these tools for internal corporate use. Salesforce.com\u2019s Chatter, Socialtext Signals, and Yammer are all services that have been billed as \u201cTwitter for the Enterprise.\u201d Such efforts allow for Twitter-style microblogging that is restricted for participation and viewing by firm-approved accounts.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n02\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Key Takeaways<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>While many public and private microblogging services exist, Twitter remains by far the dominant service.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Unlike status updates found on services like Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter\u2019s default supports asymmetric communication, where someone can follow updates without first getting their approval. This function makes Twitter a good choice for anyone cultivating a following\u2014authors, celebrities, organizations, and brand promoters.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>You don\u2019t need to tweet to get value. Many Twitter users follow friends, firms, celebrities, and thought leaders, quickly gaining access to trending topics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Twitter hash tags (keywords preceded by the # character) are used to organize \u201ctweets\u201d on a given topic. Users can search on hash tags, and many third-party applications allow for Tweets to be organized and displayed by tag.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Firms are leveraging Twitter in a variety of ways, including: promotion, customer response, gathering feedback, and time-sensitive communication.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Like other forms of social media, Twitter can serve as a hothouse that attracts opinion and forces organizational transparency and accountability.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Activists have leveraged the service worldwide, and it has also served as an early warning mechanism in disasters, terror, and other events.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Despite its rapid growth and impact, significant questions remain regarding the firm\u2019s durability, revenue prospects, and enduring appeal to initial users.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Twitter makes its data available to third parties via an API (application programming interface). The API has helped a rich ecosystem of over seventy thousand Twitter-supporting products and services emerge. But by making the Twitter stream available to third parties, Twitter may suffer from the free rider problem where others firms benefit from Twitter\u2019s service without providing much benefit back to Twitter itself. New ad models may provide a way to distribute revenue-generating content through these services. Twitter has also begun acquiring firms that compete with other players in its ecosystem.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n03\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Questions and Exercises<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l04\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>If you don\u2019t already have one, set up a Twitter account and \u201cfollow\u201d several others. Follow a diverse group\u2014corporations, executives, pundits, or other organizations. Do you trust these account holders are who they say they are? Why? Which examples do you think use the service most effectively? Which provide the weaker examples of effective Twitter use? Why? Have you encountered Twitter \u201cspam\u201d or unwanted followers? What can you do to limit such experiences? Be prepared to discuss your experiences with class.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If you haven\u2019t done so, install a popular Twitter application such as TweetDeck, Seesmic, or a Twitter client for your mobile device. Why did you select the product you chose? What advantages does your choice offer over simply using Twitter\u2019s Web page? What challenges do these clients offer Twitter? Does the client you chose have a clear revenue model? Is it backed by a viable business?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Visit search.twitter.com. Which Twitter hash tags are most active at this time? Are there other \u201ctrending topics\u201d that aren\u2019t associated with hash tags? What do you think of the activity in these areas? Is there legitimate, productive activity happening? Search Twitter on topics, firms, brand names, and issues of interest to you. What do you think of the quality of the information you\u2019ve uncovered on Twitter? Who might find this to be useful?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why would someone choose to use Twitter over Facebook\u2019s status update, or other services? Which (if either) do you prefer and why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What do you think of Twitter\u2019s revenue prospects? Is the firm a viable independent service or simply a feature to be incorporated into other social media activity? Advocate where you think the service will be in two years, five, ten. Would you invest in Twitter? Would you suggest that other firms do so? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assume the role of a manager for your firm. Advocate how the organization should leverage Twitter and other forms of social media. Provide examples of effective use, and cautionary tales, to back up your recommendation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Some instructors have mandated Twitter for classroom use. Do you think this is productive? Would your professor advocate tweeting during lectures? What are the pros and cons of such use? Work with your instructor to discuss a set of common guidelines for in-class and course use of social media.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As of this writing, Twitter was just rolling out advertising via \u201cpromoted tweets.\u201d Perform some additional research. How have Twitter\u2019s attempts to grow revenues fared? How has user growth been trending? Has the firm\u2019s estimated value increased or decreased from the offer figures cited in this chapter? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What do you think of Twitter\u2019s use of the API? What are the benefits of offering an API? What are the downsides? Would you create a company to take advantage of the Twitter API? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Follow this book\u2019s author at <a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/gallaugher\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/twitter.com\/gallaugher<\/a>. Tweet him if you run across interesting examples that you think would be appropriate for the next version of the book.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"indent\"><sup>1<\/sup>Twitter.com, \u201cCase Study: Best Buy Twelpforce,\u201d Twitter 101, <a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/business.twitter.com\/twitter101\/case_bestbuy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/business.twitter.com\/twitter101\/case_bestbuy<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"nonindent\">Abel, J., \u201cDude\u2014Dell\u2019s Making Money Off Twitter!\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Wired News<\/em>, June 12, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Ante, S., \u201cFacebook\u2019s Thiel Explains Failed Twitter Takeover,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">BusinessWeek<\/em>, March 1, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Eaton, K., \u201cTwitter Really Works: Makes $6.5 Million in Sales for Dell,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fast Company<\/em>, December 8, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Goldman, D., \u201cTwitter Grows Up: Take a Peek Inside,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CNN<\/em>, April 16, 2010.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Kafka, P., \u201cTwitter\u2019s Ad Plan: Copy Google,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllThingsD<\/em>, February 25, 2010.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Martin, D., \u201cUpdate: Return of the Twitter Quitters,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Nielsen Wire<\/em>, April 30, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Miller, C., \u201cPutting Twitter\u2019s World to Use,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, April 13, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Murrell, J., \u201cTwitter Treads Gently into Advertising Minefield,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">San Jose Mercury News<\/em>, April 13, 2010.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Romano, A., \u201cNow 4 Restaurant 2.0,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Newsweek<\/em>, February 28, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Ruffini, C., \u201cState Dept. Asked Twitter to Delay Maintenance,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS News<\/em>, June 16, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Schonfeld, E., \u201cTwitter\u2019s Internal Strategy Laid Bare: To Be \u2018The Pulse of The Planet,\u2019\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">TechCrunch<\/em>, July 19, 2009.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"indent\">Talbot, D., \u201cCan Twitter Make Money?\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Technology Review<\/em>, March\/April 2010.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"slug-7-5-twitter-and-the-rise-of-microblogging\" class=\"chapter standard\">\n<div class=\"ugc chapter-ugc\">\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Learning Objectives<\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p01\" class=\"nonindent para\">After studying this section you should be able to do the following:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Appreciate the rapid rise of Twitter\u2014its scale, scope, and broad appeal.<\/li>\n<li>Understand how Twitter is being used by individuals, organizations, and political movements.<\/li>\n<li>Contrast Twitter and microblogging with Facebook, conventional blogs, and other Web 2.0 efforts.<\/li>\n<li>Consider the commercial viability of the effort, its competitive environment, and concerns regarding limited revenue.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p02\" class=\"nonindent para editable block\">Spawned in 2006 as a side project at the now-failed podcasting start-up Odeo (an effort backed by Blogger.com founder Evan Williams), Twitter has been on a rocket ride. The site\u2019s user numbers have blasted past both mainstream and new media sites, dwarfing <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, LinkedIn, and Digg, among others. Reports surfaced of rebuffed buyout offers as high as $500 million (Ante, 2009). By the firm\u2019s first developer conference in April 2010, Twitter and its staff of 175 employees had created a global phenomenon embraced by over one hundred million users worldwide.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p03\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter is a <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">microblogging<\/a><\/span> service that allows users to post 140-character messages (<span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">tweets<\/a><\/span>) via the Web, <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">SMS<\/a><\/span>, or a variety of third-party desktop and smartphone applications. The microblog moniker is a bit of a misnomer. The service actually has more in common with Facebook\u2019s status updates and news feeds than it does with traditional blogs. But unlike Facebook, where most users must approve \u201cfriends\u201d before they can see status updates, Twitter\u2019s default setting allows for asymmetrical following (although it is possible to set up private Twitter accounts and to block followers).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p04\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Sure, there\u2019s a lot of inane \u201ctweeting\u201d going on\u2014lots of meaningless updates that read, \u201cI\u2019m having a sandwich\u201d or \u201cin line at the airport.\u201d But while not every user may have something worthwhile to tweet, many find that Twitter makes for invaluable reading, offering a sense of what friends, customers, thought leaders, and newsmakers are thinking. Twitter leadership has described the service as communicating \u201cThe Pulse of the Planet\u201d (Schonfeld, 2009). For many, Twitter is a discovery engine, a taste-making machine, a critical source of market intelligence, a source of breaking news, and an instantaneous way to plug into the moment\u2019s zeitgeist.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p05\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Many also find Twitter to be an effective tool for quickly blasting queries to friends, colleagues, or strangers who might offer potentially valuable input. Says futurist Paul Saffo, \u201cInstead of creating the group you want, you send it and the group self-assembles\u201d (Miller, 2009). Users can classify comments on a given topic using <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">hash tags<\/a><\/span> (keywords preceded by the \u201c#\u201d or \u201chash\u201d symbol), allowing others to quickly find related tweets (e.g., #iranelection, #mumbai, #swineflu, #sxsw). Any user can create a hash tag\u2014just type it into your tweet (you may want to search Twitter first to make sure that the tag is not in use by an unrelated topic and that if it is in use, it appropriately describes how you want your tweet classified).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p06\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter users have broken news during disasters, terror attacks, and other major events. Dictators fear the people power Twitter enables, and totalitarian governments worldwide have moved to block citizen access to the service (prompting Twitter to work on censor-evading technology). During the 2009 Iranian election protests, the U.S. State Department even asked Twitter to postpone maintenance to ensure the service would continue to be available to support the voice and activism of Iran\u2019s democracy advocates (Ruffini, 2009).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p07\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Twitter is also emerging as a legitimate business tool. Consider the following commercial examples:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist editable block\">\n<li>Starbucks uses Twitter in a variety of ways. It has run Twitter-based contests and used the service to spread free samples of new products, such as its VIA instant coffee line. Twitter has also been a way for the company to engage customers in its cause-based marketing efforts, such as (Starbucks) RED, which supports (Product) RED. Starbucks has even recruited staff via Twitter and was one of the first firms to participate in Twitter\u2019s advertising model featuring \u201cpromoted tweets.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Dell used Twitter to uncover an early warning sign indicating poor design of the keyboard on its Mini 9 Netbook PC. After a series of tweets from early adopters indicated that the apostrophe and return keys were positioned too closely together, the firm dispatched design change orders quickly enough to correct the problem when the Mini 10 was launched just three months later. By December 2009, Dell also claimed to have netted $6.5 million in outlet store sales referred via the Twitter account @DellOutlet (more than 1.5 million followers) (Eaton, 2009) and another $1 million from customers who have bounced from the outlet to the new products site (Abel, 2009).<\/li>\n<li>Brooklyn Museum patrons can pay an additional $20 a year for access to the private, members-only \u201c1stFans\u201d Twitter feed that shares information on special events and exclusive access to artist content.<\/li>\n<li>Twitter is credited with having raised millions via Text-to-Donate and other fundraising efforts following the Haiti earthquake.<\/li>\n<li>Twitter can be a boon for sharing time-sensitive information. The True Massage and Wellness Spa in San Francisco tweets last-minute cancellations to tell customers of an unexpected schedule opening. With Twitter, appointments remain booked solid. Gourmet food trucks, popular in many American cities, are also using Twitter to share location and create hipster buzz. Los Angeles\u2019s Kogi Korean Taco Truck now has over sixty thousand followers and uses Twitter to reveal where it\u2019s parked, ensuring long lines of BBQ-craving foodies. Of the firm\u2019s success, owner Roy Choi says, \u201cI have to give all the credit to Twitter\u201d (Romano, 2009).<\/li>\n<li>Electronics retailer Best Buy has recruited over 2,300 Blue Shirt and Geek Squad staffers to crowdsource Twitter-driven inquiries via @Twelpforce, the firm\u2019s customer service Twitter account. Best Buy staffers register their personal Twitter accounts on a separate Best Buy\u2013run site. Then any registered employees tweeting using the #twelpforce, will automatically have those posts echoed through @Twelpforce, with the employee\u2019s account credited at the end of the tweet. As of November 2009, Twelpforce had provided answers to over 19,500 customer inquiries<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_f01\" style=\"text-align: center; font-size: .8em; max-width: 1024px;\">\n<p class=\"nonindent title\"><span class=\"title-prefix\">Figure 7.1<\/span> A Sampling of Tweets Filtered through Best Buy\u2019s @Twelpforce Twitter Account<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\"><a><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-1248\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/324\/2018\/06\/Screen-Shot-2015-09-16-at-10.44.22-AM-1024x540-1.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of Best Buy Twelpforce's twitter page\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\" \/><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p08\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Surgeons and residents at Henry Ford Hospital have even tweeted during brain surgery (the teaching hospital sees the service as an educational tool). Some tweets are from those so young they\u2019ve got \u201cnegative age.\u201d Twitter.com\/kickbee is an experimental fetal monitor band that sends tweets when motion is detected: \u201cI kicked Mommy at 08:52.\u201d And savvy hackers are embedding \u201ctweeting\u201d sensors into all sorts of devices. Botanicalls, for example, offers an electronic flowerpot stick that detects when plants need care and sends Twitter status updates to owners (sample post: \u201cURGENT! Water me!\u201d).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p09\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Organizations are well advised to monitor Twitter activity related to the firm, as it can act as a sort of canary-in-a-coal mine uncovering emerging events. Users are increasingly using the service as a way to form flash protest crowds. Amazon.com, for example, was caught off guard over a spring 2009 holiday weekend when thousands used Twitter to rapidly protest the firm\u2019s reclassification of gay and lesbian books (hash tag #amazonfail). Others use the platform for shame and ridicule. BP has endured withering ridicule from the satire account @BPGlobalPR (followed by roughly 200,000 two months after the spill).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p10\" class=\"indent para editable block\">For all the excitement, many wonder if Twitter is overhyped. Some reports suggest that many Twitter users are curious experimenters who drop the service shortly after signing up (Martin, 2009). This raises the question of whether Twitter is a durable phenomenon or just a fad.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p11\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Pundits also wonder if revenues will ever justify initially high valuations and if rivals could usurp Twitter\u2019s efforts with similar features. Thus far, Twitter has been following a \u201cgrow-first-harvest-later\u201d approach (Murrell, 2010). The site\u2019s rapid rise has allowed it to attract enough start-up capital to enable it to approach revenue gradually and with caution, in the hopes that it won\u2019t alienate users with too much advertising (an approach not unlike Google\u2019s efforts to nurture YouTube). MIT\u2019s <em class=\"emphasis\">Technology Review<\/em> reports that data sharing deals with Google and Bing may have brought in enough money to make the service profitable in 2009, but that amount was modest (just $25 million) (Talbot, 2010). Twitter\u2019s advertising platform is expected to be far more lucrative. Reflecting Twitter\u2019s \u201cdeliberately cautious\u201d approach to revenue development, the ad model featuring sponsored \u2018\u2018promoted tweets\u201d rolled out first as part of the search, with distribution to individual Twitter feeds progressing as the firm experiments and learns what works best for users and advertisers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p12\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Another issue\u2014many Twitter users rarely visit the site. Most active users post and read tweets using one of many\u2014often free\u2014applications provided by third parties, such as Seesmic, TweetDeck, and Twhirl. This happens because Twitter made its data available for free to other developers via <span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">API (application programming interface)<\/a><\/span>. Exposing data can be a good move as it spawned an ecosystem of over one hundred thousand complementary third-party products and services that enhance Twitter\u2019s reach and usefulness (generating <em class=\"emphasis\">network effects<\/em> from complementary offerings similar to other \u201cplatforms\u201d like Windows, iPhone, and Facebook). There are potential downsides to such openness. If users don\u2019t visit Twitter.com, that lessens the impact of any ads running on the site. This creates what is known as the \u201c<span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">free rider problem<\/a><\/span>,\u201d where users benefit from a service while offering no value in exchange. Encouraging software and service partners to accept ads for a percentage of the cut could lessen the free rider problem (Kafka, 2010).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p13\" class=\"indent para editable block\">When users don\u2019t visit a service, it makes it difficult to spread awareness of new products and features. It can also create branding challenges and customer frustration. Twitter execs lamented that customers were often confused when they searched for \u201cTwitter\u201d in the iPhone App Store and were presented with scores of offerings but none from Twitter itself (Goldman, 2010). Twitter\u2019s purchase of the iPhone app Tweetie (subsequently turned into the free \u201cTwitter for iPhone\u201d app) and the launch of its own URL-shortening service (competing with bit.ly and others) signal that Twitter is willing to move into product and service niches and compete with third parties that are reliant on the Twitter ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_p14\" class=\"indent para editable block\">Microblogging does appear to be here to stay, and the impact of Twitter has been deep, broad, stunningly swift, and at times humbling in the power that it wields. But whether Twitter will be a durable, profit-gushing powerhouse remains to be seen. Speculation on Twitter\u2019s future hasn\u2019t prevented many firms from commercializing new microblogging services, and a host of companies have targeted these tools for internal corporate use. Salesforce.com\u2019s Chatter, Socialtext Signals, and Yammer are all services that have been billed as \u201cTwitter for the Enterprise.\u201d Such efforts allow for Twitter-style microblogging that is restricted for participation and viewing by firm-approved accounts.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n02\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Key Takeaways<\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>While many public and private microblogging services exist, Twitter remains by far the dominant service.<\/li>\n<li>Unlike status updates found on services like Facebook and LinkedIn, Twitter\u2019s default supports asymmetric communication, where someone can follow updates without first getting their approval. This function makes Twitter a good choice for anyone cultivating a following\u2014authors, celebrities, organizations, and brand promoters.<\/li>\n<li>You don\u2019t need to tweet to get value. Many Twitter users follow friends, firms, celebrities, and thought leaders, quickly gaining access to trending topics.<\/li>\n<li>Twitter hash tags (keywords preceded by the # character) are used to organize \u201ctweets\u201d on a given topic. Users can search on hash tags, and many third-party applications allow for Tweets to be organized and displayed by tag.<\/li>\n<li>Firms are leveraging Twitter in a variety of ways, including: promotion, customer response, gathering feedback, and time-sensitive communication.<\/li>\n<li>Like other forms of social media, Twitter can serve as a hothouse that attracts opinion and forces organizational transparency and accountability.<\/li>\n<li>Activists have leveraged the service worldwide, and it has also served as an early warning mechanism in disasters, terror, and other events.<\/li>\n<li>Despite its rapid growth and impact, significant questions remain regarding the firm\u2019s durability, revenue prospects, and enduring appeal to initial users.<\/li>\n<li>Twitter makes its data available to third parties via an API (application programming interface). The API has helped a rich ecosystem of over seventy thousand Twitter-supporting products and services emerge. But by making the Twitter stream available to third parties, Twitter may suffer from the free rider problem where others firms benefit from Twitter\u2019s service without providing much benefit back to Twitter itself. New ad models may provide a way to distribute revenue-generating content through these services. Twitter has also begun acquiring firms that compete with other players in its ecosystem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_n03\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif; font-size: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;\">Questions and Exercises<\/span><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol id=\"fwk-38086-ch06_s05_l04\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>If you don\u2019t already have one, set up a Twitter account and \u201cfollow\u201d several others. Follow a diverse group\u2014corporations, executives, pundits, or other organizations. Do you trust these account holders are who they say they are? Why? Which examples do you think use the service most effectively? Which provide the weaker examples of effective Twitter use? Why? Have you encountered Twitter \u201cspam\u201d or unwanted followers? What can you do to limit such experiences? Be prepared to discuss your experiences with class.<\/li>\n<li>If you haven\u2019t done so, install a popular Twitter application such as TweetDeck, Seesmic, or a Twitter client for your mobile device. Why did you select the product you chose? What advantages does your choice offer over simply using Twitter\u2019s Web page? What challenges do these clients offer Twitter? Does the client you chose have a clear revenue model? Is it backed by a viable business?<\/li>\n<li>Visit search.twitter.com. Which Twitter hash tags are most active at this time? Are there other \u201ctrending topics\u201d that aren\u2019t associated with hash tags? What do you think of the activity in these areas? Is there legitimate, productive activity happening? Search Twitter on topics, firms, brand names, and issues of interest to you. What do you think of the quality of the information you\u2019ve uncovered on Twitter? Who might find this to be useful?<\/li>\n<li>Why would someone choose to use Twitter over Facebook\u2019s status update, or other services? Which (if either) do you prefer and why?<\/li>\n<li>What do you think of Twitter\u2019s revenue prospects? Is the firm a viable independent service or simply a feature to be incorporated into other social media activity? Advocate where you think the service will be in two years, five, ten. Would you invest in Twitter? Would you suggest that other firms do so? Why?<\/li>\n<li>Assume the role of a manager for your firm. Advocate how the organization should leverage Twitter and other forms of social media. Provide examples of effective use, and cautionary tales, to back up your recommendation.<\/li>\n<li>Some instructors have mandated Twitter for classroom use. Do you think this is productive? Would your professor advocate tweeting during lectures? What are the pros and cons of such use? Work with your instructor to discuss a set of common guidelines for in-class and course use of social media.<\/li>\n<li>As of this writing, Twitter was just rolling out advertising via \u201cpromoted tweets.\u201d Perform some additional research. How have Twitter\u2019s attempts to grow revenues fared? How has user growth been trending? Has the firm\u2019s estimated value increased or decreased from the offer figures cited in this chapter? Why?<\/li>\n<li>What do you think of Twitter\u2019s use of the API? What are the benefits of offering an API? What are the downsides? Would you create a company to take advantage of the Twitter API? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<li>Follow this book\u2019s author at <a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/gallaugher\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/twitter.com\/gallaugher<\/a>. Tweet him if you run across interesting examples that you think would be appropriate for the next version of the book.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"indent\"><sup>1<\/sup>Twitter.com, \u201cCase Study: Best Buy Twelpforce,\u201d Twitter 101, <a class=\"link\" href=\"http:\/\/business.twitter.com\/twitter101\/case_bestbuy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/business.twitter.com\/twitter101\/case_bestbuy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p class=\"nonindent\">Abel, J., \u201cDude\u2014Dell\u2019s Making Money Off Twitter!\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Wired News<\/em>, June 12, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Ante, S., \u201cFacebook\u2019s Thiel Explains Failed Twitter Takeover,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">BusinessWeek<\/em>, March 1, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Eaton, K., \u201cTwitter Really Works: Makes $6.5 Million in Sales for Dell,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Fast Company<\/em>, December 8, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Goldman, D., \u201cTwitter Grows Up: Take a Peek Inside,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CNN<\/em>, April 16, 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Kafka, P., \u201cTwitter\u2019s Ad Plan: Copy Google,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">AllThingsD<\/em>, February 25, 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Martin, D., \u201cUpdate: Return of the Twitter Quitters,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Nielsen Wire<\/em>, April 30, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Miller, C., \u201cPutting Twitter\u2019s World to Use,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">New York Times<\/em>, April 13, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Murrell, J., \u201cTwitter Treads Gently into Advertising Minefield,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">San Jose Mercury News<\/em>, April 13, 2010.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Romano, A., \u201cNow 4 Restaurant 2.0,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Newsweek<\/em>, February 28, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Ruffini, C., \u201cState Dept. Asked Twitter to Delay Maintenance,\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">CBS News<\/em>, June 16, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Schonfeld, E., \u201cTwitter\u2019s Internal Strategy Laid Bare: To Be \u2018The Pulse of The Planet,\u2019\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">TechCrunch<\/em>, July 19, 2009.<\/p>\n<p class=\"indent\">Talbot, D., \u201cCan Twitter Make Money?\u201d <em class=\"emphasis\">Technology Review<\/em>, March\/April 2010.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":217,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-120","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":110,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/217"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":360,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/120\/revisions\/360"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/110"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/120\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=120"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=120"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/bus3060\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}