{"id":66,"date":"2022-02-07T16:21:59","date_gmt":"2022-02-07T16:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/?post_type=part&#038;p=66"},"modified":"2022-02-07T23:23:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-07T23:23:11","slug":"chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/part\/chapter-1\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 1 Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour","rendered":"Chapter 1 Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_OurUnivers\" class=\"os-figure has-splash\">\r\n<figure class=\"splash\" data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_OurUnivers\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1312\"]<img id=\"2\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/c7841e233d94f532cec417f7b84f6f7b32583855\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of two interacting galaxies. A larger spiral galaxy with a circular nucleus is on the left, in contact with a smaller barred-spiral galaxy on the right.\" width=\"1312\" height=\"553\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure\u00a01.1\u00a0<\/strong>Distant Galaxies.\u00a0These two interacting islands of stars (galaxies) are so far away that their light takes hundreds of millions of years to reach us on Earth (photographed with the Hubble Space Telescope). (credit: modification of work by NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScl\/AURA)-ESA\/Hubble Collaboration, and K. Noll (STScl))[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"intro-body\">\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-outline\">\r\n<h3 class=\"os-title\">Chapter Outline<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.1<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Nature of Astronomy<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Nature of Science<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Laws of Nature<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.4<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">Numbers in Astronomy<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">Consequences of Light Travel Time<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.6<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">A Tour of the Universe<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.7<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Universe on the Large Scale<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.8<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Universe of the Very Small<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.9<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">A Conclusion and a Beginning<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"intro-text\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467291745\" class=\" \">We invite you to come along on a series of voyages to explore the universe as astronomers understand it today. Beyond Earth are vast and magnificent realms full of objects that have no counterpart on our home planet. Nevertheless, we hope to show you that the evolution of the universe has been directly responsible for your presence on Earth today.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467301400\" class=\" \">Along your journey, you will encounter:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167467464605\" data-bullet-style=\"bullet\">\r\n \t<li>a canyon system so large that, on Earth, it would stretch from Los Angeles to Washington, DC (Figure 1.2).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Mar\" class=\"os-figure \">\r\n<figure data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Mar\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"975\"]<img id=\"4\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/3da2164526ebad488fd5e1704e3829b2433e1e1a\" alt=\"Image of the Planet Mars. This composite image is centered on the Valles Marineris (Mariner Valley) region near the Martian equator.\" width=\"975\" height=\"450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure\u00a01.2\u00a0<\/strong>Mars Mosaic.\u00a0This image of\u00a0Mars\u00a0is centered on the\u00a0Valles Marineris\u00a0(Mariner Valley) complex of canyons, which is as long as the United States is wide. (credit: modification of work by NASA)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167470773032\" data-bullet-style=\"bullet\">\r\n \t<li>a crater and other evidence on Earth that tell us that the dinosaurs (and many other creatures) died because of a cosmic collision.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a tiny moon whose gravity is so weak that one good throw from its surface could put a baseball into orbit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a collapsed star so dense that to duplicate its interior we would have to squeeze every human being on Earth into a single raindrop.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>exploding stars whose violent end could wipe clean all of the life-forms on a planet orbiting a neighboring star (Figure 1.3).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a \u201ccannibal galaxy\u201d that has already consumed a number of its smaller galaxy neighbors and is not yet finished finding new victims.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a radio echo that is the faint but unmistakable signal of the creation event for our universe.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Stellar\" class=\"os-figure \">\r\n<figure data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Stellar\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<img id=\"6\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/adf9b30729d05c00f7d0f62c90e79302121a71aa\" alt=\"Image of the Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant. An oblong region of diffuse light, with delicate wisps and tendrils of gas, are seen expanding outward into the blackness of space.\" width=\"487\" height=\"485\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure\u00a01.3<\/strong>\u00a0Stellar Corpse.\u00a0We observe the remains of a star that was seen to explode in our skies in 1054 (and was, briefly, bright enough to be visible during the daytime). Today, the remnant is called the\u00a0Crab Nebula\u00a0and its central region is seen here. Such exploding stars are crucial to the development of life in the universe. (credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester (Arizona State University))[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467410009\" class=\" \">Such discoveries are what make astronomy such an exciting field for scientists and many others\u2014but you will explore much more than just the objects in our universe and the latest discoveries about them. We will pay equal attention to the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">process<\/em>\u00a0by which we have come to understand the realms beyond Earth and the tools we use to increase that understanding.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1167470565184\" class=\" \">We gather information about the cosmos from the messages the universe sends our way. Because the stars are the fundamental building blocks of the universe, decoding the message of starlight has been a central challenge and triumph of modern astronomy. By the time you have finished reading this text, you will know a bit about how to read that message and how to understand what it is telling us.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">This book was adapted from the following: Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., &amp; Wolff, S. C. (2016). Introduction. In <i>Astronomy<\/i>. OpenStax. https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction\u00a0under a <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div>Access the entire book for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_OurUnivers\" class=\"os-figure has-splash\">\n<figure class=\"splash\" data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_OurUnivers\">\n<figure style=\"width: 1312px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"2\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/c7841e233d94f532cec417f7b84f6f7b32583855\" alt=\"Hubble Space Telescope image of two interacting galaxies. A larger spiral galaxy with a circular nucleus is on the left, in contact with a smaller barred-spiral galaxy on the right.\" width=\"1312\" height=\"553\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure\u00a01.1\u00a0<\/strong>Distant Galaxies.\u00a0These two interacting islands of stars (galaxies) are so far away that their light takes hundreds of millions of years to reach us on Earth (photographed with the Hubble Space Telescope). (credit: modification of work by NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScl\/AURA)-ESA\/Hubble Collaboration, and K. Noll (STScl))<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"intro-body\">\n<div class=\"os-chapter-outline\">\n<h3 class=\"os-title\">Chapter Outline<\/h3>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.1<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Nature of Astronomy<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.2<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Nature of Science<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.3<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Laws of Nature<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.4<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">Numbers in Astronomy<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.5<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">Consequences of Light Travel Time<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.6<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">A Tour of the Universe<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.7<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Universe on the Large Scale<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.8<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">The Universe of the Very Small<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"os-chapter-objective\"><span class=\"os-number\">1.9<\/span><span class=\"os-divider\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"os-text\" data-type=\"\">A Conclusion and a Beginning<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"intro-text\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467291745\" class=\"\">We invite you to come along on a series of voyages to explore the universe as astronomers understand it today. Beyond Earth are vast and magnificent realms full of objects that have no counterpart on our home planet. Nevertheless, we hope to show you that the evolution of the universe has been directly responsible for your presence on Earth today.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467301400\" class=\"\">Along your journey, you will encounter:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167467464605\" data-bullet-style=\"bullet\">\n<li>a canyon system so large that, on Earth, it would stretch from Los Angeles to Washington, DC (Figure 1.2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Mar\" class=\"os-figure\">\n<figure data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Mar\">\n<figure style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"4\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/3da2164526ebad488fd5e1704e3829b2433e1e1a\" alt=\"Image of the Planet Mars. This composite image is centered on the Valles Marineris (Mariner Valley) region near the Martian equator.\" width=\"975\" height=\"450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure\u00a01.2\u00a0<\/strong>Mars Mosaic.\u00a0This image of\u00a0Mars\u00a0is centered on the\u00a0Valles Marineris\u00a0(Mariner Valley) complex of canyons, which is as long as the United States is wide. (credit: modification of work by NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167470773032\" data-bullet-style=\"bullet\">\n<li>a crater and other evidence on Earth that tell us that the dinosaurs (and many other creatures) died because of a cosmic collision.<\/li>\n<li>a tiny moon whose gravity is so weak that one good throw from its surface could put a baseball into orbit.<\/li>\n<li>a collapsed star so dense that to duplicate its interior we would have to squeeze every human being on Earth into a single raindrop.<\/li>\n<li>exploding stars whose violent end could wipe clean all of the life-forms on a planet orbiting a neighboring star (Figure 1.3).<\/li>\n<li>a \u201ccannibal galaxy\u201d that has already consumed a number of its smaller galaxy neighbors and is not yet finished finding new victims.<\/li>\n<li>a radio echo that is the faint but unmistakable signal of the creation event for our universe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Stellar\" class=\"os-figure\">\n<figure data-id=\"OSC_Astro_01_00_Stellar\">\n<figure style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"6\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/apps\/archive\/20210823.155019\/resources\/adf9b30729d05c00f7d0f62c90e79302121a71aa\" alt=\"Image of the Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant. An oblong region of diffuse light, with delicate wisps and tendrils of gas, are seen expanding outward into the blackness of space.\" width=\"487\" height=\"485\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure\u00a01.3<\/strong>\u00a0Stellar Corpse.\u00a0We observe the remains of a star that was seen to explode in our skies in 1054 (and was, briefly, bright enough to be visible during the daytime). Today, the remnant is called the\u00a0Crab Nebula\u00a0and its central region is seen here. Such exploding stars are crucial to the development of life in the universe. (credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester (Arizona State University))<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167467410009\" class=\"\">Such discoveries are what make astronomy such an exciting field for scientists and many others\u2014but you will explore much more than just the objects in our universe and the latest discoveries about them. We will pay equal attention to the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">process<\/em>\u00a0by which we have come to understand the realms beyond Earth and the tools we use to increase that understanding.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1167470565184\" class=\"\">We gather information about the cosmos from the messages the universe sends our way. Because the stars are the fundamental building blocks of the universe, decoding the message of starlight has been a central challenge and triumph of modern astronomy. By the time you have finished reading this text, you will know a bit about how to read that message and how to understand what it is telling us.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">This book was adapted from the following: Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., &amp; Wolff, S. C. (2016). Introduction. In <i>Astronomy<\/i>. OpenStax. https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction\u00a0under a <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0<\/a><\/div>\n<div>Access the entire book for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/astronomy\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-66","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/66","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/66\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":185,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/66\/revisions\/185"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=66"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/astronomy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=66"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}