{"id":197,"date":"2019-11-12T17:05:45","date_gmt":"2019-11-12T17:05:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/chapter\/5-3-common-respiratory-disorders\/"},"modified":"2025-01-16T22:29:16","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T22:29:16","slug":"5-3-common-respiratory-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/chapter\/5-3-common-respiratory-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"5.3 Common Respiratory Disorders","rendered":"5.3 Common Respiratory Disorders"},"content":{"raw":"This section will provide an overview of common respiratory disorders.\n<h2>Allergies<\/h2>\n<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"571\"]Allergies[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> occur when a person's immune system reacts to a foreign substance and makes antibodies that identify that substance as harmful, even though it isn't. Substances identified as allergens can cause inflammation of the skin, sinuses, nasal passages, airways, or digestive system. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to a potentially life-threatening emergency. While most allergies can't be cured, treatments can help relieve symptoms.<sup>[footnote]Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, January 6). <em>Allergies.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/allergies\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/allergies\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351497<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nHay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, can cause these symptoms:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Sneezing<\/li>\n \t<li>Pruritus (itching) of the nose, eyes, or roof of the mouth<\/li>\n \t<li>Runny, stuffy nose<\/li>\n \t<li>Watery, red, or swollen eyes (conjunctivitis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nA food allergy can cause the following:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Tingling in the mouth<\/li>\n \t<li>Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or throat<\/li>\n \t<li>Hives<\/li>\n \t<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nAn insect sting allergy can have these effects:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Large area of swelling (edema) at the sting site<\/li>\n \t<li>Itching or hives all over the body<\/li>\n \t<li>Cough, chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath<\/li>\n \t<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nA drug allergy can cause the following:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Hives<\/li>\n \t<li>Itchy skin<\/li>\n \t<li>Rash<\/li>\n \t<li>Facial swelling<\/li>\n \t<li>Wheezing<\/li>\n \t<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nAtopic dermatitis, an allergic skin condition also called eczema, can cause these effects on the skin:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Itching<\/li>\n \t<li>Reddening<\/li>\n \t<li>Flaking or peeling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Anaphylaxis<\/h2>\nSome types of allergies, including allergies to foods and insect stings, can trigger a severe reaction known as <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"572\"]anaphylaxis<\/strong><strong>[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. As a life-threatening medical emergency, anaphylaxis can cause a client to go into shock. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are as follows:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Loss of consciousness<\/li>\n \t<li>Drop in blood pressure<\/li>\n \t<li>Severe shortness of breath<\/li>\n \t<li>Skin rash<\/li>\n \t<li>Light-headedness<\/li>\n \t<li>Rapid, weak pulse<\/li>\n \t<li>Nausea and vomiting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Asthma<\/h2>\nAsthma is a common condition that affects the lungs in both adults and children. Approximately 8.2 percent of adults (18.7 million) and 9.4 percent of children (7 million) in the United States suffer from asthma. In addition, asthma is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in children.\n\nAsthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation, edema, and bronchospasm of the airways, which inhibits air from entering the lungs. In addition, excessive mucus secretion can occur, which further contributes to airway blockage. Cells of the immune system, such as eosinophils and mononuclear cells, may also be involved in infiltrating the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.\n\nBronchospasms occur periodically and lead to an \"asthma attack.\" An attack may be triggered by environmental factors such as dust, pollen, tobacco smoke, pet hair or dander; changes in the weather; mold; respiratory infections; exercise; and stress.<sup>[footnote]This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nSee Figure 5.5<sup>[footnote]\u201cAsthma and Your Airways\u201d by unknown is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup> for an illustration of how asthma affects the airways.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_196\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"552\"]<img class=\"wp-image-195\" title=\"&quot;Asthma and Your Airways&quot; by unknown. is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Access for free at https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/ \" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7.png\" alt=\"llustration of how asthma affects the airways\" width=\"552\" height=\"419\"> Figure 5.5 How Asthma Affects the Airways[\/caption]\n\nSymptoms of an asthma attack may include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. Symptoms of a severe asthma attack requiring immediate medical attention include difficulty breathing that can result in <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"573\"]cyanotic[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0lips or face, confusion, drowsiness, a rapid pulse, sweating, and severe anxiety.\n\nThe severity of the condition, frequency of attacks, and identified triggers influence the type of medication that an individual may require. Short-term, fast-acting drugs are used to treat an asthma attack and are typically administered via an inhaler or nebulizer. Long-term treatments are prescribed for clients with severe asthma.<sup>[footnote]This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]\u00a0<\/sup> View the following supplementary YouTube video for additional insight into how asthma works.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"video\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Does Asthma Work? YouTube video<\/a><sup>[footnote]TED-Ed. (2017, May 11). <em>How does asthma work? - Christopher E. Gaw<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w<\/a> [\/footnote]<\/sup><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Bronchitis<\/h2>\nBronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discolored. Bronchitis may be either acute or chronic.\n\nOften developing from a cold or other respiratory infection, acute bronchitis is very common. Acute bronchitis, also called a chest cold, usually improves within a week to ten days without lasting effects, although the cough may linger for weeks.\n\nChronic bronchitis, a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included in COPD.<sup>[footnote]Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, April 11). <em>Bronchitis.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bronchitis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bronchitis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355566<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nSymptoms for either acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis may include the following:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Cough<\/li>\n \t<li>Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray, or green in color \u2014 rarely, it may be streaked with blood<\/li>\n \t<li>Fatigue<\/li>\n \t<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n \t<li>Slight fever and chills<\/li>\n \t<li>Chest discomfort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Common Cold<\/h2>\nThe common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Many types of viruses can cause a common cold. Children younger than 6 are at greatest risk of colds, but healthy adults can also expect to have two or three colds annually. Most people recover from a common cold in a week or 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke.\n\nSymptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus. Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, are as follows:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Runny or stuffy nose<\/li>\n \t<li>Sore throat<\/li>\n \t<li>Cough<\/li>\n \t<li>Congestion<\/li>\n \t<li>Slight body aches or a mild headache<\/li>\n \t<li>Sneezing<\/li>\n \t<li>Low-grade fever<\/li>\n \t<li>Generally feeling unwell (malaise)<sup>[footnote]Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019, April 20). <em>Common cold.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/common-cold\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/common-cold\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351605<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/h2>\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow out of the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production, and wheezing. It is often caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or dust, and most often occurs due to smoking. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer, and a variety of other conditions.\n\nEmphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two types of COPD. Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages of the lungs (bronchioles) are destroyed and hyperinflated. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes and characterized by chronic cough and mucus (sputum) production. See Figure 5.6 for an illustration of normal lungs compared to lungs with COPD.<sup>[footnote]\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Copd_2010Side.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Copd 2010Side.JPG<\/a>\u201d by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/share-your-work\/public-domain\/cc0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC0<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_196\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"820\"]<img class=\"wp-image-196\" title=\"&quot;Copd 2010Side.JPG&quot; by unknown is licensed under CC0\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6.png\" alt=\"Illustrations comparing normal lungs with C O P D lungs.\" width=\"820\" height=\"302\"> Figure 5.6 Normal Lungs Compared to Lungs in a Person With COPD[\/caption]\n\nCOPD is treatable but not curable. COPD symptoms often don't appear until significant lung damage has occurred, and they usually worsen over time, particularly if smoke exposure continues.\n\nThese are some other signs and symptoms of COPD:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities<\/li>\n \t<li>Wheezing<\/li>\n \t<li>Chest tightness<\/li>\n \t<li>Chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow, or greenish<\/li>\n \t<li>Cyanosis or reddish discoloration of the skin<\/li>\n \t<li>Frequent respiratory infections<\/li>\n \t<li>Lack of energy<\/li>\n \t<li>Barrel chest<\/li>\n \t<li>Unintended weight loss (in later stages)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nUnlike some diseases, COPD has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention. The majority of cases are directly related to cigarette smoking, and the best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke \u2014 or to teach clients to stop smoking now.<sup>[footnote]Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, August 11). <em>COPD<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"star\">\u00a0Interactive Activity<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"15\"]\n\n<sup>\u201cRespiratory Disease Match-Up\u201d by E. Christman for<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvtc.edu\/landing-pages\/grants\/open-rn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Open RN<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/sup>\n\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Everyday Connection<\/h3>\n<strong>The Effects of Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke<\/strong>\n\nThe burning of a tobacco cigarette creates multiple chemical compounds that are released through mainstream smoke, which is inhaled by the smoker, and through sidestream smoke, which is the smoke that is given off by the burning cigarette. Second-hand smoke, which is a combination of sidestream smoke and the mainstream smoke that is exhaled by the smoker, has been demonstrated by numerous scientific studies to cause disease. At least 40 chemicals in sidestream smoke have been identified that negatively impact human health, leading to the development of cancer or other conditions, such as immune system dysfunction, liver toxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, second-hand smoke has been found to harbor at least 250 compounds that are known to be toxic, carcinogenic, or both. Some major classes of carcinogens in second-hand smoke are polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.\n\nTobacco and second-hand smoke are considered to be carcinogenic. Exposure to second-hand smoke can cause lung cancer in individuals who are not tobacco users themselves. It is estimated that the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by up to 30 percent in nonsmokers who live with an individual who smokes in the house, as compared to nonsmokers who are not regularly exposed to second-hand smoke. Children are especially affected by second-hand smoke. Children who live with an individual who smokes inside the home have a larger number of lower respiratory infections, which are associated with hospitalizations, and higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Second-hand smoke in the home has also been linked to a greater number of ear infections in children, as well as worsening symptoms of asthma.<sup>[footnote]This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>This section will provide an overview of common respiratory disorders.<\/p>\n<h2>Allergies<\/h2>\n<p><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_197_571\">Allergies<\/a><\/strong> occur when a person&#8217;s immune system reacts to a foreign substance and makes antibodies that identify that substance as harmful, even though it isn&#8217;t. Substances identified as allergens can cause inflammation of the skin, sinuses, nasal passages, airways, or digestive system. The severity of allergies varies from person to person and can range from minor irritation to a potentially life-threatening emergency. While most allergies can&#8217;t be cured, treatments can help relieve symptoms.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, January 6). Allergies. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/allergies\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351497\" id=\"return-footnote-197-1\" href=\"#footnote-197-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, can cause these symptoms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sneezing<\/li>\n<li>Pruritus (itching) of the nose, eyes, or roof of the mouth<\/li>\n<li>Runny, stuffy nose<\/li>\n<li>Watery, red, or swollen eyes (conjunctivitis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A food allergy can cause the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tingling in the mouth<\/li>\n<li>Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or throat<\/li>\n<li>Hives<\/li>\n<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An insect sting allergy can have these effects:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Large area of swelling (edema) at the sting site<\/li>\n<li>Itching or hives all over the body<\/li>\n<li>Cough, chest tightness, wheezing, or shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A drug allergy can cause the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hives<\/li>\n<li>Itchy skin<\/li>\n<li>Rash<\/li>\n<li>Facial swelling<\/li>\n<li>Wheezing<\/li>\n<li>Anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Atopic dermatitis, an allergic skin condition also called eczema, can cause these effects on the skin:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Itching<\/li>\n<li>Reddening<\/li>\n<li>Flaking or peeling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Anaphylaxis<\/h2>\n<p>Some types of allergies, including allergies to foods and insect stings, can trigger a severe reaction known as <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_197_572\">anaphylaxis<\/strong><strong><\/a><\/strong>. As a life-threatening medical emergency, anaphylaxis can cause a client to go into shock. Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Loss of consciousness<\/li>\n<li>Drop in blood pressure<\/li>\n<li>Severe shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Skin rash<\/li>\n<li>Light-headedness<\/li>\n<li>Rapid, weak pulse<\/li>\n<li>Nausea and vomiting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Asthma<\/h2>\n<p>Asthma is a common condition that affects the lungs in both adults and children. Approximately 8.2 percent of adults (18.7 million) and 9.4 percent of children (7 million) in the United States suffer from asthma. In addition, asthma is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in children.<\/p>\n<p>Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation, edema, and bronchospasm of the airways, which inhibits air from entering the lungs. In addition, excessive mucus secretion can occur, which further contributes to airway blockage. Cells of the immune system, such as eosinophils and mononuclear cells, may also be involved in infiltrating the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles.<\/p>\n<p>Bronchospasms occur periodically and lead to an &#8220;asthma attack.&#8221; An attack may be triggered by environmental factors such as dust, pollen, tobacco smoke, pet hair or dander; changes in the weather; mold; respiratory infections; exercise; and stress.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" id=\"return-footnote-197-2\" href=\"#footnote-197-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>See Figure 5.5<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cAsthma and Your Airways\u201d by unknown is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Access for free at https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/\" id=\"return-footnote-197-3\" href=\"#footnote-197-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup> for an illustration of how asthma affects the airways.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_196\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-196\" style=\"width: 552px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-195\" title=\"&quot;Asthma and Your Airways&quot; by unknown. is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Access for free at https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7.png\" alt=\"llustration of how asthma affects the airways\" width=\"552\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7.png 770w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7-768x583.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7-65x49.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7-225x171.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2019\/11\/image1-7-350x266.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 552px) 100vw, 552px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-196\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5.5 How Asthma Affects the Airways<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Symptoms of an asthma attack may include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and tightness of the chest. Symptoms of a severe asthma attack requiring immediate medical attention include difficulty breathing that can result in <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_197_573\">cyanotic<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0lips or face, confusion, drowsiness, a rapid pulse, sweating, and severe anxiety.<\/p>\n<p>The severity of the condition, frequency of attacks, and identified triggers influence the type of medication that an individual may require. Short-term, fast-acting drugs are used to treat an asthma attack and are typically administered via an inhaler or nebulizer. Long-term treatments are prescribed for clients with severe asthma.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" id=\"return-footnote-197-4\" href=\"#footnote-197-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/sup> View the following supplementary YouTube video for additional insight into how asthma works.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"video\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Does Asthma Work? YouTube video<\/a><sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"TED-Ed. (2017, May 11). How does asthma work? - Christopher E. Gaw [Video]. YouTube. https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w\" id=\"return-footnote-197-5\" href=\"#footnote-197-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Bronchitis<\/h2>\n<p>Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discolored. Bronchitis may be either acute or chronic.<\/p>\n<p>Often developing from a cold or other respiratory infection, acute bronchitis is very common. Acute bronchitis, also called a chest cold, usually improves within a week to ten days without lasting effects, although the cough may linger for weeks.<\/p>\n<p>Chronic bronchitis, a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included in COPD.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, April 11). Bronchitis. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bronchitis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355566\" id=\"return-footnote-197-6\" href=\"#footnote-197-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Symptoms for either acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis may include the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cough<\/li>\n<li>Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray, or green in color \u2014 rarely, it may be streaked with blood<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Slight fever and chills<\/li>\n<li>Chest discomfort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Common Cold<\/h2>\n<p>The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Many types of viruses can cause a common cold. Children younger than 6 are at greatest risk of colds, but healthy adults can also expect to have two or three colds annually. Most people recover from a common cold in a week or 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke.<\/p>\n<p>Symptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus. Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Runny or stuffy nose<\/li>\n<li>Sore throat<\/li>\n<li>Cough<\/li>\n<li>Congestion<\/li>\n<li>Slight body aches or a mild headache<\/li>\n<li>Sneezing<\/li>\n<li>Low-grade fever<\/li>\n<li>Generally feeling unwell (malaise)<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019, April 20). Common cold. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/common-cold\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351605\" id=\"return-footnote-197-7\" href=\"#footnote-197-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/h2>\n<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow out of the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production, and wheezing. It is often caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or dust, and most often occurs due to smoking. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer, and a variety of other conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two types of COPD. Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages of the lungs (bronchioles) are destroyed and hyperinflated. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes and characterized by chronic cough and mucus (sputum) production. See Figure 5.6 for an illustration of normal lungs compared to lungs with COPD.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cCopd 2010Side.JPG\u201d by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute is licensed under CC0\" id=\"return-footnote-197-8\" href=\"#footnote-197-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_196\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-196\" style=\"width: 820px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-196\" title=\"&quot;Copd 2010Side.JPG&quot; by unknown is licensed under CC0\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6.png\" alt=\"Illustrations comparing normal lungs with C O P D lungs.\" width=\"820\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6.png 950w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6-768x283.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6-225x83.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/219\/2025\/01\/image8-6-350x129.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-196\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5.6 Normal Lungs Compared to Lungs in a Person With COPD<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>COPD is treatable but not curable. COPD symptoms often don&#8217;t appear until significant lung damage has occurred, and they usually worsen over time, particularly if smoke exposure continues.<\/p>\n<p>These are some other signs and symptoms of COPD:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities<\/li>\n<li>Wheezing<\/li>\n<li>Chest tightness<\/li>\n<li>Chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow, or greenish<\/li>\n<li>Cyanosis or reddish discoloration of the skin<\/li>\n<li>Frequent respiratory infections<\/li>\n<li>Lack of energy<\/li>\n<li>Barrel chest<\/li>\n<li>Unintended weight loss (in later stages)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unlike some diseases, COPD has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention. The majority of cases are directly related to cigarette smoking, and the best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke \u2014 or to teach clients to stop smoking now.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, August 11). COPD. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679\" id=\"return-footnote-197-9\" href=\"#footnote-197-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"star\">\u00a0Interactive Activity<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-15\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-15\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"15\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Respiratory Disease MatchUp\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><sup>\u201cRespiratory Disease Match-Up\u201d by E. Christman for<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvtc.edu\/landing-pages\/grants\/open-rn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Open RN<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Everyday Connection<\/h3>\n<p><strong>The Effects of Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The burning of a tobacco cigarette creates multiple chemical compounds that are released through mainstream smoke, which is inhaled by the smoker, and through sidestream smoke, which is the smoke that is given off by the burning cigarette. Second-hand smoke, which is a combination of sidestream smoke and the mainstream smoke that is exhaled by the smoker, has been demonstrated by numerous scientific studies to cause disease. At least 40 chemicals in sidestream smoke have been identified that negatively impact human health, leading to the development of cancer or other conditions, such as immune system dysfunction, liver toxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, and neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, second-hand smoke has been found to harbor at least 250 compounds that are known to be toxic, carcinogenic, or both. Some major classes of carcinogens in second-hand smoke are polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.<\/p>\n<p>Tobacco and second-hand smoke are considered to be carcinogenic. Exposure to second-hand smoke can cause lung cancer in individuals who are not tobacco users themselves. It is estimated that the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by up to 30 percent in nonsmokers who live with an individual who smokes in the house, as compared to nonsmokers who are not regularly exposed to second-hand smoke. Children are especially affected by second-hand smoke. Children who live with an individual who smokes inside the home have a larger number of lower respiratory infections, which are associated with hospitalizations, and higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Second-hand smoke in the home has also been linked to a greater number of ear infections in children, as well as worsening symptoms of asthma.<sup><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"This work is a derivative of Anatomy and Physiology by OpenStax licensed under CC BY 4.0. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" id=\"return-footnote-197-10\" href=\"#footnote-197-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-197-1\">Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, January 6). <em>Allergies.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/allergies\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351497\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/allergies\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351497<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-2\">This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-3\">\u201cAsthma and Your Airways\u201d by unknown is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-SA 3.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/humannhealth.com\/what-you-need-to-know-about-asthma\/341\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-4\">This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-5\">TED-Ed. (2017, May 11). <em>How does asthma work? - Christopher E. Gaw<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/PzfLDi-sL3w<\/a>  <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-6\">Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, April 11). <em>Bronchitis.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bronchitis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355566\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/bronchitis\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20355566<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-7\">Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019, April 20). <em>Common cold.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/common-cold\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351605\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/common-cold\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20351605<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-8\">\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Copd_2010Side.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Copd 2010Side.JPG<\/a>\u201d by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/share-your-work\/public-domain\/cc0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC0<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-9\">Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017, August 11). <em>COPD<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/copd\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20353679<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-197-10\">This work is a derivative of <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/details\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">OpenStax<\/a> licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-197-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_197_571\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_197_571\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance and makes antibodies that identify a particular allergen as harmful, even though it isn't.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_197_572\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_197_572\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you're allergic to, such as peanuts or bee stings.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_197_573\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_197_573\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A\u00a0bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygenation of the blood.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":83,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-197","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":186,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/197","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/197\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":785,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/197\/revisions\/785"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/186"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/197\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=197"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=197"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=197"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=197"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}