{"id":132,"date":"2019-09-22T17:55:39","date_gmt":"2019-09-22T17:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/chapter\/3-19-antituberculars\/"},"modified":"2025-01-16T22:25:14","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T22:25:14","slug":"3-19-antituberculars","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/chapter\/3-19-antituberculars\/","title":{"raw":"3.19 Antituberculars","rendered":"3.19 Antituberculars"},"content":{"raw":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em> is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a disease that primarily impacts the lungs but can infect other parts of the body as well. It has been estimated that one third of the world\u2019s population has been infected with M. tuberculosis<\/em>, and millions of new infections occur each year. Treatment of M. tuberculosis<\/em> is challenging and requires clients to take a combination of drugs for an extended time. Complicating treatment even further is the development and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of this pathogen.[footnote]This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nMechanism of Action:<\/strong> Antituberculars work by impacting the synthesis or transcription of mycobacteria RNA or inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids in the cellular wall. Mycobacteria can develop resistance to antitubercular medications; therefore, strict compliance to drug regimen must be emphasized.\n\nIndications:<\/strong> Antitubercular medications are selective for mycobacteria and work by inhibiting growth or selectively destroying mycobacteria.[footnote]This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nNursing Considerations:<\/strong> Antitubercular medications require at least six months of treatment. Many antitubercular medications may impact liver function, and liver enzymes should be monitored carefully. Other side effects to medication administration include GI symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and vision changes.[footnote]This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nSide Effects\/Adverse Effects:<\/strong> Common side effects of antitubercular medications include GI upset. Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity. Antitubercular medications can also decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives, so alternative contraceptive methods should be used.\n\nHealth Teaching & Health Promotion: <\/strong>Advise clients that medications must be taken as directed. It is important that clients understand the significance of continuing drug therapy even after symptoms have resolved to prevent the spread of disease and antibiotic resistance to TB. Drug therapy may be continued for six months to two years. If a client notices any change in visual acuity or eye discomfort, it should be reported immediately to the health care provider. Clients should also be advised to avoid alcohol during antitubercular therapy because of the increased risk of liver toxicity. Foods containing tyramine, such as tuna and Swiss cheese, should be avoided.[footnote]uCentral from Unbound Medicine. https:\/\/www.unboundmedicine.com\/ucentral<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/sup>\n\nNow let's take a closer look at the medication grid on isoniazid in Table 3.19a and rifampin in Table 3.19b.[footnote]This work is a derivative of DailyMed<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0U.S. National Library of Medicine<\/a> in the\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>. [\/footnote]\u00a0<\/sup>\n\nTable 3.19a Isoniazid Medication Grid\n\n\n\n\n
Class\/Subclass<\/strong><\/th>\nPrototype\/<\/strong>Generic<\/strong><\/th>\nNursing Considerations<\/strong><\/th>\nTherapeutic Effects<\/strong><\/th>\nSide\/Adverse Effects<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Antitubercular (also known as antimycobacterials)<\/strong><\/th>\nisoniazid<\/a><\/td>\nDirect observed therapy (DOT) may be initiated to ensure compliance with long-term therapeutic regimen\n\nMultiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. Treatment must be individualized and based on susceptibility studies\n\nMay decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Clients should be counseled to use alternate form of oral contraception\n\nVitamin B6 supplementation is necessary in some clients for prevention of peripheral neuropathy<\/td>\nNegative sputum smears\n\nPrevention or elimination of TB symptoms: Productive cough, fever, and night sweats<\/td>\nGI upset\n\nHepatotoxicity\n\nMay decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nTable 3.19b Rifampin Medication Grid\n\n\n\n\n
Class\/Subclass<\/strong><\/th>\nPrototype\/<\/strong>Generic<\/strong><\/th>\nAdministration Considerations<\/strong><\/th>\nTherapeutic Effects<\/strong><\/th>\nSide\/Adverse Effects<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Antitubercular (also known as antimycobacterials)<\/strong><\/th>\nrifampin<\/a><\/td>\nDirect observed therapy (DOT) may be initiated to ensure compliance with long-term therapeutic regimen\n\nMultiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. Treatment must be individualized and based on susceptibility studies\n\nMay decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Clients should be counseled to use alternate form of oral contraception\n\nVitamin B6 supplementation is necessary in some clients for prevention of peripheral neuropathy<\/td>\nNegative sputum smears\n\nPrevention or elimination of TB symptoms: Productive cough, fever, and night sweats\n\nRifampin can also be used to treat meningitis, staph infections, chronic bacterial infections (such as leprosy), and as prophylaxis for meningococcal disease<\/td>\nGI upset\n\nDrowsiness\n\nBody fluids may turn red-orange, which can permanently stain contact lenses\n\nHepatotoxicity\n\nMay decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n

Critical Thinking Activity 3.19\"Image<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n
\n\nUsing the above grid information, consider the following clinical scenario question:<\/strong>\n\nA client has been prescribed isoniazid as part of a multidrug regimen for resistant TB. Direct observed therapy (DOT) has been initiated. The client asks the nurse, \u201cWhat does direct observed therapy mean?\u201d What is the nurse's best response?\n\nNote: Answers to the Critical Thinking activities can be found in the \u201cAnswer Key<\/a>\u201d section at the end of the book.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"

Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em> is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a disease that primarily impacts the lungs but can infect other parts of the body as well. It has been estimated that one third of the world\u2019s population has been infected with M. tuberculosis<\/em>, and millions of new infections occur each year. Treatment of M. tuberculosis<\/em> is challenging and requires clients to take a combination of drugs for an extended time. Complicating treatment even further is the development and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of this pathogen.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Mechanism of Action:<\/strong> Antituberculars work by impacting the synthesis or transcription of mycobacteria RNA or inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids in the cellular wall. Mycobacteria can develop resistance to antitubercular medications; therefore, strict compliance to drug regimen must be emphasized.<\/p>\n

Indications:<\/strong> Antitubercular medications are selective for mycobacteria and work by inhibiting growth or selectively destroying mycobacteria.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Nursing Considerations:<\/strong> Antitubercular medications require at least six months of treatment. Many antitubercular medications may impact liver function, and liver enzymes should be monitored carefully. Other side effects to medication administration include GI symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and vision changes.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Side Effects\/Adverse Effects:<\/strong> Common side effects of antitubercular medications include GI upset. Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity. Antitubercular medications can also decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives, so alternative contraceptive methods should be used.<\/p>\n

Health Teaching & Health Promotion: <\/strong>Advise clients that medications must be taken as directed. It is important that clients understand the significance of continuing drug therapy even after symptoms have resolved to prevent the spread of disease and antibiotic resistance to TB. Drug therapy may be continued for six months to two years. If a client notices any change in visual acuity or eye discomfort, it should be reported immediately to the health care provider. Clients should also be advised to avoid alcohol during antitubercular therapy because of the increased risk of liver toxicity. Foods containing tyramine, such as tuna and Swiss cheese, should be avoided.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Now let’s take a closer look at the medication grid on isoniazid in Table 3.19a and rifampin in Table 3.19b.[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n

Table 3.19a Isoniazid Medication Grid<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Class\/Subclass<\/strong><\/th>\nPrototype\/<\/strong>Generic<\/strong><\/th>\nNursing Considerations<\/strong><\/th>\nTherapeutic Effects<\/strong><\/th>\nSide\/Adverse Effects<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Antitubercular (also known as antimycobacterials)<\/strong><\/th>\nisoniazid<\/a><\/td>\nDirect observed therapy (DOT) may be initiated to ensure compliance with long-term therapeutic regimen<\/p>\n

Multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. Treatment must be individualized and based on susceptibility studies<\/p>\n

May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Clients should be counseled to use alternate form of oral contraception<\/p>\n

Vitamin B6 supplementation is necessary in some clients for prevention of peripheral neuropathy<\/td>\n

Negative sputum smears<\/p>\n

Prevention or elimination of TB symptoms: Productive cough, fever, and night sweats<\/td>\n

GI upset<\/p>\n

Hepatotoxicity<\/p>\n

May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 3.19b Rifampin Medication Grid<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Class\/Subclass<\/strong><\/th>\nPrototype\/<\/strong>Generic<\/strong><\/th>\nAdministration Considerations<\/strong><\/th>\nTherapeutic Effects<\/strong><\/th>\nSide\/Adverse Effects<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Antitubercular (also known as antimycobacterials)<\/strong><\/th>\nrifampin<\/a><\/td>\nDirect observed therapy (DOT) may be initiated to ensure compliance with long-term therapeutic regimen<\/p>\n

Multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (i.e., resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin) presents difficult treatment problems. Treatment must be individualized and based on susceptibility studies<\/p>\n

May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Clients should be counseled to use alternate form of oral contraception<\/p>\n

Vitamin B6 supplementation is necessary in some clients for prevention of peripheral neuropathy<\/td>\n

Negative sputum smears<\/p>\n

Prevention or elimination of TB symptoms: Productive cough, fever, and night sweats<\/p>\n

Rifampin can also be used to treat meningitis, staph infections, chronic bacterial infections (such as leprosy), and as prophylaxis for meningococcal disease<\/td>\n

GI upset<\/p>\n

Drowsiness<\/p>\n

Body fluids may turn red-orange, which can permanently stain contact lenses<\/p>\n

Hepatotoxicity<\/p>\n

May decrease effectiveness of oral contraceptives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n
\n

Critical Thinking Activity 3.19\"Image<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n
\n

Using the above grid information, consider the following clinical scenario question:<\/strong><\/p>\n

A client has been prescribed isoniazid as part of a multidrug regimen for resistant TB. Direct observed therapy (DOT) has been initiated. The client asks the nurse, \u201cWhat does direct observed therapy mean?\u201d What is the nurse’s best response?<\/p>\n

Note: Answers to the Critical Thinking activities can be found in the \u201cAnswer Key<\/a>\u201d section at the end of the book.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

  1. This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  3. This work is a derivative of Microbiology<\/a> by OpenStax<\/a> licensed under CC BY 4.0<\/a>. Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/microbiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  4. uCentral from Unbound Medicine. https:\/\/www.unboundmedicine.com\/ucentral<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  5. This work is a derivative of DailyMed<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0U.S. National Library of Medicine<\/a> in the\u00a0Public Domain<\/a>. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":83,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-132","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":82,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":133,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/132\/revisions\/133"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/82"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/132\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=132"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=132"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accnursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}