{"id":887,"date":"2021-12-17T21:55:49","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T21:55:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/14-glaciers\/"},"modified":"2025-01-21T01:03:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T01:03:30","slug":"14-glaciers","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/14-glaciers\/","title":{"raw":"14 Glaciers","rendered":"14 Glaciers"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_3527\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-3527\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The valley is circular and filled with a lake.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\"><\/a> Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana is an example of a glacially-carved cirque.[\/caption]\n<h1>14 Glaciers<\/h1>\n<b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b>\n\n<b>At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Differentiate the different types of [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and contrast them with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bergs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe how [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] form, move, and create landforms <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe [pb_glossary id=\"2470\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]; describe the zones of accumulation, equilibrium, and melting<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Identify [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] erosional and depositional landforms and interpret their origin<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describe [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] lakes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe the history and causes of past [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary] and their relationship to [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea-level changes<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and [pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2668\"]cryosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">set of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">erosional and depositional features<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0compared to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">it<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2666\"]hydrosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or liquid water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">This ice exists primarily in two forms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0and icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">arge accumulations of <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">that exist year-round\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"> surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">In contrast,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">asses <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">floating on the ocean <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">, although they may have had their origin in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248666092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Glaciers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cover about 10% of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Earth's <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0and are powerful erosional agents that sculpt the planet\u2019s surface.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">These enormous masses of ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">usually form <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">in mountainous areas that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">experience\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cold temperatures and high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">precipitation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Glaciers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">also occur in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">lying areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> such as Greenland and Antarctica<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0that remain extremely cold year-round<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.1 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\">Glacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\"> Formation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3529\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"443\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-842\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\" alt=\"Glacier in the Bernese Alps. A thick sheet of ice filling an alpine valley with lines of sediment (medial moraine).\" width=\"443\" height=\"332\"><\/a> Glacier in the Bernese Alps.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">form when repeated annual <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">fall accumulates <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">deep layers of snow that are not completely melted in the summer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Thus there is an accumulation of snow that<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> builds up into deep layers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. <strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><strong>erennial snow<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is a snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lasts all year<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">thin accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span> of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">erennial snow <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a snow field<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Over repeated seasons of perennial snow, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the snow settles, compacts, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2703\"]bonds[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">with underlying\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">amount of void space\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">between the snow grains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">diminishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow gets buried by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">new\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the older\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2468\"]firn[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2468\"]n\u00e9v\u00e9[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a granular mass <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">of ice crystals<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2468\"]firn[\/pb_glossary] continues to be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">buri<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">recrystalliz<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">become smaller<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and the ice becomes less porous,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ventually turn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Solid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">still retains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a fair amount of void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3342\"]traps[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">air. T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">hese\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">mall air pockets <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">provide <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">record<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0of the past<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]composition[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42987865 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">There are three<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">general <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">types<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine or [pb_glossary id=\"2466\"]valley glaciers[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary], and ice caps.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2465\"]alpine glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">are located in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">world\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">major mountain ranges such as the Andes, Rockies, Alps, and Himalayas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">, usually occupying long, narrow valleys.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] may also form at lower elevations<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">in areas that receive high annual [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] such as the Olympic Peninsula in Washi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">ngton state<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3530\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"369\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.1_Greenland.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-843\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Greenland ice sheet.\" width=\"369\" height=\"243\"><\/a> Greenland ice sheet.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3531\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"266\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-844\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png\" alt=\"Map showing maximum thickness of Greenland ice sheet around 3000 meters.\" width=\"266\" height=\"453\"><\/a> Thickness of Greenland ice sheet in meters (Source: Eric Gaba).[\/caption]\n\nI<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ce sheets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">also called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">form across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">millions\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">square\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">kilo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">meters\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of land\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thousands of meters thick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Earth\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0are located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Greenland and Antarctica. The Greenland<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">is the largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an extensive\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">surface area\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of over 2 million\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">sq\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">km\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1,242,700 sq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">mi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">average\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thickness\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">up to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 m<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">eters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 ft, almost a mile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[1].<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The Antarctic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">n <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">larger and covers almost the entire<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continent[\/pb_glossary]. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span>thickest parts\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">of the Antarctic [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] <\/span>are over\u00a04,000 m<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eters thick<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">&gt;<\/span>13,000 ft or 2.5 mi)<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">It<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">s weight\u00a0<\/span>depresses the Antarctic\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span>below sea level in many places. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">cross-sectional <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">diagram\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">comparing\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the Greenland and Antarctica\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">illustrates the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">size\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">difference between\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the two<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3532\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"420\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-845\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\" alt=\"Cross-sectional view showing that the Antarctica ice sheet is much larger than the Greenland ice sheet (Source: Steve Earle).\" width=\"420\" height=\"179\"><\/a> Cross-sectional view of both Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets drawn to scale for size comparison (Source: Steve Earle)[\/caption]\n\nIce cap [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are smaller versions of [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] that cover less than 50,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> and usually occupy higher elevations and may cover tops of mountains. There are several ice caps on Iceland. A small ice cap called Snow [pb_glossary id=\"1460\"]Dome[\/pb_glossary] is near Mt. Olympus on the Olympic Peninsula in the state of Washington.\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3534\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"351\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-846\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png\" alt=\"Snow Dome ice cap\" width=\"351\" height=\"232\"><\/a> Snow Dome ice cap near Mt. Olympus, Washington[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3533\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-847\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\"><\/a> Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3535\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"347\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-848\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet\" width=\"347\" height=\"576\"><\/a> Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">figure shows the size of the ancient <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">Laurentide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary] in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0This<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">was\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">present during <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW90772545\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0event<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">also know<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0as the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ce\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ge.<\/span><\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"94\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4766\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-849\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.1 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2>14. 2 Glacier Movement<\/h2>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 348px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 333px\">\n<td style=\"width: 830.298px;height: 333px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3536\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"440\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Deep cracks in the surface of glacial ice\" width=\"440\" height=\"294\"><\/a> Glacial crevasses.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 348.168px;height: 333px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3537\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"225\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glaciereaston.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-851\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glaciereaston.jpg\" alt=\"Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\"><\/a> Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downward under its own weight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW198720697\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">In <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">1948<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">glaciologist<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">installed hollow vertical rods\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">into the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW198720697\">Jungfraufirn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in the Swiss Alps to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">measure<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">changes in its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">movement <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">over two years.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This study showed that the ice at the surface was fairly rigid and ice within the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] was actually flowing downhill. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW148676570\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">cross-sectional\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">diagram of an alpine (valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">shows that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">the rate of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">movement\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">slow near the bottom, and fastest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">n the middle with the top ice being carried along on the ice below.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">One of the unique properties of ice is that it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">melts under pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>About half of the overall [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] movement was from sliding on a film of meltwater along the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary] surface and half from internal flow<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW75949138 BCX0\">Ice near the surface of the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">is rigid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0and [pb_glossary id=\"2583\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">to a depth of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">about<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a050 m (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">165 ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW75949138 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">In t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">his\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2583\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">cracks<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2469\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">form\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">on the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2469\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">can be covered and hidden by a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">snow bridge and are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">hazard for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">travelers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75949138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3538\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"451\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-852\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png\" alt=\"Cross-section of a glacier shows upper part of the glacier moving en masse and breaking in a brittle fashion while the lower part flows ductiley.\" width=\"451\" height=\"195\"><\/a> Cross-section of a valley glacier showing stress (red numbers) increase with depth under the ice. The ice will deform and flow where the stress is greater than 100 kilopascals, and the relative extent of that deformation is depicted by the red arrows. Down slope movement is shown with blue arrows. The upper ice above the red dashed line does not flow but is pushed along en masse. (Source: Steve Earle)[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Below the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">brittle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the pressure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">typically exceed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">100 kilopascals (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Pa)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0which is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">approximately 100,000 times atmospheric pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. Under this applied force<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> no longer breaks,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">but rather\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">bends or flows in a zone called the <strong>plastic zone<\/strong>. This <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">plastic zone\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">represents the great majority of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. The plastic zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">contains a fair amount of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> of various grades from <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">boulders\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">silt and clay. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">As th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">e bottom of the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] slides <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and grinds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">across the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">, these [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ct as grinding agents<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">significant\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140842140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"95\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4767\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.2 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.3 Glacial Budget<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3539\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"434\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png\" alt=\"A glacier flows downhill as a thick sheet of ice. Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting.\" width=\"434\" height=\"202\"><\/a> Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting (Earle 2015).[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">al budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is like a bank account<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">with the ice being the existing balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">f there is more income<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">snow accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in winter<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"> than expense<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(snow and ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in summer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, then the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">shows\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">grow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A positive or negative balance of ice in the overall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"2470\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">determines whether a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">advances or retreats<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, respectively<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW183482521\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">area<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">where\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is growing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"2471\"]zone of accumulation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">. The area where ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance is shrinking<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">zone of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The diagram shows these two zones and the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0line.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2471\"]zone of accumulation[\/pb_glossary], the s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">now<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> accumulation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the ice surface is always covered with snow.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW176016807 BCX0\">also called the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2473\"]snowline[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">firnline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> marks the boundary between the zones of accumulation and ablation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">Below the equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">zone of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the melting rate exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0leaving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">bare ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">surface exposed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The position of the firnline changes during the season and from year to year as a <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3094\"]reflection[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a positive or negative ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the [pb_glossary id=\"2470\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">f the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0two variables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0affecting\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]'s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">winter accumulation and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">matters most<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0to a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]\u2019s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">. Cool summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">advance and warm summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW176016807 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3540\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"412\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-855\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\" alt=\"Water-filled valley with steep side walls.\" width=\"412\" height=\"614\"><\/a> Fjord[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">If\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">a handful of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warmer summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">retreat, then <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">decades and centuries\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">will accelerate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">al\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"> even faster<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lobal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to human<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0burning\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3336\"]fossil fuels[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">causing the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lose\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">in years, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">an amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">mass<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">that would normally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">take<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. Current g<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">contributing <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to rising sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">faster <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">expected based on previous history.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210115115 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">As<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] melt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0during global<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0warming<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">they become thinner or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">deflate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">edges of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">break off\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and fall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">to the ocean,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0a process called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2474\"]calving[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">, becoming floating icebergs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3217\"]fjord[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">steep-walled valley flooded with sea water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">The narrow shape of a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3217\"]fjord[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">has been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">carved out by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> during a cooler [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">. During a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">warming trend<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">may\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">raise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in [pb_glossary id=\"3217\"]fjords[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">former<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">ly dry\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">valleys <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[<\/span>8,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">9]<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">retreat and deflation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">well illustrated in the 2009 TED Talk by James Balog.<\/span><\/span>\n<div style=\"max-width: 640\">\n<div style=\"height: 0;padding-bottom: 56%\">\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss[\/embed]\n\n<\/div>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4777\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-856\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"96\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4768\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-857\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.3 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4 Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Both alpine and [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">two categories<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">\u00a0of landforms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\"> erosional and depositional<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Erosional landforms are formed by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the removal of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">material.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Depositional landforms are formed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">addition of material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Because [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] were first studied by 18th and 19th century geologists in Europe, the terminology applied to [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] features contains many terms derived from European languages.<\/span>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.1 Erosional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">rosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0are created when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">masses of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW174047054\">slide\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"> over <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice contains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">large amounts of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">poorly sorted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">sand, gravel, and boulders<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">that have been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">plucked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and pried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">from the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">As t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] slide across the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary], they <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind these\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">fin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">powder<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0called <strong>rock flour<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. Rock flour\u00a0acts\u00a0as fine grit\u00a0that polishes\u00a0the surface of the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0to a smooth finish\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"2476\"]glacial polish[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">Larger roc<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">k fragments scrape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> over the surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> creating elongated grooves called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"2475\"]glacial striations[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3541\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Shiny, reflective rock with aligned grooves.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> A polished and striated rock in Yosemite.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3542\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-859\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Smoothed polished rock with grooves abraded into them. All of the groves are aligned in the same direction.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> Glacial striations in Mt. Rainier National Park.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">lpine [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">produce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0a variety\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">, such as U-shaped valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2477\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">ar\u00eate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">cirque<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">tarn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">[pb_glossary id=\"2479\"]horns[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">[pb_glossary id=\"2480\"]cols[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2481\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">hanging valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2482\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">truncated spur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"> [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">-carved canyons have a V-shaped profile when viewed in cross-section. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">Glacial erosion transforms <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">former\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">V-shaped stream valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0into a U-shaped on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">. [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are typically wider than\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0of similar length<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span> and since [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] tend to erode both at their bases and their sides, they erode<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>V-shaped valleys\u00a0into\u00a0relatively flat-bottomed\u00a0broad valleys with<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>steep sides and a distinctive <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201c<\/span>U<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201d<\/span>\u00a0shape. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">As seen in the images<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Little Cottonwood Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah was occupied by an [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] that extended down to the [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] of the canyon and into Lake Bonneville<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Today, that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">U-shaped valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">hosts <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">many erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"> including<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">polished and striated rock surfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon to the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">north of Little Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">retained the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0V-shape in its lower p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">, indicating that its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">did not extend clear to its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">but was confined to its upper p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW38439977 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3543\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-860 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A valley with a u shape that shows steep cliffs on the sides and a wide-flat bottom\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> The U-shape of the Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, as it enters into the Salt Lake Valley.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3544\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-861 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Big Cottonwood Canyon showing V-shape of river carving\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> V-shaped Big Cottonwood Canyon, carved by river.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[caption id=\"attachment_4796\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"413\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-862\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif\" alt=\"By Cecilia Bernal (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"413\" height=\"275\"><\/a> Formation of a glacial valley. Glaciers change the shape of the valley from a \"V\" shape to a \"U\".[\/caption]<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] carve\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">two U-shaped valleys\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">adjacent to each other, the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">between them <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">tends to be sharpened into a sawtooth feature <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">called an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2477\"]ar\u00eate[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> At the head of a glacially carved valley is a bowl-shaped feature called a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary].<\/b> The [pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary] represents<b>\u00a0<\/b>where the head of the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] eroded the mountain by plucking rock away from it and the weight of the thick ice eroded out a bowl. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">After the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">is gone, the bowl at the bottom of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">often\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">fil<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">s with [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] and is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">occupied by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0a lake<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0called a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><strong>tarn<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">three or more mountain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">erode h<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">eadward<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> at their <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirques[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">they<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">produce<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"2479\"]horns[\/pb_glossary],<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">steep-sided, spire-shaped mountains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low points along [pb_glossary id=\"2477\"]ar\u00eates[\/pb_glossary] or between [pb_glossary id=\"2479\"]horns[\/pb_glossary] are mountain passes termed <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"2480\"]cols[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Where a smaller [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] flows into a larger trunk glacier, the smaller [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] cuts down less. Once the ice has gone, the [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] valley is left as a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"2481\"]hanging valley[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>, sometimes with a waterfall<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> plung<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ing into the main valley<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the trunk [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] straightens and widens a V-shaped valley and erodes the ends of side ridges<\/span>,<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a steep triangle-shaped cliff is formed called a <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"2482\"]truncated spur[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3545\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"200\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-863\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A circular area near the top of a mountain that looks as if it had been scooped out.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\"><\/a> Cirque with Upper Thornton Lake in the North Cascades National Park, Washington. Photo by Walter Siegmund.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3546\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"176\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-864\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg\" alt=\"A large and very pointy (almost pyramid-like) mountain\" width=\"176\" height=\"200\"><\/a> An example of a horn, Kinnerly Peak, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photo by USGS.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3547\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"154\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-865\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"U-shaped valley feeding into another, lower u-shaped valley. A waterfall forms where the higher valley meet the lower valley.\" width=\"154\" height=\"200\"><\/a> Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, is a good example of a hanging valley.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width: 500\">\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4770\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.2 Depositional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3548\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Very large boulder, dark in color, with smaller boulders &quot;floating&quot; inside of it.\" width=\"390\" height=\"273\"><\/a> Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, Antelope Island, Utah, United States.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">epositional land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">forms and materials<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">re\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">produced from deposits <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">left behind\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">a retreating\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">. All [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] deposits are called drift. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2483\"]tillites[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2911\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">diamictite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> [pb_glossary id=\"1685\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">terminal moraine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, [pb_glossary id=\"1686\"]recessional moraines[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1687\"]lateral moraines[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1688\"]medial moraines[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1689\"]ground moraines[\/pb_glossary],<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">silt, <\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1690\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">outwash plain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1691\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1692\"]kettles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1692\"]kettle[\/pb_glossary] lak<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">es,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">cr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">vasse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1694\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">esker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">kames<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1695\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice carries <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a lot of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">, which when <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">deposited <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">by a melting<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]Till[\/pb_glossary] is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">poorly sorted with grain sizes ranging from clay and silt to pebbles and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW103962435 BCX0\">boulders. These clasts may be<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0striated<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">Many <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">depositional landforms <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]composed[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">The term <strong>t<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">illite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> refers to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">ithified rock<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> having\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">origin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">Diamicti<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">refer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">lithified rock that contains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">wide range of clast sizes; this includes [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary] but <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2644\"]objective[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">and descriptive term for any rock with a wide range of clast sizes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103962435 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">s are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">mounded deposits consistin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">g <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">carried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">the [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">rock fragments <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">dislodged <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"3110\"]mass wasting[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">from the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">U-shaped\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"> walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">acts like\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW116743166 BCX0\">a conveyor belt, carrying<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and depositing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at the end\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">along the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">sides of the<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">. Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">in the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">is always flowing downslope,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">all [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">build up <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">their terminus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">, even those <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">not <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">advanc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s are classified by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">their\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">location<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> with respect to the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1685\"]terminal moraine[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">at the end or <strong>terminus<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">ecessional [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">left as [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> retreat and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> there are pauses in the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">Lateral m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraines<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> accumulate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0along the side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">material mass wasted <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">from<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">the valley walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. When two <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">merge, the two<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1687\"]lateral moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">combine to form a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1688\"]medial moraine[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> running down the center of the combined g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">lacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> G<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">round [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a veneer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> left<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> on the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">as the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] melts<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100777196 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3549\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-868\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg\" alt=\"Large linear hills composed of till, aligned with the &quot;U&quot; shaped mouths of canyons.\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\"><\/a> Lateral moraines of Little Cottonwood and Bell canyons, Utah.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3550\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-3550\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Thick lines of sediment in the middle of the glacial ice.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\"><\/a> Medial moraines where tributary glaciers meet. At least seven tributary glaciers from upstream have joined to form the trunk glacier flowing on out of the upper left of the picture.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">leave behind other depositional landforms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Silt, sand, and gravel produced by t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he intense grinding process\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are carried by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">treams\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of water <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in front of the glacier in an area called the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1690\"]outwash plain[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Retreating <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may leave behind large boulders <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that do<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0match the local\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hese are called\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1691\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\u00a0When\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">retreat<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they can leave behind <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">large blocks of ice <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These ice blocks melt\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">create a depression\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1692\"]kettle[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the depression <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">later<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">fill<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with water, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it is called\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1693\"]kettle lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">If m<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eltwater\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flowing over <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">surface <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">descends into\u00a0cr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">vasses<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may find a channel and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">continue<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flow\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sinuous\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">channels <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">at\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the base of the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ithin or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">under\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, these [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0carry\u00a0<\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When the ice recedes,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> accumulated <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is deposited as a long sinuous ridge known as an <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1694\"]esker[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Meltwater descending down through the ice or over the margins of the ice may <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mound<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary] in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hills\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0<\/span><strong>kames<\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span>\n\n<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1695\"]Drumlins[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">ommon in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">areas of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">Germany,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">New York<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">and Wisconsin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">, where they typically are found in fields with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">great numbers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1695\"]drumlin[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">is an elongated asymmetrical teardrop-shaped hill reflecting ice movement with its steepest side pointing upstream to the flow of ice and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">streamlined<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> or <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">angle<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> pointing downstream in the direction of ice movement.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140630491 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3551\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"398\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-870\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.\" width=\"398\" height=\"255\"><\/a> A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] scientists <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">debate the origins of d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">rumlin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> A leading idea is that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1695\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary] are created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">accumulated <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">being <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed and sculpted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] that retreated then advanced again over its own ground moraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">. Another idea is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">meltwater\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">catastrophically\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">glacier<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> and carved the [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary] into these streamlined mounds. Still another <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">proposes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">the weight of the overlying<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> statically defor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">med the underlying [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">12,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">13].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177843550 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[h5p id=\"97\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4771\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-871\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.3 Glacial Lakes<\/span><\/h3>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3553\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"291\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-872\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mountainous area with a circular bowl filled with a lake.\" width=\"291\" height=\"325\"><\/a> Tarn in a cirque.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">akes are common<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">found\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">in alpine<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">environments. A lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">confined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">within <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">called <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">forms when the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0depression in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">the [pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">fills with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">precipita<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tion after the ice is gone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Examples\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">of tarns\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Silver Lake near Brighton Ski resort<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"> in <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">, Utah<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Avalanche Lake in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">National Park<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Montana<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3554\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"392\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-873\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg\" alt=\"Paternoster lakes\" width=\"392\" height=\"326\"><\/a> Paternoster lakes[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">When <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">ecessional [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">create a series of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">isolate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">basins in a glaciated valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">resulting <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">chain of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"1696\"]paternoster lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\n\nLakes filled by glacial meltwater often looks milky due to finely ground material called rock flour suspended in the water.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3555\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"386\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-874\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York\" width=\"386\" height=\"286\"><\/a> Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York[\/caption]\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">L<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ong<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0glacially carved depressions\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">filled with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">water\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are known as [pb_glossary id=\"1697\"]finger lakes[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1698\"]Proglacial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> form along the edges of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">all the largest\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary], such as Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2580\"]crust[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">depressed\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">isostatically by the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">overlying <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">these\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">basins fill with<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">meltwater<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many such lakes, some of them huge, existed at various times along the southern edge of the Laurentide<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary].<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Agassiz<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Manitoba,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Canada,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0is a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">classic<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">example of a\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1698\"]proglacial lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Winnipeg serv<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as the remnant of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a much larger\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">proglacial<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lake.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3556\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"629\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Agassiz.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing a large lake covering the central part of Canada.\" width=\"629\" height=\"480\"><\/a> Extent of Lake Agassiz[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1698\"]proglacial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed when<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dammed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> and flooded\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">classic example is<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Missoula,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a lobe of the Laurentide ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">sheet blocked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Clark Fork<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">about 18,000 years ago. Over about 2000 years th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">e ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">holding back Lake Missoula failed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0several times<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">During each breach, the lake emptied across parts of eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">into the Columbia [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">eventually\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Pacific Ocea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. After each breach, t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">he dam reformed and the lake refilled. Each breach produced a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">catastrophic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">over a few days<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Scientists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">estimate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">this\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">ice dam,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1698\"]proglacial lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">torrential <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1933\"]massive[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">flooding happened at least 25 times over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">span<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> of 20 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. The <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rate of each <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">outflow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">is believed to have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">equaled <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Earth\u2019s current<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122677941 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3557\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-876 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Channeled Scablands showing hhuge putholes and erided surface\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\"><\/a> View of Channeled Scablands in eastern Washington showing huge potholes and massive erosion[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The landscape produced by these [pb_glossary id=\"1933\"]massive[\/pb_glossary] floods is preserved in the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3558\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"827\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-877\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the western United States during the Pleistocene showing several large lakes, one of the more notable is Lake Bonneville, which drained northwest to the Pacific ocean.\" width=\"827\" height=\"711\"><\/a> Pluvial lakes in the western United States[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1699\"]Pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary] form in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">humid <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">environments that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">experience<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">low temperatures and high [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">During the last<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary], most of the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u2019 [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">er<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> and more humid than today<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Under these low-evaporation conditions, m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">any large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1699\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">formed in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">basins of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Province<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Two of the largest<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">were<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan was<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0in northwestern Nevada.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The figure illustrates the tremendous size of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, which occupied <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">much of western Utah and into eastern Nevada<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">fluctuated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">greatly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">over the centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">leaving several pronounced\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">shorelines<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">marked by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">wave-cut [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]terraces[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">. The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0old shorelines<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">can be seen on mountain slopes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">throughout\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">western\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">portion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Utah<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Salt Lake Valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, indicating that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the now heavily urbanized valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">was once filled with hundreds of feet of water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">'s<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level peaked around 18,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ago<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> when a breach occurred at <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Red Rock Pass\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Idaho <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span>spilled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0into the Snake<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The flooding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rapidly lowered the lake level and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scoured <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Idaho\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scape across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Pocatello\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">V<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">alley,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Snake [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Plain, and Twin [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Falls[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0The flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">waters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ultimately <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">flowed into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Columbia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">across\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">part of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the scablands area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> at an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">incredible<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rate\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">about\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">4,750\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cu\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">km<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW212414377 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">1,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">40\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><strong>cu<\/strong> <strong>m<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">For comparison, this [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">would <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">drain the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">volume of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Michigan<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">completely dry <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">within\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">a few\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">days.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3559\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"395\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/The-great-lakes.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-878\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"The five grteat lakes occupy basins left by the ice sheet in the Ice Age.\" width=\"395\" height=\"232\"><\/a> The great lakes[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">five\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">reat\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">akes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">North America<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">upper Midwest<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">proglacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0lakes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0during\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">he last [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]ice age[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">basins were<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">carved by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">encroaching [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">. The basins were later e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">xposed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">as the ice retreated about 14,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0and filled by precipitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">io<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"98\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4769\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-879\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.4 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5 Ice Age Glaciations<\/span><\/h2>\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]ice age[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0occurs when the Earth\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">becomes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">cold enough that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">expand, covering large areas of land. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">our major<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0well<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">documented<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">have occurred\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">in Earth\u2019s history:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">one\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">during the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2205\"]Archean[\/pb_glossary]-early<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2209\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2190\"]Eon[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.5 billion years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">late<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2209\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2190\"]Eon[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">700 million\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Pennsylvanian<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">323 to 300 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">most recent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ly during the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> Pliocene-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> [pb_glossary id=\"2193\"]epochs[\/pb_glossary] starting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> million years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW139904772 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Some scientists also recogni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ze a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0minor<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">around 440 million years ago in Africa<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The best<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">studied<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">is, of course, the most recent.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">This\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink BCX0 SCXW73716761\" href=\"http:\/\/xkcd.com\/1732\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">infographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">illustrates the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">changes over the last 20,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0ending with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">those caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">human\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0since the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Pliocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">was <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">a series of several<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">cycles,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">possibly 18<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> in total<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Antarctic ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"2589\"]core[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">record<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">s exhibit\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">especially strong evidence\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">for eight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">advances\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">occurring\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">within the last 420,000 years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">16]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The last of these<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">known in popular media as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary],<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> but <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">geologists\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">refer to it as the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] advance<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> reached its maximum between 26,500<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">10,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">17]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.1 Causes of Glaciations<\/span><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">laciations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">occur<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">both long-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0and short<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term factors.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">In the geologic sense, long-term means a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">scale of tens<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to hundred<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">millions of years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> and short-term means a scale of hundreds<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to thousands of<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">year<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ong-term causes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]plate tectonics[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">breaking up the [pb_glossary id=\"2623\"]supercontinents[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256485117 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%2226_The_Wilson_Cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Wilson Cycle, Chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">),<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">moving land masses<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to high latitudes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">near\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">the north or south\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">pol<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">chang<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> ocean circulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">For exa<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">mple, the closing of the Panama Strait and isolation of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">may have triggered a change in prec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ipitation cycles, which combined with a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">cooling\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">help expand the [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3560\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-880 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg\" alt=\"Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\"><\/a> Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">hort-term causes of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">fluctuations are attributed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the cycles\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">rotational<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1456\"]axis[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">variations in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">earth\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">orbit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">around the Sun which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> the distance between <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth and the Sun<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">. C<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">alled\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1701\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary], these cycles <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">incoming solar radiation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> short-term cycles of warming and cooling<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">uring the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1441\"]Cenozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ra<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">carbon dioxide levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">steadily decreased from a maximum in the Paleocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">causing <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">gradual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">. By the Pliocene, [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] began to form. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">effects of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1701\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">created <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cycles of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">warming and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cooling<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">within the larger [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary] event. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1701\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">are three orbital changes named after the Serbian\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">astronomer Milutan Milankovitch. The three orbital changes are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1702\"]precession[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1703\"]obliquity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1704\"]eccentricity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">recession\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the wobbling of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1456\"]axis[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary] of about 21,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1703\"]obliquity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is changes in <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the angle of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1456\"]axis[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary] of about 41,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1704\"]eccentricity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">variations <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Earth\u2019s orbit around the sun leading to changes in distance from the sun <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0of 93,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">19].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">orbital changes created\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">41,000<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">year<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-long<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"3321\"]interglacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Milankovitch Cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">2.5 to 1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, followed by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">another\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">longer cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">100,000 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">years <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">to today (see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milankovitch_cycles\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[h5p id=\"99\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4773\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-881\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">Watch the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">video\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">to see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">summari<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">es<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]ice ages[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">their characteristics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0and causes.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153085562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4776\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-882\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yNiMhjPHPu0[\/embed]\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.2 Sea-Level Change and Isostatic Rebound<\/span><\/h3>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hen<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melt and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0two things happen<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">water runs off into the ocean\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">causing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">evel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s to rise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0worldwide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">land, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">released from its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">heavy\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">covering of ice, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">rises <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ince the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">aximum about 19,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0ha<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0risen about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">125 m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">400 f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">A <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change in sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1705\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">During\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a warming trend, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due to more water being added to the ocean and also thermal<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0expansion<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> of sea water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">About half of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">Eart<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">h'<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1705\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level rise during the last c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ntury has been the result of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0and about half due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">thermal expansion<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[<\/span>21,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hermal expansion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">describes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a solid, liquid, or gas expands in volume\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">with an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">increase in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2689\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">. T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">his<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW53103755 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QNoE5IoRheQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">30 second video<\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">demonstrat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0thermal expansion with the classic brass ball and ring<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2653\"]experiment[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4774\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-883\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QNoE5IoRheQ[\/embed]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">Relative\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0includes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">vertical movement of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">both <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1705\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">continents on [pb_glossary id=\"<span data-contrast=\"auto\">1654<\/span>\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2591\"]plates[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">. In oth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">er words, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change is measure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative to<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"> elevation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">For example, i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">f the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land rises a lot and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">only\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">a little<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">then\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level would appear to d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">rop<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186787110 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Continents sitting on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2590\"]lithosphere[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">move vertically\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a result of two main processes,\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0uplift<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]Tectonic[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0uplift occurs\u00a0when\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2591\"]plates[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0collide\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">see\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%22232_Collisions\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chapter 2<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Isosta<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tic rebound <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describes the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">movement of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lithospher<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ic [pb_glossary id=\"2580\"]crust[\/pb_glossary] sitting on top of the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">asthenospheric<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0layer below it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]Continental[\/pb_glossary] c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">earing\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the weight of [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0sinks into\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the [pb_glossary id=\"2593\"]asthenosphere[\/pb_glossary] displacing it<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After the [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] melts away, the [pb_glossary id=\"2593\"]asthenosphere[\/pb_glossary] flows back in and continental c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">floats<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> back upward<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]Erosion[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also create <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> by removing large masses like mountains<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and transporting the [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] away (think of the [pb_glossary id=\"1432\"]Mesozoic[\/pb_glossary] removal of the Alleghanian Mountains and the uplift of the Appalachian plateau; <a href=\"https:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\">Chapter 8<\/a>)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, alb<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this process occurs more<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> slowly than<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0relatively rapid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> melting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW93511452 BCX0\">Th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">e isostatic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">rebound<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\"> map below shows rates of vertical crustal movement worldwide.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">he <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">highest re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">bound rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">is indicated by the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">blue-to-purp<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">le\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">zones (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">top<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0end of the scale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">The orange<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-to-red zones\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">(bottom end of the scale)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">surrounding the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">high-rebound zones indicate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">isostatic lowering as adjustments in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">displaced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">subcrustal material <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">have taken place<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93511452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3561\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-884\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\" alt=\"Rate of lithospheric uplift due to Postglacial Rebound, as modelled by Paulson, A\" width=\"512\" height=\"396\"><\/a> Rate of isostatic rebound.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">is occurring where<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0continental ice sheets rapidly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">melted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">such as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Canada and Scandinavia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">. Its effects can be seen\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">wherever<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice or water bodies\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">are or were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">present on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">surfaces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">terraces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">on <\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">river<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">floodplains that cross these areas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]Isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">occurred in Utah when the water from Lake Bonneville\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">drained\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">away <span data-contrast=\"auto\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0North America's Great Lakes also exhibit e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">mergent [pb_glossary id=\"2890\"]coastline[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">features<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1707\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">since the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">retreated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170198648 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"100\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4772\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-885\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.5 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] form when average annual snowfall exceeds melting and snow compresses into [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice. There are three types of [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary], alpine or [pb_glossary id=\"2466\"]valley glaciers[\/pb_glossary] that occupy valleys, [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] that cover [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] areas, and ice caps that cover smaller areas usually at higher elevations. As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downslope and outward under its own weight.\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice is divided into two zones, the upper rigid or [pb_glossary id=\"2583\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary] zone where the ice cracks into [pb_glossary id=\"2469\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary] and the lower plastic zone where under the pressure of overlying ice, the ice bends and flows exhibiting [pb_glossary id=\"2582\"]ductile[\/pb_glossary] behavior. Rock material that [pb_glossary id=\"2671\"]falls[\/pb_glossary] onto the ice by [pb_glossary id=\"3110\"]mass wasting[\/pb_glossary] or is plucked and carried by the ice is called [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] and acts as grinding agents against the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary] creating significant [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary].\n\n[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] have a budget of income and expense. The zone of income for the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] is called the [pb_glossary id=\"2471\"]Zone of Accumulation[\/pb_glossary], where snow is converted into [pb_glossary id=\"2468\"]firn[\/pb_glossary] then ice by [pb_glossary id=\"1446\"]compression[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2920\"]recrystallization[\/pb_glossary], and the zone of expense called the [pb_glossary id=\"2472\"]Zone of Ablation[\/pb_glossary], where ice melts or sublimes away. The line separating these two zones latest in the year is the Equilibrium or [pb_glossary id=\"2468\"]Firn[\/pb_glossary] Line and can be seen on the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] separating bare ice from snow covered ice. If the [pb_glossary id=\"2470\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary] is balanced, even though the ice continues to flow downslope, the end or terminus of the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] remains in a stable position. If income is greater than expense, the position of the terminus moves downslope. If expense is greater than income, a circumstance now affecting [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] worldwide due to global warming, the terminus recedes. If this situation continues, the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] will disappear. An average of cooler summers affects the stability or growth of [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] more than higher snowfall. As the Greenland and Antarctic [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] flow seaward, the edges calve off forming icebergs.\n\n[pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] create two kinds of landforms, erosional and depositional. [pb_glossary id=\"2465\"]Alpine glaciers[\/pb_glossary] carve U-shaped valleys and [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0carried in the ice polishes and grooves or striates the [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]. Other landscape features produced by [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] include [pb_glossary id=\"2479\"]horns[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2477\"]ar\u00eate[\/pb_glossary]<span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ridges, [pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]cirques[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2481\"]hanging valleys[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2480\"]cols[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"2482\"]truncated spurs[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"2478\"]Cirques[\/pb_glossary] may contain eroded basins that are occupied by post [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] lakes called tarns. Depositional features result from deposits left by retreating ice called drift. These include [pb_glossary id=\"2912\"]till[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"1684\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] deposits (terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground), [pb_glossary id=\"1694\"]eskers[\/pb_glossary], kames, [pb_glossary id=\"1692\"]kettles[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1693\"]kettle lakes[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1691\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"1695\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary]. A series of [pb_glossary id=\"1686\"]recessional moraines[\/pb_glossary] in glaciated valleys may create basins that are later filled with water to become [pb_glossary id=\"1696\"]paternoster[\/pb_glossary] lakes. [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater carries fine grained [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] onto the [pb_glossary id=\"1690\"]outwash plain[\/pb_glossary]. Lakes containing [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater are milky in color from suspended finely ground rock flour. [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] was more humid and [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] that did not become [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] ice filled regional depressions to become [pb_glossary id=\"1699\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary]. Examples of [pb_glossary id=\"1699\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary] include Lake Missoula dammed behind an [pb_glossary id=\"2467\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] lobe and Lake Bonneville in Utah whose [pb_glossary id=\"3195\"]shoreline[\/pb_glossary] remnants can be seen on mountainsides. Repeated breaching of the ice lobe allowed Lake Missoula to rapidly drain causing [pb_glossary id=\"1933\"]massive[\/pb_glossary] floods that scoured the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"101\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4775\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-886\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 14 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Allen, P.A., and Etienne, J.L., 2008, Sedimentary challenge to [pb_glossary id=\"1718\"]Snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary]: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 12, p. 817\u2013825.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Berner, R.A., 1998, The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over [pb_glossary id=\"2217\"]Phanerozoic[\/pb_glossary] time: the role of land plants: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., v. 353, no. 1365, p. 75\u201382.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cunningham, W.L., Leventer, A., Andrews, J.T., Jennings, A.E., and Licht, K.J., 1999, Late Pleistocene\u2013[pb_glossary id=\"1444\"]Holocene[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2883\"]marine[\/pb_glossary] conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: evidence from the diatom record: The [pb_glossary id=\"1444\"]Holocene[\/pb_glossary], v. 9, no. 2, p. 129\u2013139.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Deynoux, M., Miller, J.M.G., and Domack, E.W., 2004, Earth\u2019s [pb_glossary id=\"2910\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] Record: World and Regional Geology, Cambridge University Press, World and Regional Geology.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Eyles, N., and Januszczak, N., 2004, \u201cZipper-[pb_glossary id=\"2624\"]rift[\/pb_glossary]\u201d: a [pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary] model for Neoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary] during the breakup of [pb_glossary id=\"2211\"]Rodinia[\/pb_glossary] after 750 Ma: Earth-Sci. Rev.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Francey, R.J., Allison, C.E., Etheridge, D.M., Trudinger, C.M., and others, 1999, A 1000\u2010year high precision record of \u03b413C in atmospheric CO2: Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gutro, R., 2005, NASA - What\u2019s the Difference Between [pb_glossary id=\"1709\"]Weather[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary]? Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., and Schrag, D.P., 1998, A neoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"1718\"]snowball earth[\/pb_glossary]: Science, v. 281, no. 5381, p. 1342\u20131346.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A., and Nash, C.Z., 2005, The Paleoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"1718\"]snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary]: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 102, no. 32, p. 11131\u201311136.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lean, J., Beer, J., and Bradley, R., 1995, Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] cbange: Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, no. 23, p. 3195\u20133198.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., and Broccoli, A.J., 2001, [pb_glossary id=\"1717\"]Anthropogenic[\/pb_glossary] warming of Earth\u2019s [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary]: Science, v. 292, no. 5515, p. 267\u2013270.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lindsey, R., 2009, [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] and Earth\u2019s Energy Budget\u202f: Feature Articles: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\">http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013a, [pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]Composition[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]Atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]:<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013b, [pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]Composition[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]Atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition\">http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oreskes, N., 2004, The scientific consensus on [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] change: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1686\u20131686.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., and others, 2014, [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] Change (R. K. Pachauri &amp; L. Meyer, Eds.): Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 151 p.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Santer, B.D., Mears, C., Wentz, F.J., Taylor, K.E., Gleckler, P.J., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P., Boyle, J.S., Br\u00fcggemann, W., Gillett, N.P., Klein, S.A., Meehl, G.A., Nozawa, T., Pierce, D.W., and others, 2007, Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 104, no. 39, p. 15248\u201315253.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., 1992, Late [pb_glossary id=\"2209\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary] Low-[pb_glossary id=\"3372\"]Latitude[\/pb_glossary] Global [pb_glossary id=\"1700\"]Glaciation[\/pb_glossary]: the [pb_glossary id=\"1718\"]Snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary], <i>in<\/i> Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., editors, The [pb_glossary id=\"2209\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2669\"]biosphere\u202f[\/pb_glossary]: a multidisciplinary study: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 51\u201352.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Webb, T., and Thompson, W., 1986, Is vegetation in equilibrium with [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]? How to interpret late-[pb_glossary id=\"1443\"]Quaternary[\/pb_glossary] pollen data: Vegetatio, v. 67, no. 2, p. 75\u201391.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Weissert, H., 2000, Deciphering methane\u2019s fingerprint: Nature, v. 406, no. 6794, p. 356\u2013357.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Whitlock, C., and Bartlein, P.J., 1997, Vegetation and [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr: Nature, v. 388, no. 6637, p. 57\u201361.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Wolpert, S., 2009, New NASA [pb_glossary id=\"2689\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary] maps provide a \u2018whole new way of seeing the moon\u2019: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070\">http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070<\/a>, accessed February 2017.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, no. 5517, p. 686\u2013693.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3527\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3527\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3527\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The valley is circular and filled with a lake.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3527\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana is an example of a glacially-carved cirque.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>14 Glaciers<\/h1>\n<p><b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Differentiate the different types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> and contrast them with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bergs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe how <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> form, move, and create landforms <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2470\">glacial budget<\/a>; describe the zones of accumulation, equilibrium, and melting<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Identify <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> erosional and depositional landforms and interpret their origin<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describe <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> lakes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe the history and causes of past <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciations<\/a> and their relationship to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea-level changes<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2668\">cryosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">set of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">erosional and depositional features<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0compared to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">it<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2666\">hydrosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or liquid water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">This ice exists primarily in two forms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0and icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a> are l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">arge accumulations of <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">that exist year-round\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"> surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">In contrast,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">asses <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">floating on the ocean <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">, although they may have had their origin in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248666092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Glaciers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cover about 10% of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Earth&#8217;s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0and are powerful erosional agents that sculpt the planet\u2019s surface.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">These enormous masses of ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">usually form <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">in mountainous areas that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">experience\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cold temperatures and high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">precipitation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Glaciers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">also occur in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">lying areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> such as Greenland and Antarctica<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0that remain extremely cold year-round<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.1 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\">Glacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\"> Formation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3529\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3529\" style=\"width: 443px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-842\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\" alt=\"Glacier in the Bernese Alps. A thick sheet of ice filling an alpine valley with lines of sediment (medial moraine).\" width=\"443\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg 640w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-350x263.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3529\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacier in the Bernese Alps.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">form when repeated annual <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">fall accumulates <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">deep layers of snow that are not completely melted in the summer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Thus there is an accumulation of snow that<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> builds up into deep layers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. <strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><strong>erennial snow<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is a snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lasts all year<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">thin accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span> of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">erennial snow <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a snow field<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Over repeated seasons of perennial snow, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the snow settles, compacts, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2703\">bonds<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">with underlying\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">amount of void space\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">between the snow grains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">diminishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow gets buried by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">new\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the older\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2468\">firn<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2468\">n\u00e9v\u00e9<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a granular mass <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">of ice crystals<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2468\">firn<\/a> continues to be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">buri<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">recrystalliz<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">become smaller<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and the ice becomes less porous,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ventually turn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Solid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">still retains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a fair amount of void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3342\">traps<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">air. T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">hese\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">mall air pockets <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">provide <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">record<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0of the past<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2667\">atmosphere<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2831\">composition<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42987865 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">There are three<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">general <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">types<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2466\">valley glaciers<\/a>,\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a>, and ice caps.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2465\">alpine glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">are located in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">world\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">major mountain ranges such as the Andes, Rockies, Alps, and Himalayas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">, usually occupying long, narrow valleys.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> may also form at lower elevations<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">in areas that receive high annual <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2707\">precipitation<\/a> such as the Olympic Peninsula in Washi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">ngton state<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3530\" style=\"width: 369px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.1_Greenland.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-843\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Greenland ice sheet.\" width=\"369\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-225x148.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland-350x231.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1_Greenland.jpg 623w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenland ice sheet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3531\" style=\"width: 266px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-844\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png\" alt=\"Map showing maximum thickness of Greenland ice sheet around 3000 meters.\" width=\"266\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png 601w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-768x1308.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-902x1536.png 902w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-1203x2048.png 1203w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-65x111.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-225x383.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-350x596.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thickness of Greenland ice sheet in meters (Source: Eric Gaba).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>I<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ce sheets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">also called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">form across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">millions\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">square\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">kilo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">meters\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of land\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thousands of meters thick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Earth\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0are located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Greenland and Antarctica. The Greenland<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">Ice Sheet<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">is the largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an extensive\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">surface area\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of over 2 million\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">sq\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">km\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1,242,700 sq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">mi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">average\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thickness\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">up to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 m<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">eters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 ft, almost a mile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[1].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The Antarctic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">Ice Sheet<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">n <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">larger and covers almost the entire<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continent<\/a>. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span>thickest parts\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">of the Antarctic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheet<\/a> <\/span>are over\u00a04,000 m<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eters thick<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">&gt;<\/span>13,000 ft or 2.5 mi)<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">It<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">s weight\u00a0<\/span>depresses the Antarctic\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span>below sea level in many places. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">cross-sectional <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">diagram\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">comparing\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the Greenland and Antarctica\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">illustrates the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">size\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">difference between\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the two<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3532\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-845\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\" alt=\"Cross-sectional view showing that the Antarctica ice sheet is much larger than the Greenland ice sheet (Source: Steve Earle).\" width=\"420\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1-225x96.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sectional view of both Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets drawn to scale for size comparison (Source: Steve Earle)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ice cap <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> are smaller versions of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> that cover less than 50,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> and usually occupy higher elevations and may cover tops of mountains. There are several ice caps on Iceland. A small ice cap called Snow <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1460\">Dome<\/a> is near Mt. Olympus on the Olympic Peninsula in the state of Washington.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3534\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3534\" style=\"width: 351px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-846\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png\" alt=\"Snow Dome ice cap\" width=\"351\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-225x149.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-350x232.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png 845w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3534\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow Dome ice cap near Mt. Olympus, Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3533\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3533\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-847\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-1024x792.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-768x594.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-1536x1188.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-225x174.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-350x271.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg 1552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3533\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3535\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3535\" style=\"width: 347px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-848\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet\" width=\"347\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg 617w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-768x1274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-65x108.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-225x373.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-350x581.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg 810w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3535\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">figure shows the size of the ancient <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">Laurentide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">Ice Sheet<\/a> in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0This<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheet<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">was\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">present during <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW90772545\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0event<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">also know<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0as the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ce\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-94\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-94\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"94\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.1 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4766\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-849\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.1 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>14. 2 Glacier Movement<\/h2>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 348px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 333px\">\n<td style=\"width: 830.298px;height: 333px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3536\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3536\" style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Deep cracks in the surface of glacial ice\" width=\"440\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacial crevasses.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 348.168px;height: 333px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3537\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glaciereaston.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-851\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glaciereaston.jpg\" alt=\"Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glaciereaston.jpg 243w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glaciereaston-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glaciereaston-65x87.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downward under its own weight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW198720697\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">In <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">1948<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">glaciologist<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">installed hollow vertical rods\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">into the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW198720697\">Jungfraufirn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in the Swiss Alps to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">measure<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">changes in its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">movement <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">over two years.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This study showed that the ice at the surface was fairly rigid and ice within the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> was actually flowing downhill. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW148676570\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">cross-sectional\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">diagram of an alpine (valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">shows that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">the rate of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">movement\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">slow near the bottom, and fastest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">n the middle with the top ice being carried along on the ice below.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">One of the unique properties of ice is that it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">melts under pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>About half of the overall <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> movement was from sliding on a film of meltwater along the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a> surface and half from internal flow<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW75949138 BCX0\">Ice near the surface of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">is rigid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2583\">brittle<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">to a depth of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">about<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a050 m (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">165 ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW75949138 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">In t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">his\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2583\">brittle<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">cracks<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2469\">crevasses<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">form\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">on the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2469\">crevasses<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">can be covered and hidden by a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">snow bridge and are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">hazard for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">travelers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75949138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3538\" style=\"width: 451px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-852\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png\" alt=\"Cross-section of a glacier shows upper part of the glacier moving en masse and breaking in a brittle fashion while the lower part flows ductiley.\" width=\"451\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-1024x443.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-768x333.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-225x97.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-350x152.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section of a valley glacier showing stress (red numbers) increase with depth under the ice. The ice will deform and flow where the stress is greater than 100 kilopascals, and the relative extent of that deformation is depicted by the red arrows. Down slope movement is shown with blue arrows. The upper ice above the red dashed line does not flow but is pushed along en masse. (Source: Steve Earle)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Below the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">brittle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the pressure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">typically exceed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">100 kilopascals (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Pa)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0which is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">approximately 100,000 times atmospheric pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. Under this applied force<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> no longer breaks,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">but rather\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">bends or flows in a zone called the <strong>plastic zone<\/strong>. This <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">plastic zone\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">represents the great majority of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. The plastic zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">contains a fair amount of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> of various grades from <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">boulders\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">silt and clay. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">As th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">e bottom of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> slides <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and grinds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">across the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">, these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediments<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ct as grinding agents<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">significant\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2677\">erosion<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140842140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-95\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-95\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"95\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.2 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4767\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4767\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.2 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.3 Glacial Budget<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3539\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3539\" style=\"width: 434px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png\" alt=\"A glacier flows downhill as a thick sheet of ice. Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting.\" width=\"434\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-225x105.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2-350x163.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png 1120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3539\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting (Earle 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">al budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is like a bank account<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">with the ice being the existing balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">f there is more income<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">snow accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in winter<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"> than expense<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(snow and ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in summer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, then the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">shows\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">grow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A positive or negative balance of ice in the overall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2470\">glacial budget<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">determines whether a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">advances or retreats<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, respectively<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW183482521\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">area<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">where\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is growing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2471\">zone of accumulation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">. The area where ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance is shrinking<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">zone of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The diagram shows these two zones and the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0line.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2471\">zone of accumulation<\/a>, the s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">now<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> accumulation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the ice surface is always covered with snow.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW176016807 BCX0\">also called the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2473\">snowline<\/a> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">firnline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> marks the boundary between the zones of accumulation and ablation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">Below the equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">zone of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the melting rate exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0leaving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">bare ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">surface exposed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The position of the firnline changes during the season and from year to year as a <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3094\">reflection<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a positive or negative ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2470\">glacial budget<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">f the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0two variables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0affecting\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a>&#8216;s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">winter accumulation and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">matters most<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0to a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a>\u2019s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">. Cool summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">advance and warm summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW176016807 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3540\" style=\"width: 412px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-855\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\" alt=\"Water-filled valley with steep side walls.\" width=\"412\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg 512w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-65x97.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-225x335.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-350x522.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fjord<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">If\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">a handful of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warmer summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">retreat, then <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">decades and centuries\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">will accelerate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">al\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"> even faster<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lobal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to human<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0burning\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3336\">fossil fuels<\/a><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">causing the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lose\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">in years, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">an amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">mass<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">that would normally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">take<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. Current g<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">contributing <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to rising sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">faster <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">expected based on previous history.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210115115 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">As<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> melt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0during global<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0warming<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">they become thinner or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">deflate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">edges of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">break off\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and fall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">to the ocean,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0a process called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2474\">calving<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">, becoming floating icebergs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3217\">fjord<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">steep-walled valley flooded with sea water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">The narrow shape of a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3217\">fjord<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">has been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">carved out by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> during a cooler <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2192\">period<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">. During a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">warming trend<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> meltwater <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">may\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">raise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3217\">fjords<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">former<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">ly dry\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">valleys <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[<\/span>8,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">9]<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">retreat and deflation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">well illustrated in the 2009 TED Talk by James Balog.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 640\">\n<div style=\"height: 0;padding-bottom: 56%\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"James Balog: Time-lapse proof of extreme ice loss\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.ted.com\/talks\/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4777\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4777\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-856\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png 1148w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4777\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-96\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-96\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"96\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.3 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4768\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4768\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-857\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.3 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4 Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Both alpine and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">two categories<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">\u00a0of landforms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\"> erosional and depositional<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Erosional landforms are formed by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the removal of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">material.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Depositional landforms are formed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">addition of material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Because <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> were first studied by 18th and 19th century geologists in Europe, the terminology applied to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> features contains many terms derived from European languages.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.1 Erosional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">rosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0are created when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">masses of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW174047054\">slide\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"> over <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> ice contains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">large amounts of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">poorly sorted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">sand, gravel, and boulders<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">that have been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">plucked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and pried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">As t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> slide across the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a>, they <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind these\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediments<\/a> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">fin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">powder<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0called <strong>rock flour<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. Rock flour\u00a0acts\u00a0as fine grit\u00a0that polishes\u00a0the surface of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a>\u00a0to a smooth finish\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2476\">glacial polish<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">Larger roc<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">k fragments scrape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> over the surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> creating elongated grooves called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2475\">glacial striations<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3541\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Shiny, reflective rock with aligned grooves.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A polished and striated rock in Yosemite.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3542\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3542\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-859\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Smoothed polished rock with grooves abraded into them. All of the groves are aligned in the same direction.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3542\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacial striations in Mt. Rainier National Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">lpine <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">produce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0a variety\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">, such as U-shaped valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2477\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">ar\u00eate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">cirque<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">tarn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2479\">horns<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2480\">cols<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2481\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">hanging valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2482\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">truncated spur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">-carved canyons have a V-shaped profile when viewed in cross-section. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">Glacial erosion transforms <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">former\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">V-shaped stream valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0into a U-shaped on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a> are typically wider than\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">streams<\/a>\u00a0of similar length<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span> and since <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> tend to erode both at their bases and their sides, they erode<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>V-shaped valleys\u00a0into\u00a0relatively flat-bottomed\u00a0broad valleys with<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>steep sides and a distinctive <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201c<\/span>U<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201d<\/span>\u00a0shape. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">As seen in the images<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Little Cottonwood Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah was occupied by an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">Ice Age<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> that extended down to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2698\">mouth<\/a> of the canyon and into Lake Bonneville<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Today, that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">U-shaped valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">hosts <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">many erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"> including<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">polished and striated rock surfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon to the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">north of Little Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">retained the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0V-shape in its lower p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">, indicating that its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">did not extend clear to its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2698\">mouth<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">but was confined to its upper p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW38439977 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3543\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-860 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A valley with a u shape that shows steep cliffs on the sides and a wide-flat bottom\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U-shape of the Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, as it enters into the Salt Lake Valley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3544\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3544\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-861 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Big Cottonwood Canyon showing V-shape of river carving\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3544\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">V-shaped Big Cottonwood Canyon, carved by river.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4796\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4796\" style=\"width: 413px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-862\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif\" alt=\"By Cecilia Bernal (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"413\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-65x43.gif 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-225x150.gif 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-350x233.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4796\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Formation of a glacial valley. Glaciers change the shape of the valley from a &#8220;V&#8221; shape to a &#8220;U&#8221;.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> carve\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">two U-shaped valleys\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">adjacent to each other, the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">between them <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">tends to be sharpened into a sawtooth feature <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">called an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2477\">ar\u00eate<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> At the head of a glacially carved valley is a bowl-shaped feature called a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirque<\/a>.<\/b> The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirque<\/a> represents<b>\u00a0<\/b>where the head of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> eroded the mountain by plucking rock away from it and the weight of the thick ice eroded out a bowl. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">After the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">is gone, the bowl at the bottom of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirque<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">often\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">fil<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">s with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2707\">precipitation<\/a> and is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">occupied by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0a lake<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0called a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><strong>tarn<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">three or more mountain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">erode h<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">eadward<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> at their <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirques<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">they<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">produce<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2479\">horns<\/a>,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">steep-sided, spire-shaped mountains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low points along <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2477\">ar\u00eates<\/a> or between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2479\">horns<\/a> are mountain passes termed <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2480\">cols<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Where a smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2696\">tributary<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> flows into a larger trunk glacier, the smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> cuts down less. Once the ice has gone, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2696\">tributary<\/a> valley is left as a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2481\">hanging valley<\/a><\/b>, sometimes with a waterfall<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> plung<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ing into the main valley<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the trunk <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> straightens and widens a V-shaped valley and erodes the ends of side ridges<\/span>,<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a steep triangle-shaped cliff is formed called a <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2482\">truncated spur<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3545\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-863\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A circular area near the top of a mountain that looks as if it had been scooped out.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque with Upper Thornton Lake in the North Cascades National Park, Washington. Photo by Walter Siegmund.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3546\" style=\"width: 176px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-864\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg\" alt=\"A large and very pointy (almost pyramid-like) mountain\" width=\"176\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg 264w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-65x74.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-225x255.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-350x397.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg 504w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 176px) 100vw, 176px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a horn, Kinnerly Peak, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photo by USGS.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3547\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3547\" style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-865\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"U-shaped valley feeding into another, lower u-shaped valley. A waterfall forms where the higher valley meet the lower valley.\" width=\"154\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-65x84.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-225x292.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-350x454.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg 508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, is a good example of a hanging valley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width: 500\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4770\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4770\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.2 Depositional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3548\" style=\"width: 390px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Very large boulder, dark in color, with smaller boulders &quot;floating&quot; inside of it.\" width=\"390\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-225x157.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-350x245.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg 739w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, Antelope Island, Utah, United States.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">epositional land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">forms and materials<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">re\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">produced from deposits <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">left behind\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">a retreating\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">. All <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> deposits are called drift. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2483\">tillites<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2911\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">diamictite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1685\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">terminal moraine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1686\">recessional moraines<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1687\">lateral moraines<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1688\">medial moraines<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1689\">ground moraines<\/a>,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">silt, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1690\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">outwash plain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1691\">erratics<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1692\">kettles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1692\">kettle<\/a> lak<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">es,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">cr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">vasse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1694\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">esker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">kames<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1695\">drumlins<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> ice carries <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a lot of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">, which when <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">deposited <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">by a melting<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">Till<\/a> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">poorly sorted with grain sizes ranging from clay and silt to pebbles and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW103962435 BCX0\">boulders. These clasts may be<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0striated<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">Many <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">depositional landforms <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2831\">composed<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">The term <strong>t<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">illite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> refers to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">ithified rock<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> having\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">origin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">Diamicti<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">refer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">lithified rock that contains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">wide range of clast sizes; this includes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a> but <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2644\">objective<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">and descriptive term for any rock with a wide range of clast sizes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103962435 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">s are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">mounded deposits consistin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">g <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">carried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">rock fragments <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">dislodged <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3110\">mass wasting<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">from the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">U-shaped\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"> walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">acts like\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW116743166 BCX0\">a conveyor belt, carrying<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and depositing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediment<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at the end\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">along the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">sides of the<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">. Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">in the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">is always flowing downslope,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">all <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraines<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">build up <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">their terminus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">, even those <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">not <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">advanc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s are classified by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">their\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">location<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> with respect to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1685\">terminal moraine<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">at the end or <strong>terminus<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">ecessional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraines<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">left as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> retreat and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> there are pauses in the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">Lateral m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraines<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> accumulate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0along the side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">material mass wasted <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">from<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">the valley walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. When two <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2696\">tributary<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">merge, the two<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1687\">lateral moraines<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">combine to form a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1688\">medial moraine<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> running down the center of the combined g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">lacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> G<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">round <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraine<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a veneer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> left<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> on the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">as the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> melts<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100777196 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3549\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-868\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg\" alt=\"Large linear hills composed of till, aligned with the &quot;U&quot; shaped mouths of canyons.\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-1024x484.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-768x363.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-1536x727.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-65x31.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-225x106.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-350x166.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg 1917w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lateral moraines of Little Cottonwood and Bell canyons, Utah.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3550\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3550\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Thick lines of sediment in the middle of the glacial ice.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medial moraines where tributary glaciers meet. At least seven tributary glaciers from upstream have joined to form the trunk glacier flowing on out of the upper left of the picture.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraines<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">leave behind other depositional landforms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Silt, sand, and gravel produced by t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he intense grinding process\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are carried by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">treams\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of water <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in front of the glacier in an area called the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1690\">outwash plain<\/a><\/strong>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Retreating <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may leave behind large boulders <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that do<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0match the local\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hese are called\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1691\">erratics<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0When\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">retreat<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they can leave behind <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">large blocks of ice <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These ice blocks melt\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">create a depression\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1692\">kettle<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the depression <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">later<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">fill<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with water, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it is called\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1693\">kettle lake<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If m<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eltwater\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flowing over <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">surface <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">descends into\u00a0cr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">vasses<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may find a channel and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">continue<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flow\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sinuous\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">channels <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">at\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the base of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ithin or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">under\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">streams<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0carry\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When the ice recedes,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> accumulated <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is deposited as a long sinuous ridge known as an <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1694\">esker<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Meltwater descending down through the ice or over the margins of the ice may <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mound<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a> in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hills\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0<\/span><strong>kames<\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1695\">Drumlins<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">ommon in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">areas of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">Germany,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">New York<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">and Wisconsin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">, where they typically are found in fields with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">great numbers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1695\">drumlin<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">is an elongated asymmetrical teardrop-shaped hill reflecting ice movement with its steepest side pointing upstream to the flow of ice and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">streamlined<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> or <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">angle<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> pointing downstream in the direction of ice movement.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140630491 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3551\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-870\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.\" width=\"398\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-1024x657.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-768x493.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-1536x985.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-65x42.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-225x144.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany-350x224.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> scientists <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">debate the origins of d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">rumlin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> A leading idea is that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1695\">drumlins<\/a> are created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">accumulated <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">being <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed and sculpted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> that retreated then advanced again over its own ground moraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">. Another idea is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">meltwater\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">catastrophically\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">glacier<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> and carved the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a> into these streamlined mounds. Still another <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">proposes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">the weight of the overlying<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> statically defor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">med the underlying <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">12,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">13].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177843550 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-97\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-97\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"97\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.4_Glacial Depositional Features\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4771\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4771\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-871\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4771\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.3 Glacial Lakes<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3553\" style=\"width: 291px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-872\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mountainous area with a circular bowl filled with a lake.\" width=\"291\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-65x73.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-225x251.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-350x391.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarn in a cirque.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">akes are common<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">found\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">in alpine<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">environments. A lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">confined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">within <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirque<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">called <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">forms when the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0depression in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirque<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">fills with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">precipita<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tion after the ice is gone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Examples\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">of tarns\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Silver Lake near Brighton Ski resort<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"> in <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">, Utah<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Avalanche Lake in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">National Park<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Montana<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3554\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3554\" style=\"width: 392px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-873\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg\" alt=\"Paternoster lakes\" width=\"392\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-1024x851.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-768x638.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-65x54.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-225x187.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes-350x291.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg 1103w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paternoster lakes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">When <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">ecessional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraines<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">create a series of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">isolate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">basins in a glaciated valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">resulting <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">chain of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1696\">paternoster lakes<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lakes filled by glacial meltwater often looks milky due to finely ground material called rock flour suspended in the water.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3555\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-874\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York\" width=\"386\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-1024x758.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-768x568.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-65x48.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-225x167.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-350x259.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ong<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0glacially carved depressions\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">filled with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">water\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are known as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1697\">finger lakes<\/a>.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1698\">Proglacial lakes<\/a><\/strong> form along the edges of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">all the largest\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a>, such as Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2580\">crust<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">depressed\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">isostatically by the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">overlying <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">these\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">basins fill with<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">meltwater<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many such lakes, some of them huge, existed at various times along the southern edge of the Laurentide<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">Ice Sheet<\/a>.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Agassiz<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Manitoba,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Canada,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0is a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">classic<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">example of a\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1698\">proglacial lake<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Winnipeg serv<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as the remnant of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a much larger\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">proglacial<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lake.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3556\" style=\"width: 629px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Agassiz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing a large lake covering the central part of Canada.\" width=\"629\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz.jpg 629w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz-225x172.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Agassiz-350x267.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extent of Lake Agassiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1698\">proglacial lakes<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed when<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dammed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">rivers<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> and flooded\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">river<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">classic example is<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Missoula,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a lobe of the Laurentide ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">sheet blocked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Clark Fork<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">River<\/a> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">about 18,000 years ago. Over about 2000 years th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">e ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">holding back Lake Missoula failed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0several times<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">During each breach, the lake emptied across parts of eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">into the Columbia <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">River<\/a> Valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">eventually\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Pacific Ocea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. After each breach, t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">he dam reformed and the lake refilled. Each breach produced a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">catastrophic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">over a few days<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Scientists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">estimate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">this\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">ice dam,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1698\">proglacial lake<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">torrential <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1933\">massive<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">flooding happened at least 25 times over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">span<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> of 20 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. The <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rate of each <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">outflow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">is believed to have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">equaled <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Earth\u2019s current<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">rivers<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122677941 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3557\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-876 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Channeled Scablands showing hhuge putholes and erided surface\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-350x231.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg 1509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of Channeled Scablands in eastern Washington showing huge potholes and massive erosion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The landscape produced by these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1933\">massive<\/a> floods is preserved in the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3558\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3558\" style=\"width: 827px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-877\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the western United States during the Pleistocene showing several large lakes, one of the more notable is Lake Bonneville, which drained northwest to the Pacific ocean.\" width=\"827\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png 558w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-65x56.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-225x194.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-350x301.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluvial lakes in the western United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1699\">Pluvial lakes<\/a> form in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">humid <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">environments that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">experience<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">low temperatures and high <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2707\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">During the last<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a>, most of the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u2019 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">er<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> and more humid than today<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Under these low-evaporation conditions, m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">any large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1699\">pluvial lakes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">formed in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">basins of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Province<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Two of the largest<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">were<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan was<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0in northwestern Nevada.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The figure illustrates the tremendous size of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, which occupied <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">much of western Utah and into eastern Nevada<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">fluctuated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">greatly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">over the centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">leaving several pronounced\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">shorelines<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">marked by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">wave-cut <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3162\">terraces<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">. The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0old shorelines<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">can be seen on mountain slopes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">throughout\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">western\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">portion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Utah<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Salt Lake Valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, indicating that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the now heavily urbanized valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">was once filled with hundreds of feet of water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">&#8216;s<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level peaked around 18,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ago<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> when a breach occurred at <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Red Rock Pass\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Idaho <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span>spilled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0into the Snake<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The flooding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rapidly lowered the lake level and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scoured <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Idaho\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scape across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Pocatello\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">V<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">alley,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Snake <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">River<\/a> Plain, and Twin <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">Falls<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0The flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">waters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ultimately <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">flowed into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Columbia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">across\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">part of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the scablands area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> at an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">incredible<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rate\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">about\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">4,750\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cu\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">km<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW212414377 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">1,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">40\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><strong>cu<\/strong> <strong>m<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">For comparison, this <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3136\">discharge<\/a> rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">would <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">drain the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">volume of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Michigan<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">completely dry <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">within\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">a few\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">days.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3559\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3559\" style=\"width: 395px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/The-great-lakes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-878\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"The five grteat lakes occupy basins left by the ice sheet in the Ice Age.\" width=\"395\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-65x38.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-225x132.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes-350x205.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-great-lakes.jpg 1183w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3559\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The great lakes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">five\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">reat\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">akes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">North America<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">upper Midwest<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">proglacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0lakes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0during\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">he last <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">ice age<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">basins were<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">carved by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">encroaching <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheet<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">. The basins were later e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">xposed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">as the ice retreated about 14,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0and filled by precipitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">io<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-98\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-98\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"98\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.4 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4769\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4769\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-879\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.4 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5 Ice Age Glaciations<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a> <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">ice age<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0occurs when the Earth\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">becomes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">cold enough that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">expand, covering large areas of land. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">our major<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0well<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">documented<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciations<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">have occurred\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">in Earth\u2019s history:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">one\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">during the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2205\">Archean<\/a>-early<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2209\">Proterozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2190\">Eon<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.5 billion years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">late<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2209\">Proterozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2190\">Eon<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">700 million\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Pennsylvanian<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">323 to 300 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">most recent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ly during the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> Pliocene-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2193\">epochs<\/a> starting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> million years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW139904772 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Some scientists also recogni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ze a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0minor<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">around 440 million years ago in Africa<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The best<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">studied<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">is, of course, the most recent.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">This\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink BCX0 SCXW73716761\" href=\"http:\/\/xkcd.com\/1732\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">infographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">illustrates the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">changes over the last 20,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0ending with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">those caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">human\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0since the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Pliocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">was <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">a series of several<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">cycles,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">possibly 18<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> in total<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Antarctic ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2589\">core<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">record<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">s exhibit\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">especially strong evidence\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">for eight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">advances\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">occurring\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">within the last 420,000 years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">16]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The last of these<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">known in popular media as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">Ice Age<\/a>,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> but <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">geologists\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">refer to it as the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> advance<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> reached its maximum between 26,500<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">10,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">17]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.1 Causes of Glaciations<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">laciations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">occur<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">both long-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0and short<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term factors.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">In the geologic sense, long-term means a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">scale of tens<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to hundred<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">millions of years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> and short-term means a scale of hundreds<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to thousands of<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">year<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ong-term causes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2576\">plate tectonics<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">breaking up the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2623\">supercontinents<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256485117 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%2226_The_Wilson_Cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Wilson Cycle, Chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">),<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">moving land masses<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to high latitudes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">near\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">the north or south\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">pol<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">chang<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> ocean circulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">For exa<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">mple, the closing of the Panama Strait and isolation of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">may have triggered a change in prec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ipitation cycles, which combined with a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">cooling\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">help expand the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3560\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-880 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg\" alt=\"Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-768x466.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-65x39.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-225x137.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-350x213.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg 978w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">hort-term causes of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">fluctuations are attributed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the cycles\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">rotational<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1456\">axis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">variations in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">earth\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">orbit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">around the Sun which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> the distance between <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth and the Sun<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">. C<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">alled\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1701\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a>, these cycles <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">incoming solar radiation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> short-term cycles of warming and cooling<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">uring the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1441\">Cenozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ra<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">carbon dioxide levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">steadily decreased from a maximum in the Paleocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">causing <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">gradual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">. By the Pliocene, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> began to form. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">effects of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1701\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">created <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cycles of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">warming and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cooling<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">within the larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciation<\/a> event. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1701\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">are three orbital changes named after the Serbian\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">astronomer Milutan Milankovitch. The three orbital changes are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1702\">precession<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1703\">obliquity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1704\">eccentricity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">recession\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the wobbling of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1456\">axis<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2192\">period<\/a> of about 21,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1703\">obliquity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is changes in <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the angle of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1456\">axis<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2192\">period<\/a> of about 41,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1704\">eccentricity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">variations <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Earth\u2019s orbit around the sun leading to changes in distance from the sun <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2192\">period<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0of 93,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">19].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">orbital changes created\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">41,000<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">year<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-long<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a>&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3321\">interglacial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Milankovitch Cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">2.5 to 1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, followed by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">another\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">longer cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">100,000 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">years <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">to today (see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milankovitch_cycles\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-99\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-99\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"99\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Milankovitch Cycles\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4773\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4773\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-881\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4773\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">Watch the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">video\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">to see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">summari<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">es<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">ice ages<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">their characteristics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0and causes.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153085562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4776\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-882\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Ice Ages &amp; Climate Cycles\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yNiMhjPHPu0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.2 Sea-Level Change and Isostatic Rebound<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hen<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melt and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0two things happen<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">water runs off into the ocean\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">causing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">evel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s to rise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0worldwide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">land, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">released from its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">heavy\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">covering of ice, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">rises <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ince the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">aximum about 19,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0ha<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0risen about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">125 m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">400 f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">A <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change in sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1705\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">During\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a warming trend, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due to more water being added to the ocean and also thermal<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0expansion<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> of sea water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">About half of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">Eart<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">h&#8217;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1705\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level rise during the last c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ntury has been the result of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0and about half due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">thermal expansion<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[<\/span>21,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hermal expansion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">describes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a solid, liquid, or gas expands in volume\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">with an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">increase in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2689\">temperature<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">. T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">his<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW53103755 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QNoE5IoRheQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">30 second video<\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">demonstrat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0thermal expansion with the classic brass ball and ring<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2653\">experiment<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4774\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4774\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-883\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4774\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Ball and Ring: Rate of Expansion and Contraction\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QNoE5IoRheQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">Relative\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0includes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">vertical movement of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">both <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1705\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">continents on tectonic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2591\">plates<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">. In oth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">er words, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change is measure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative to<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"> elevation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">For example, i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">f the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land rises a lot and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">only\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">a little<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">then\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level would appear to d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">rop<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186787110 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Continents sitting on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2590\">lithosphere<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">move vertically\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a result of two main processes,\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2576\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0uplift<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a>.\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2576\">Tectonic<\/a>\u00a0uplift occurs\u00a0when\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2576\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2591\">plates<\/a>\u00a0collide\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">see\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%22232_Collisions\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chapter 2<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Isosta<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tic rebound <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describes the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">movement of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lithospher<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2580\">crust<\/a> sitting on top of the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">asthenospheric<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0layer below it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">Continental<\/a> c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">earing\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the weight of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a> ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0sinks into\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2593\">asthenosphere<\/a> displacing it<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheet<\/a> melts away, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2593\">asthenosphere<\/a> flows back in and continental c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">floats<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> back upward<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2677\">Erosion<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also create <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> by removing large masses like mountains<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and transporting the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediment<\/a> away (think of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1432\">Mesozoic<\/a> removal of the Alleghanian Mountains and the uplift of the Appalachian plateau; <a href=\"https:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\">Chapter 8<\/a>)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, alb<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this process occurs more<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> slowly than<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0relatively rapid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> melting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW93511452 BCX0\">Th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">e isostatic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">rebound<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\"> map below shows rates of vertical crustal movement worldwide.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">he <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">highest re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">bound rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">is indicated by the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">blue-to-purp<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">le\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">zones (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">top<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0end of the scale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">The orange<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-to-red zones\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">(bottom end of the scale)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">surrounding the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">high-rebound zones indicate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">isostatic lowering as adjustments in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">displaced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">subcrustal material <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">have taken place<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93511452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3561\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3561\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-884\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\" alt=\"Rate of lithospheric uplift due to Postglacial Rebound, as modelled by Paulson, A\" width=\"512\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png 512w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-225x174.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-350x271.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rate of isostatic rebound.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">is occurring where<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0continental ice sheets rapidly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">melted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">such as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Canada and Scandinavia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">. Its effects can be seen\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">wherever<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">Ice Age<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice or water bodies\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">are or were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">present on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">surfaces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">terraces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">on <\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3134\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">river<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">floodplains that cross these areas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">Isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">occurred in Utah when the water from Lake Bonneville\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">drained\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">away <span data-contrast=\"auto\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0North America&#8217;s Great Lakes also exhibit e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">mergent <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2890\">coastline<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">features<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1707\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">since the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">retreated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170198648 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-100\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-100\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"100\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.5 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4772\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4772\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-885\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4772\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a> form when average annual snowfall exceeds melting and snow compresses into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> ice. There are three types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a>, alpine or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2466\">valley glaciers<\/a> that occupy valleys, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> that cover <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2575\">continental<\/a> areas, and ice caps that cover smaller areas usually at higher elevations. As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downslope and outward under its own weight.\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> ice is divided into two zones, the upper rigid or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2583\">brittle<\/a> zone where the ice cracks into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2469\">crevasses<\/a> and the lower plastic zone where under the pressure of overlying ice, the ice bends and flows exhibiting <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2582\">ductile<\/a> behavior. Rock material that <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2671\">falls<\/a> onto the ice by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3110\">mass wasting<\/a> or is plucked and carried by the ice is called <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraine<\/a> and acts as grinding agents against the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a> creating significant <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2677\">erosion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a> have a budget of income and expense. The zone of income for the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> is called the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2471\">Zone of Accumulation<\/a>, where snow is converted into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2468\">firn<\/a> then ice by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1446\">compression<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2920\">recrystallization<\/a>, and the zone of expense called the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2472\">Zone of Ablation<\/a>, where ice melts or sublimes away. The line separating these two zones latest in the year is the Equilibrium or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2468\">Firn<\/a> Line and can be seen on the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> separating bare ice from snow covered ice. If the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2470\">glacial budget<\/a> is balanced, even though the ice continues to flow downslope, the end or terminus of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> remains in a stable position. If income is greater than expense, the position of the terminus moves downslope. If expense is greater than income, a circumstance now affecting <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> worldwide due to global warming, the terminus recedes. If this situation continues, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> will disappear. An average of cooler summers affects the stability or growth of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glaciers<\/a> more than higher snowfall. As the Greenland and Antarctic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheets<\/a> flow seaward, the edges calve off forming icebergs.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">Glaciers<\/a> create two kinds of landforms, erosional and depositional. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2465\">Alpine glaciers<\/a> carve U-shaped valleys and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraine<\/a>\u00a0carried in the ice polishes and grooves or striates the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1971\">bedrock<\/a>. Other landscape features produced by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2677\">erosion<\/a> include <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2479\">horns<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2477\">ar\u00eate<\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ridges, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">cirques<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2481\">hanging valleys<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2480\">cols<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2482\">truncated spurs<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2478\">Cirques<\/a> may contain eroded basins that are occupied by post <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> lakes called tarns. Depositional features result from deposits left by retreating ice called drift. These include <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2912\">till<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1684\">moraine<\/a> deposits (terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground), <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1694\">eskers<\/a>, kames, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1692\">kettles<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1693\">kettle lakes<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1691\">erratics<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1695\">drumlins<\/a>. A series of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1686\">recessional moraines<\/a> in glaciated valleys may create basins that are later filled with water to become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1696\">paternoster<\/a> lakes. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> meltwater carries fine grained <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2678\">sediment<\/a> onto the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1690\">outwash plain<\/a>. Lakes containing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">glacial<\/a> meltwater are milky in color from suspended finely ground rock flour. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">Ice Age<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> was more humid and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2707\">precipitation<\/a> that did not become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2464\">glacier<\/a> ice filled regional depressions to become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1699\">pluvial lakes<\/a>. Examples of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1699\">pluvial lakes<\/a> include Lake Missoula dammed behind an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2467\">ice sheet<\/a> lobe and Lake Bonneville in Utah whose <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3195\">shoreline<\/a> remnants can be seen on mountainsides. Repeated breaching of the ice lobe allowed Lake Missoula to rapidly drain causing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1933\">massive<\/a> floods that scoured the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-101\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-101\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"101\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 14 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4775\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4775\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-886\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4775\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 14 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Allen, P.A., and Etienne, J.L., 2008, Sedimentary challenge to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1718\">Snowball Earth<\/a>: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 12, p. 817\u2013825.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Berner, R.A., 1998, The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2217\">Phanerozoic<\/a> time: the role of land plants: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., v. 353, no. 1365, p. 75\u201382.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cunningham, W.L., Leventer, A., Andrews, J.T., Jennings, A.E., and Licht, K.J., 1999, Late Pleistocene\u2013<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1444\">Holocene<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2883\">marine<\/a> conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: evidence from the diatom record: The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1444\">Holocene<\/a>, v. 9, no. 2, p. 129\u2013139.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Deynoux, M., Miller, J.M.G., and Domack, E.W., 2004, Earth\u2019s <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2910\">Glacial<\/a> Record: World and Regional Geology, Cambridge University Press, World and Regional Geology.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Eyles, N., and Januszczak, N., 2004, \u201cZipper-<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2624\">rift<\/a>\u201d: a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2576\">tectonic<\/a> model for Neoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">glaciations<\/a> during the breakup of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2211\">Rodinia<\/a> after 750 Ma: Earth-Sci. Rev.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Francey, R.J., Allison, C.E., Etheridge, D.M., Trudinger, C.M., and others, 1999, A 1000\u2010year high precision record of \u03b413C in atmospheric CO2: Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gutro, R., 2005, NASA &#8211; What\u2019s the Difference Between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1709\">Weather<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">Climate<\/a>? Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., and Schrag, D.P., 1998, A neoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1718\">snowball earth<\/a>: Science, v. 281, no. 5381, p. 1342\u20131346.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A., and Nash, C.Z., 2005, The Paleoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1718\">snowball Earth<\/a>: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 102, no. 32, p. 11131\u201311136.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lean, J., Beer, J., and Bradley, R., 1995, Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> cbange: Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, no. 23, p. 3195\u20133198.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., and Broccoli, A.J., 2001, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1717\">Anthropogenic<\/a> warming of Earth\u2019s <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2664\">system<\/a>: Science, v. 292, no. 5515, p. 267\u2013270.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lindsey, R., 2009, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">Climate<\/a> and Earth\u2019s Energy Budget\u202f: Feature Articles: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\">http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013a, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2831\">Composition<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2667\">Atmosphere<\/a>:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013b, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2831\">Composition<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2667\">Atmosphere<\/a>: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition\">http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oreskes, N., 2004, The scientific consensus on <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> change: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1686\u20131686.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., and others, 2014, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">Climate<\/a> Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">Climate<\/a> Change (R. K. Pachauri &amp; L. Meyer, Eds.): Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 151 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Santer, B.D., Mears, C., Wentz, F.J., Taylor, K.E., Gleckler, P.J., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P., Boyle, J.S., Br\u00fcggemann, W., Gillett, N.P., Klein, S.A., Meehl, G.A., Nozawa, T., Pierce, D.W., and others, 2007, Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 104, no. 39, p. 15248\u201315253.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., 1992, Late <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2209\">Proterozoic<\/a> Low-<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_3372\">Latitude<\/a> Global <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1700\">Glaciation<\/a>: the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1718\">Snowball Earth<\/a>, <i>in<\/i> Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., editors, The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2209\">Proterozoic<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2669\">biosphere\u202f<\/a>: a multidisciplinary study: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 51\u201352.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Webb, T., and Thompson, W., 1986, Is vegetation in equilibrium with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a>? How to interpret late-<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1443\">Quaternary<\/a> pollen data: Vegetatio, v. 67, no. 2, p. 75\u201391.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Weissert, H., 2000, Deciphering methane\u2019s fingerprint: Nature, v. 406, no. 6794, p. 356\u2013357.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Whitlock, C., and Bartlein, P.J., 1997, Vegetation and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr: Nature, v. 388, no. 6637, p. 57\u201361.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Wolpert, S., 2009, New NASA <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_2689\">temperature<\/a> maps provide a \u2018whole new way of seeing the moon\u2019: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070\">http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070<\/a>, accessed February 2017.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_887_1710\">climate<\/a> 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, no. 5517, p. 686\u2013693.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_887_2464\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2464\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A body of ice that moves downhill under its own mass.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2470\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2470\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The net gain or loss of ice within a glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2910\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2910\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Deposition and erosion tied to glacier movement.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1700\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1700\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A period of cooler temperatures on Earth in which ice sheets can grow on continents.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1710\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1710\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Long term averages and variations within the conditions of the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1707\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1707\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An upwards movement of the lithosphere when weight is removed, such as water or ice.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2668\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2668\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The part of the hydrosphere (water) that is frozen, found mainly at the poles.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2666\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2666\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The water part of the Earth, as a solid, liquid, or gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2703\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2703\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Two or more atoms or ions that are connected chemically.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2468\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2468\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Snow which has been compressed, and is starting to turn into ice.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3342\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3342\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A geologic circumstance (such as a fold, fault, change in lithology, etc.) which allows petroleum resources to collect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2667\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2667\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The gases that are part of the Earth, which are mainly nitrogen and oxygen.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2831\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2831\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The mineral make up of a rock, i.e. which minerals are found within a rock.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2466\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2466\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An alpine glacier that fills a mountain valley.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2467\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2467\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Thick glaciers that cover continents during ice ages.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2465\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2465\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Glaciers that form in cool or mountainous areas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2707\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2707\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of a solid coming out of solution, typically resulting from a drop in temperature or a decrease of the dissolving material.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2575\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2575\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The layers of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that form the continents. Continental crust is much thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is defined as having higher concentrations of&nbsp;very light elements like K, Na, and Ca, and is the lowest density rocky layer of Earth. Its average composition is similar to granite.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1971\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1971\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Term for the underlying lithified rocks that make up the geologic record in an area. This term can sometimes refer to only the deeper, crystalline (non-layered) rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1460\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1460\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock up-warping of symmetrical anticlines.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2583\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2583\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A property of solids in which a force applied to an object causes the object to fracture, break, or snap. Most rocks, at low temperatures, are brittle.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2469\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2469\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Cracks that form with glacial movement in the upper, brittle part of the glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2678\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2678\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Pieces of rock that have been weathered and possibly eroded.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2677\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2677\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The transport and movement of weathered sediments.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2471\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2471\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Part of a glacier in which there is a net gain over the course of a year.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2473\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2473\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The line between the zone of accumulation and the&nbsp;zone of ablation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3094\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3094\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Waves that bounce off of a boundary between mediums of different properties.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3336\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3336\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Energy resources (typically hydrocarbons) derived from ancient chemical energy preserved in the geologic record. Includes coal, oil, and natural gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2474\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2474\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A process where ice from the ends of glaciers falls off into the ocean.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3217\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3217\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Glacial valley filled by ocean water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2192\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2192\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The third largest span of time recognized by geologists; smaller than a era, larger than a epoch. We are currently in the Quaternary period. Rocks of a specific period are called systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2476\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2476\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Smooth surface carved in harder rocks by glacial action.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2475\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2475\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Groves scratched in rock by glacial action.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2477\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2477\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A ridge that is carved between two glacial valleys.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2478\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2478\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Glacially-carved, bowl-shaped valley.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2479\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2479\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Steep spire carved by several glaciers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2480\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2480\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Low point within an&nbsp;ar\u00eate.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2481\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2481\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A feature formed by a tributary glacier going into a main glacier, forming a tributary valley floor higher in elevation than the main valley floor.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2482\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2482\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An eroded&nbsp;ar\u00eate that forms a triangular shape.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3134\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3134\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A channelled body of water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2698\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2698\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The end of a river out of which water flows into a sea or other large body of water.<\/p>\n<p>Source:&nbsp;https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/mouth<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2696\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2696\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A natural water stream that flows into a larger river or other body of water.<\/p>\n<p>Source:&nbsp;https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/tributary<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2912\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2912\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>General term for very poorly sorted sediment that is of glacial origin.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2483\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2483\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Term for a rock made definitively of glacial till.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2911\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2911\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A sedimentary rock containing two distinct grain sizes, typically cobbles (or larger) mixed with mud.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1685\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1685\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Moraine that forms at the end of a glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1686\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1686\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A terminal moraine that forms as a glacier melts.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1687\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1687\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Moraines that form at the sides of glaciers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1688\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1688\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A place where two or more glaciers combine, and the lateral moraines combine to form a moraine within the glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1689\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1689\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Moraine that forms beneath a glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1690\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1690\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Accumulation of fine-grained sediment formed downhill of the terminal moraine.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1691\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1691\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Large sediment (e.g. boulder) carried and then dropped by a glacier.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1692\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1692\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Depression formed by ice resting in sediment, then preserved after the ice melts and the sediment lithifies.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1694\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1694\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Ridge of sediment that forms under a glacier by meltwater which forms a river.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1695\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1695\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Ridge of sediment that forms under a glacier, with a steep uphill (with respect to the glacier) side and gentle downhill side.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2644\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2644\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An observation that is completely free of bias, i.e. anyone and everyone would make the same observation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3110\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3110\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Any downhill movement of material, caused by gravity.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1684\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1684\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Accumulation of sediment at the margins of glaciers, including the base, sides, and end.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1693\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1693\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lake that forms in a kettle.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1696\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1696\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Series of lakes between moraines within an alpine glacier basin, typically a cirque.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1697\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1697\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lake that fills a glacial valley.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1698\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1698\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lake that forms next to a glacier because of crustal loading.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2580\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2580\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The outermost chemical layer of the Earth, defined by its low density and higher concentrations of lighter elements. The crust has two types: <strong>continental<\/strong>, which is the thick, more ductile, and lowest density, and <strong>oceanic<\/strong>, which is higher density, more brittle, and thinner.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1933\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1933\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A feature with no internal structure, habit, or layering.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3136\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3136\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Amount of water that leaves a system, such as a river or aquifer.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1699\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1699\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lakes that form via increased precipitation with glacial climate shifts.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2462\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2462\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Term for the extensional tectonic province that extends from California's Sierra Nevada Mountains in the west, to Utah's Wasatch Mountains to the east, to southern Oregon and Idaho to the north, to northern Mexico to the south. Known as a wide rift, as each graben 'basin,' bounded by horst 'ranges.' Each set of horsts with a graben has some individual extension, adding up to the overall rifting.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3162\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3162\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An elevated erosional surface caused by glacial or fluvial action.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2205\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2205\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Eon defined as the time between 4 billion years ago to 2.5 billion years ago. Most of the oldest rocks on Earth, including large portions of the continents, formed at this time.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2209\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2209\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Meaning \"earlier life,\" the third eon of Earth's history, starting at 2.5 billion years ago and ending at 541 million years ago. Marked by increasing atmospheric oxygen and the supercontinent Rodinia.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2190\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2190\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The largest span of time recognized by geologists, larger than an era. We are currently in the Phanerozoic eon. Rocks of a specific eon are called eonotherms.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2193\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2193\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The second smallest span of time recognized by geologists; smaller than a period, larger than as age. We are currently in the Holocene epoch. Rocks of a specific epoch are called series.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2589\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2589\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The innermost chemical layer of the Earth, made chiefly of iron and nickel. It has both liquid and solid components.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2576\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2576\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The theory that the outer layer of the Earth (the lithosphere) is broken in several plates, and these plates move relative to one another, causing the major topographic features of Earth (e.g. mountains, oceans) and most earthquakes and volcanoes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2623\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2623\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An arrangement of many continental masses collided together into one larger mass. According to the Wilson Cycle, this occurs every half billion years or so.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1456\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1456\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Dividing two-dimensional line between the two sides of a fold.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1701\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1701\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A series of changes to the Earth's orbit which can fluctuate climate.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1441\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1441\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The last (and current) era of the Phanerozoic eon, starting 66 million years ago and spanning through the present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1702\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1702\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Wobbles in the Earth's axis.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1703\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1703\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The angle of the Earth's axis with respect to the plane of rotation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1704\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1704\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of the amount of circular or elliptical nature of the Earth's orbit.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3321\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3321\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Period of warming within a glacial or ice age cycle.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1705\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1705\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An overall global sea level change, either due to climate or seafloor spreading rate.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2689\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2689\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of the vibrational (kinetic) energy of a substance.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2653\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2653\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A test of an idea in which new information can be gathered to either accept or reject a hypothesis.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2591\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2591\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A solid part&nbsp;of the lithosphere which moves as a unit, i.e. the entire plate generally moves the same direction at the same speed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2590\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2590\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The outermost physical layer of the Earth, made of the entire crust and upper mantle. It is brittle and broken into a series of plates, and these plates move in various ways (relative to one another), causing the features of the theory of plate tectonics.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2593\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2593\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A ductile physical layer of the Earth, below the lithosphere. Movement within the asthenosphere is the main driver of plate motion, as the overriding lithosphere is pushed by this.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1432\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1432\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Meaning \"middle life,\" it is the middle era of the Phanerozoic, starting at 252 million years ago and ending 66 million years ago. Known as the Age of Reptiles.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2890\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2890\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The entire area which is related to land-sea interactions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2582\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2582\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A property of a solid, such that when a force is applied, the solid flows, stretches, or bends along with the force, instead of cracking or breaking. For example, many plastics are ductile.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2671\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2671\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of changing rocks on Earth into different forms, namely igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1446\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1446\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Stresses that push objects together into a smaller surface area or volume; contracting forces.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2920\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2920\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of changing a mineral without melting.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2472\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2472\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Part of a glacier which has a net loss of material over the course of a year.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3195\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3195\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The part of the coastline which is directly related to water-land interaction, specifically the tidal zone and the range of wave base.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1718\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1718\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A controversial hypothesis which states the entire ocean froze and continental glaciation covered the planet about 700 million years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2217\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2217\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Meaning \"visible life,\" the most recent eon in Earth's history, starting at 541 million years ago and extending through the present. Known for the diversification and evolution of life, along with the formation of Pangea.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1444\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1444\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The most recent epoch of geologic time, from 11,700 years ago to present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2883\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2883\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Places that are under ocean water at all times.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2624\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2624\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Area of extended continental lithosphere, forming a depression. Rifts can be narrow (focused in one place) or broad (spread out over a large area with&nbsp;many faults).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2211\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2211\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The supercontinent that existed before Pangea, about 1 billion years ago. North America was positioned in the center of the land mass.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1709\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1709\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Current conditions within the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1717\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1717\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Having to do with humans.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2664\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2664\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An interconnected set of parts that combine and make up a whole.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_3372\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_3372\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of degrees north or south from the equator, which has a latitude of 0 degrees.&nbsp; The Earth's north and south poles have latitudes of 90 degrees north and south, respectively.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_2669\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_2669\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The living things that inhabit the Earth.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_887_1443\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_887_1443\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The most recent, and current, period within the Cenozoic era, starting 2.58 million years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":83,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-887","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/887","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/887\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3415,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/887\/revisions\/3415"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/887\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=887"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=887"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}