{"id":763,"date":"2021-12-17T21:52:44","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T21:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/11-water\/"},"modified":"2025-01-21T01:03:29","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T01:03:29","slug":"11-water","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/11-water\/","title":{"raw":"11 Water","rendered":"11 Water"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_3413\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-698 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\"><\/a> Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona.[\/caption]\n<h1>11 Water<\/h1>\n<h4><b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3414\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"364\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-699\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"364\" height=\"273\"><\/a> Example of a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">Describe the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">processes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">\u00a0of the water cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\">Describe [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage[\/pb_glossary] basins, [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watershed[\/pb_glossary] protection, and water budget<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\">Describe reasons for water laws, who controls them, and how water is shared in the western U.S.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\">Describe zone of transport, zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] production, zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary], and equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\">Describe [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] landforms: channel types, [pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]alluvial[\/pb_glossary] fans, floodplains, natural levees, deltas, [pb_glossary id=\"3161\"]entrenched meanders[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]terraces[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\">Describe the properties required for a good [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]; define [pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]confining layer[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\">Describe three major groups of water contamination and three types of [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">Describ<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\"> [pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]karst[\/pb_glossary] topography<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">, how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">created,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">the landforms that characterize it<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All life on Earth requires water. \u00a0The [pb_glossary id=\"2666\"]hydrosphere[\/pb_glossary] (Earth\u2019s water) is an important agent of geologic change. Water shapes our planet by depositing [pb_glossary id=\"2687\"]minerals[\/pb_glossary], aiding [pb_glossary id=\"2682\"]lithification[\/pb_glossary], and altering rocks after they are lithified. Water carried by [pb_glossary id=\"2602\"]subducted[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2581\"]oceanic[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2591\"]plates[\/pb_glossary] causes [pb_glossary id=\"2608\"]flux\u00a0melting[\/pb_glossary] of upper [pb_glossary id=\"2586\"]mantle[\/pb_glossary] material. Water is among the [pb_glossary id=\"2606\"]volatiles[\/pb_glossary] in [pb_glossary id=\"2672\"]magma[\/pb_glossary] and emerges at the surface as steam in [pb_glossary id=\"1181\"]volcanoes[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3415\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"199\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-700\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Mayan stone figure with a long elephant-like nose representing a water deity.\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\"><\/a> Chac mask in Mexico.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humans rely on suitable water sources for consumption, agriculture, power generation, and many other purposes. In pre-industrial civilizations, the powerful controlled water resources <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">1<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">2<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As shown in the figures, two thousand year old Roman aqueducts still grace European, Middle Eastern, and North African skylines<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Ancient Mayan architecture depicts water imagery such as frogs, water-lilies, water fowl to illustrate the importance of water in their societies <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 In the drier lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula, mask facades of the hooked-nosed rain god, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chac <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(or <em>Chaac)<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are prominent on Mayan buildings such as the Kodz Poop (Temple of the Masks, sometimes spelled <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">Coodz<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">\u00a0Poop<\/span><\/span><\/span>) at the ceremonial site of Kabah. To this day government c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ontrolled water continues to be an integral part of most modern societies.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.1 Water Cycle<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3416\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"385\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.2watercycle-page.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-701\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-300x209.jpg\" alt=\"The water cycle.\" width=\"385\" height=\"268\"><\/a> The water cycle.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth's [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]. During circulation, water\u00a0 changes between solid, liquid, and gas (water vapor) and changes location. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">The processes involved\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. Water evaporates when solar energy warms the water sufficiently to excite the water molecules to the point of vaporization. Evaporation occurs from oceans, lakes, and [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0and the land surface. Plants <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">contribute significant amounts of water vapor as a byproduct of photosynthesis called transpiration <\/span><\/span>that occurs through the minute [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] of plant leaves<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">The term\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">[pb_glossary id=\"3126\"]evapotranspiration[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">refers to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">these two sources of water entering the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">[pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0and is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">commonly used by g<\/span><\/span><\/span>eologists.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Water vapor is invisible. Condensation is the process of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">ater vapor\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">transitioning to a liq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">uid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Winds carry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\"> water vapor <\/span><\/span><\/span>in the [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary] long distances. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">vapor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">cools or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">when air masses of different temperatures mix<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\"> water vapor may condense back into droplets of liquid water. <\/span><\/span><\/span>These water droplets usually form around a microscopic piece of dust or salt called condensation nuclei.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> small d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">roplets of liquid\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">suspended in the [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary] become<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> visible <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">a cloud.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">Water droplets inside c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">louds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">collide and stick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0together<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">, growing into larger<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\"> droplets. O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">nce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">droplets\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">become <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">big enough, they fall to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">arth as<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">rain, snow, hail, or sleet.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82462577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] has reached the Earth's surface, it can evaporate or flow as <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> into [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], lakes, and eventually back to the oceans. \u00a0Water in [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] and lakes is called surface water.\u00a0 Or water can also <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> into the [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary] and fill the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pore[\/pb_glossary] spaces in the rock or [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] underground to become <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary] slowly moves through rock and unconsolidated materials. Some [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] may reach the surface again, where it discharges as springs, [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], lakes, and\u00a0 the ocean. Also, surface water in [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] and lakes can [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary] again to [pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]recharge[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0Therefore, the surface water and [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] systems are connected.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4554\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-702\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/al-do-HGuIk[\/embed]\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<i><\/i>[h5p id=\"74\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4536\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-703\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.1 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.2 Water Basins and Budgets<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3417\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"226\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-704\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-300x296.png\" alt=\"Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.\" width=\"226\" height=\"223\"><\/a> Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.[\/caption]\n\nThe basic unit of division of the landscape is the <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage basin[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>, also known as a\u00a0<b>[pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]catchment[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>\u00a0or <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watershed[\/pb_glossary]. It<\/b> is the area of land that captures [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] and contributes [pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary] to a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] segment <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW83290690\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW83290690\">4]<\/span>. <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]Drainage[\/pb_glossary] divides<\/strong> are local topographic high points that separate one [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage basin[\/pb_glossary] from another <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW190510073\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">5<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">]<\/span>. Water that [pb_glossary id=\"3119\"]falls[\/pb_glossary] on one side of the divide goes to one [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], and water that [pb_glossary id=\"3119\"]falls[\/pb_glossary] on the other side of the divide goes to a different [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. Each [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] and streamlet has its own [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage basin[\/pb_glossary]. In areas with flatter topography, [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage[\/pb_glossary] divides are not as easily identified but they still exist<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW26145523\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">6<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">]<\/span>.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3418\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-705 size-medium\" title=\"By Asybaris01\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\"><\/a> Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.[\/caption]\n\nThe headwater is where the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] begins. Smaller <b>[pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] <\/b>[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] combine downhill to make the larger trunk of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. The <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> is where the stream finally reaches its end. The mouth of most streams is at the ocean. However, a rare number of [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] do not flow to the ocean, but rather end in a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"2699\"]closed basin[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> (or [pb_glossary id=\"2699\"]endorheic basin[\/pb_glossary]) where the only outlet is evaporation. Most [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] in the Great [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]Basin[\/pb_glossary] of Western North America end in [pb_glossary id=\"2699\"]endorheic basins[\/pb_glossary]. For example, in Salt Lake County, Utah, Little Cottonwood Creek and the Jordan [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] flow into the endorheic Great Salt Lake where the water evaporates.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3419\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Ocean_drainage.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-706 size-full\" title=\"By Citynoise at English Wikipedia \" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage.png\" alt=\"Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\"><\/a> Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW135665434 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW135665434 BCX0\">Perennial [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] flow all year round. <\/span><\/span><b>Perennial [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> occur in humid or temperate climates where there is sufficient rainfall and low evaporation rates. \u00a0Water levels rise and fall with the seasons, depending on the [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]. <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3133\"]Ephemeral streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> flow only during rain events or the wet season. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">n arid climates<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0like Utah, many<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">[pb_glossary id=\"3133\"]ephemeral[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">occur in dry climates with low amounts of rainfall and high evaporation rates. Their channels are <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">often<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span>dry washes\u00a0or\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3132\"]arroyos[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0for much of the year and t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">heir sudden flow causes [pb_glossary id=\"2454\"]flash floods[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW92545693\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">]<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\nAlong Utah\u2019s Wasatch Front,\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">the urban area extending north<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">south from Brigham City to Provo,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>there are several [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watersheds[\/pb_glossary] that are designated as \u201c[pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watershed[\/pb_glossary] protection areas\u201d that limit the type of use allowed in those [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainages[\/pb_glossary] in order to protect culinary water. \u00a0Dogs and swimming are limited in those [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watersheds[\/pb_glossary] because of the possibility of contamination by harmful bacteria and substances to the drinking supply of Salt Lake City and surrounding municipalities.\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW230395698 BCX0\">Water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is very much like money in a personal budget. I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ncome\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">includes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">inflow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">xpenses\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">withdrawal, evaporation, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">outflow. If the expenses outweigh the income, the water budget is not balanced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. In this case, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">removed from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">savings<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">, i.e. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">if available.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]Reservoirs[\/pb_glossary], snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ice,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">moisture, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">serve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage in a water budget.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">dry regions, the water is critical for sustaining human activities<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. U<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">nderstanding and managing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">the water budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"> is an ongoing political and social challenge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrologists create [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] budgets within any designated area, but they are generally made for [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watershed[\/pb_glossary] ([pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary]) boundaries, because [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] and surface water are easier to account for within these boundaries. Water budgets can be created for state, county, or aquifer extent boundaries as well. \u00a0The groundwater budget is an essential component of the hydrologic model; hydrologists use measured data with a conceptual workflow of the model to better understand the water [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"75\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4537\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-707\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.2 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.3 Water Use and Distribution<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3420\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"431\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-708\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-300x274.png\" alt=\"Agricultural water use in the United States by state.\" width=\"431\" height=\"393\"><\/a> Agricultural water use in the United States by state.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">1,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">34<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">4 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>355 billion gallons) of ground and surface water are used each day, of which <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>76 billion gallons) are fresh [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0The state of California uses 16% of national [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah is the second driest state in the United States. Nevada, having a mean statewide [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] of\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">31\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>12.2 inches) per year, is the driest. \u00a0Utah also has the second highest per capita rate of total domestic water use <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">632.16\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>167 gallonsL per <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">day per person <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span>. \u00a0With the combination of relatively high demand and limited quantity, Utah is at risk for water budget deficits.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3421\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"610\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-709\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\" alt=\"Trends in water use by source\" width=\"610\" height=\"357\"><\/a> Trends in water use by source[\/caption]\n<h3><b>11.3.1 Surface Water Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">Fresh water is a precious resource and should not be taken for granted, especially in dry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">[pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Surface water makes up only 1.2% of the fresh water available on the planet, and 69% of that surface water is trapped in ground ice and [pb_glossary id=\"1712\"]permafrost[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] water accounts for only 0.006% of all freshwater and lakes contain only 0.26% of the world\u2019s fresh water <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW253398420\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global circulation patterns are the most important factor in <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW37402210\">distributi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">ng<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0surface water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span>. D<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ue to the Coriolis effect and the uneven heating of the Earth, air rises near the equator and near latitudes 60\u00b0 north and south. A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ir sinks at the poles and latitudes 30\u00b0 north and south\u00a0 (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/13-deserts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 13<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0Land masses near rising air are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">prone to humid and wet climates<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">. Land masses near<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">sinking air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">, which<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0inhibits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">re prone to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">dry conditions <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW166247515\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">10<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">11<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prevailing winds, ocean circulation patterns such as the Gulf [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary]\u2019s effects on eastern North America, rain shadows (the dry leeward sides of mountains), and even the proximity of bodies of water can affect local [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] patterns. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133046679 BCX0\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">this moist\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">air <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">collides with the nearby moun<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">tains causing it to rise and cool, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">moisture\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">may <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">fall<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">out\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">as snow or rain on nearby areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">a phenomenon known as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">lake-effect<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201d <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW2109339\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3422\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/pageprecip_us3.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-710\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-1024x789.png\" alt=\"Distribution of precipitation in the United States.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\"><\/a> Distribution of precipitation in the United States. The 100th Meridian is approximately where the average precipitation transitions from relatively wet to dry. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, the 100th meridian <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roughly marks the boundary between the humid and arid parts of the country. Growing crops west of the 100th meridian requires irrigation <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW93504855\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">13<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the west, surface water is stored in [pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]reservoirs[\/pb_glossary] and mountain snowpacks <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW59410485\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">14<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, then strategically released through a [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] of canals during times of high water use.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the driest parts of the western United States are in the [pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary] Province. The [pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary] has multiple mountain ranges that are oriented north to south. \u00a0Most of the [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary] valleys in the [pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary] are dry, receiving less than <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">30\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>12 inches) of [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] per year. However, some of the mountain ranges can receive more than 1<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW239353099\">.52 m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>60 inches) of water as snow or snow-water-equivalent. The snow-water equivalent is the amount of water that would result if the snow were melted, as the snowpack is generally much thicker than the equivalent amount of water that it would produce <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74073591\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span>\n<h3><b>11.3.2 Groundwater Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<table class=\"center\" style=\"width: 723px;\" summary=\"Data table showing one estimate of global water distribution. Where and how much water is located in, on, and above the earth.\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 86.7969px; background-color: #b8f2e8; border-color: #030303;\">\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 253px; text-align: center;\">Water source<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">Water volume\n\n(cubic miles)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">Fresh water (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">Total water (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Oceans, Seas, &amp; Bays<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">321,000,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">96.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ice caps, [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary], &amp; Permanent Snow<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,773,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">68.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,614,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,526,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">30.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,088,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">[pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]Soil[\/pb_glossary] Moisture<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,959<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ground Ice &amp; [pb_glossary id=\"1712\"]Permafrost[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">71,970<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.86<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.022<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Lakes<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">42,320<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">21,830<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.26<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">20,490<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">[pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]Atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,095<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Swamp Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,752<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.03<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0008<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Rivers[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">509<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Biological Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">269<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.003<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 668px;\" colspan=\"4\"><span class=\"smaller\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter \"World fresh water resources\" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York)[zotpressInText item=\"{P7VGIQT4}\" format=\"%num%\" brackets=\"yes\" separator=\"comma\"]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary] makes up 30.1% of the fresh water on the planet, making it the most abundant [pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]reservoir[\/pb_glossary] of fresh water accessible to most humans. \u00a0The majority of freshwater, 68.7%, is stored in [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and ice caps as ice<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74300989\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As the [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and ice caps melt due to global warming, this fresh water is lost as it flows into the oceans.<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"76\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4538\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-711\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.3 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.4 Water Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal and state governments have put laws in place to ensure the fair and equitable use of water. In the United States, the states are tasked with creating a fair and legal [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] for sharing water. <\/span>\n<h3><b>11.4.1 Water Rights<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of the limited supply of water, especially in the western United States, states disperse a [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] of legal <strong>water rights<\/strong> defined as a claim to a portion or all of a water source, such as a [pb_glossary id=\"3174\"]spring[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], well, or lake<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Federal law mandates that states control water rights, with the special exception of federally reserved water rights, such as those associated with national parks and [pb_glossary id=\"1924\"]Native[\/pb_glossary] American tribes, and navigation servitude that maintains navigable water bodies. Each state in the United States has a different way to disperse and manage water rights. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person, entity, company, or organization, must have a [pb_glossary id=\"2695\"]water right[\/pb_glossary] to legally extract or use surface or [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] in their state. \u00a0Water rights in some western states are dictated by the concept of prior appropriation, or \u201cfirst in time, first in right,\u201d where the person with the oldest [pb_glossary id=\"2695\"]water right[\/pb_glossary] gets priority water use during times when there is not enough water to fulfill every [pb_glossary id=\"2695\"]water right[\/pb_glossary]. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] and its tributaries pass through a desert region, including seven states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), [pb_glossary id=\"1924\"]Native[\/pb_glossary] American reservations, and Mexico. As the western United States became more populated and while California was becoming a key agricultural producer, the states along the Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] realized that the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] was important to sustaining life in the West. \u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">o guarantee\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">certain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><em>perceived<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">water rights<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">se western states<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">recognized\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">that<\/span><\/span><\/span> a water budget was necesary for the Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]Basin[\/pb_glossary]. Thus was enacted the Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Compact in 1922 to ensure that each state got a fair share of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] water. The Compact granted each state a specific volume of water based on the total measured flow at the time. \u00a0However, in 1922, the flow of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] was higher than its long-term average flow, consequently, more water was allocated to each state than is typically available in the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW136464619\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">16<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Over the next several decades<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">lawmakers\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">made\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">many other agreements and modifications\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">regarding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Compact,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">those\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">agreements\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">that brought about the Hoover\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">(formerly Boulder Dam)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Glen Canyon Dam<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\"> and a treaty between the American and Mexican governments. <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Co<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">llectively<\/span>, the agreements\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">are referred to <\/span>as\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u201c<\/span>The Law of the\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]\"<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">by the United States Bureau of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Reclamation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Despite adjustments to the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Compact<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0many believe that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">is still <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">over-allocat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">as the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">no longer reaches the Pacific Ocean, its original terminus ([pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary]).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Dams along<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">caus<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ed water to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0diver<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0and evaporat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">, creating<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">serious water budget concerns in the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">asin. Predicted drought associated with global warming\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">is\u00a0<\/span>caus<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ing<\/span>\u00a0additional concerns about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">over-allocati<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ng<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">flow<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">in the future<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">.<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Law of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] highlights the complex and prolonged nature of interstate water rights agreements, as well as the importance of water.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4552\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-712\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MZrKW-Q9X8E[\/embed]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">Snake Valley straddles the border of Utah and Nevada with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">ore of the irrigable land area lying on the Utah side of the border.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">In 1989, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) submitted applications for water rights to pipe<\/span>\u00a0up to\u00a0<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">191<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">189<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">70<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">cu m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">155,000 ac<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">-ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">\u00a0<\/span>of water per year\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">(an acre-foot of water is one acre covered with water one foot deep)\u00a0<\/span>from\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3174\"]Spring[\/pb_glossary], Snake,\u00a0Delamar, Dry Lake, and Cave <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">v<\/span>alleys to southern Nevada,\u00a0 mostly for Las Vegas<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW15730741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW15730741\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">17<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">]<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\">Nevada and Utah have attempted a comprehensive agreement, but negotiations have not yet been settled.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBreakBlob BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW130227827\"><span class=\"BCX0 SCXW130227827\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/MapJournal\/index.html?appid=79199afd183e459596e6e21315159354\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4560\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h4><\/h4>\n&nbsp;\n\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=10953190\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPR story on Snake Valley<\/span><\/a>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4551\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-714\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this NPR Story via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n<iframe title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/10953190\/10956967\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=C-bE-gOOJlU\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SNWA History<\/span><\/a>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eCZ8KLrmUXo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dean Baker Story<\/span><\/a>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4553\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-715\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eCZ8KLrmUXo[\/embed]\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3><b>11.4.2 Water Quality and Protection<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two major federal laws that protect water quality in the United States are the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. \u00a0The Clean Water Act, an amendment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, protects navigable waters from dumping and point-source pollution. The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that water that is provided by public water suppliers, like cities and towns, is safe to drink <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW47373929\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">18<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">[pb_glossary id=\"3180\"]Superfund[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">program ensures the cleanup of hazardous contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and can be applied to situations of surface water and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination. It is part of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Under this act, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">state governments and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">can\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">use the [pb_glossary id=\"3180\"]superfund[\/pb_glossary] to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pay for <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">of a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contaminated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">site<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and then file a lawsuit against the polluter\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to recoup\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">the costs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Or to avoid being sued, the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pollut<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">r <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">that caused the contamination may<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">take direct action\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">or provide funds <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"77\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4539\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-716\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.4 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.5 Surface Water<\/span><\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geologically, a <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a body of flowing surface water confined to a channel. Terms such as [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary], creek and brook are social terms not used in geology. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW52289593\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">, making<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">m the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0most important agents\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the earth\u2019s surface<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">along with wave action <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\">(see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/12-shorelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 12<\/a>)<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ding\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">They create much of the surface topography and are an important water resource<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW266511203 BCX0\">Several factors cause<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary], but the two main factors are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] and velocity.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] is the slope of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] usually expressed in meters per kilometer or feet per mile<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">. A steeper\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">gradie<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">nt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">promotes [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary]. When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">forces\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elevate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0a mountain, the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0increases,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> mountain <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode downward and deepen its channel eventually forming a valley.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">velocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">is the speed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">at which channel water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">s. Factors affecting channel v<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> include channel [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] which decreases downstream, [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] and channel size which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> as tributaries coalesce, and channel roughness which decreases as [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] lining the channel walls decreases in size thus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">reducing friction<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> The combined effect of these factors is that channel velocity actually increases from mountain brooks to the [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n<h3><b>11.5.1 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] size is measured in terms of <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary],<\/strong>\u00a0 the volume of water flowing past a point in the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] over a defined time interval. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volume is commonly measured in cubic units (length x width x depth), shown as feet<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (ft<sup>3<\/sup>) or meter<sup>3<\/sup> (m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Therefore, the units of [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] are cubic feet per second (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ft<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/sec<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or cfs). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Therefore, the units of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic meters per second, (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms, or <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic feet per second (ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">ec<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">). <\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] increases downstream<b>.<\/b> Smaller [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] have less [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] than larger [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]. For example, the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] is the largest [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] in North America, with an average flow of about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">990.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">600,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW148589328\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148589328\">19]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">For comparison, the average<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0the Jordan<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">at Utah Lake is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16.25<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">574\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW117893300\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">20<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Amazon<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the world\u2019s largest<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">river<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">175,56<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">6,200,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW23375202\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">21<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]Discharge[\/pb_glossary] can be expressed by the following equation: <\/span>\n\n<b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q = V A<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q =\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cms<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ft<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\/sec),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A = cross-sectional area of the\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0channel [width times average depth]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or in<sup>2<\/sup> or ft<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">V = average channel velocity <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m\/s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or ft\/sec) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW36958835\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW25992323 BCX0\">At a given location along the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], velocity varies <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">width<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">hape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, and depth <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">within the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0as well<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">When<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">stream <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0narrows but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">remains constant, the same volume of water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">must\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0na<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rrower space causing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">velocity to increase, similar to putting a thumb over the end of a backyard water hose<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0In addition,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">uring\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rain storms<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0or heavy snow melt,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0which increases<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0velocity.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">When the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0curves, the highest velocity will be on the outside of the bend.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">hen the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0is straight and uniform<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">ly dee<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, the highest velocity is in the channel center <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">at the top of the water where it is the farthest from frictional contact with the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">bottom and sides. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">In hydrology, the <em>[pb_glossary id=\"3157\"]thalweg[\/pb_glossary]<\/em> of a rive<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">r is the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">line drawn that shows its natural progression<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0and deepest channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, as is shown in the diagram.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW133448488 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3423\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/meandering.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-717\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-1024x376.png\" alt=\"Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. The inside of the bend is a shorter distance than the outside. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity. In a river bend, the fastest moving particles are on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"376\"><\/a> Thalweg of a river. In a river bend, the fastest moving water is on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank. Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the water surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity (Earle 2015).[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3><b>11.5.2 Runoff vs. Infiltration<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">actors\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">dictat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0whether water will<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground or run off over the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">include <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the amount, type, and intensity of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the type and amount of vegeta<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">ion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0cover<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the slope of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"2689\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">and aspect of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0preexisting conditions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0and the type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">nfiltrated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">area<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">High<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">intensity<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">rain will cause more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">than the same amount of rain spread out over a longer duration.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">If the rain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3119\"]falls[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">faster than the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary]\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">properties <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">allow it to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary], then the water that cannot<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">becomes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"> Dense vegetation can increase\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary], as the vegetative cover slows\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water particle<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">s\u00a0<\/span>overland flow giving them more time to [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span>If a parcel of land has more direct solar radiation or higher seasonal temperatures, there will be less [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary], as [pb_glossary id=\"3126\"]evapotranspiration[\/pb_glossary] rates will be higher.\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">As the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">land<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">slope <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">increases, so does<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">because<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water is more inclined to move downslope than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Extreme examples are a [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary] and a cliff, where water [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrates[\/pb_glossary] much quicker into a [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary] than a cliff that has the same [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary] properties. \u00a0Because saturated soil does not have the capacity to take more water, runoff is generally greater over saturated soil. Clay-rich [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary] cannot accept [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary] as quickly as gravel-rich [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soil[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n<h3><b>11.5.3 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage Patterns<\/span><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pattern of tributaries within a region is called <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3137\"]drainage pattern[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. They depend largely on the type of rock beneath, and on structures within that rock (such as [pb_glossary id=\"1455\"]folds[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3065\"]faults[\/pb_glossary]). The main types of [pb_glossary id=\"3137\"]drainage patterns[\/pb_glossary] are dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, and deranged. <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3137\"]Dendritic patterns[\/pb_glossary] <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are the most common and develop in areas where the underlying rock or [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] are uniform in character, mostly flat lying, and can be eroded equally easily in all directions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Examples are [pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]alluvial[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] or flat lying sedimentary rocks. <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3139\"]Trellis patterns[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically develop where sedimentary rocks have been folded or tilted and then eroded to varying degrees depending on their strength. The Appalachian Mountains in eastern United States have many good examples of [pb_glossary id=\"3139\"]trellis drainage[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Rectangular patterns<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> develop in areas that have very little topography and a [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"2857\"]bedding[\/pb_glossary] planes, [pb_glossary id=\"1934\"]joints[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or [pb_glossary id=\"3065\"]faults[\/pb_glossary] that form a rectangular network. A <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3141\"]radial pattern[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forms when [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] flow away from a central high point such as a mountain top or [pb_glossary id=\"1181\"]volcano[\/pb_glossary], with the individual [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] typically having [pb_glossary id=\"3138\"]dendritic drainage[\/pb_glossary] patterns<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In places with extensive [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary] deposits, [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] can disappear into the [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] via caves and subterranean [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage[\/pb_glossary] and this creates a <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3142\"]deranged pattern[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW69782112\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW69782112\">4]<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3424\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/DrainagePattern.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-718\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-1024x199.png\" alt=\"Various stream drainage patterns.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"199\"><\/a> Various stream drainage patterns.[\/caption]\n<h3><b>11.5.4 Fluvial Processes<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2903\"]Fluvial[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> processes dictate how a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] behaves and include factors controlling [pb_glossary id=\"2903\"]fluvial[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] production, transport, and [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"2903\"]Fluvial[\/pb_glossary] processes include velocity, slope and [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary], transportation, [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] equilibrium, and [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary]. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Streams[\/pb_glossary] can be divided into three main zones: the many smaller tributaries in the source area, the main trunk [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] in the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] and the distributaries at the [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. Major [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] systems like the Mississippi are [pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]composed[\/pb_glossary] of many source areas, many tributaries and trunk [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], all coalescing into the one main [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] draining the region. The zones of a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] are defined as 1) the zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] production (erosion), 2) the zone of transport, and 3) the zone of deposition. The <\/span>zone of sediment production<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located in the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. In t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] transport, there is a general balance between [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] of the finer [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] in its channel and transport of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] across the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Streams[\/pb_glossary] eventually flow into the ocean or end in quiet water with a [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] which is a z<\/span>one of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">located at the <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW234245023\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3143\"]longitudinal profile[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] is a plot of the elevation of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channel at all points along its course and illustrates the location of the three zones <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW40744565\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW40744565\">22]<\/span><\/span>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment Production\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] production is located in the [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] of a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] where rills and gullies erode [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] and contribute to larger [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]. These tributaries carry [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] and water further downstream to the main trunk of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. Tributaries at the [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] have the steepest [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary];\u00a0 [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] there produces considerable [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] carried b the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. Headwater [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] tend to be narrow and straight with small or non-existent floodplains adjacent to the channel. Since the zone of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] production is generally the steepest part of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] are generally located in relatively high elevations. The Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado west of the [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]Continental[\/pb_glossary] Divide contain much of the [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] for the Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] which then flows from Colorado through Utah and Arizona to Mexico.\u00a0 [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]Headwaters[\/pb_glossary] of the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] lie east of the [pb_glossary id=\"2575\"]Continental[\/pb_glossary] Divide in the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachian Divide.<\/span>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment TransPORT\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3425\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"466\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Stream_Load.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-719\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-300x161.gif\" alt=\"A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.\" width=\"466\" height=\"250\"><\/a> A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.[\/caption]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streams transport [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] great distances from the [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] to the ocean, the ultimate depositional basins. [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]Sediment[\/pb_glossary] transportation is directly related to [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] and velocity. Faster and steeper [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] can transport larger [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] grains. When velocity slows down, larger [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] settle to the channel bottom. When the velocity increases, those larger [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] are entrained and move again. <\/span><\/p>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transported [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] are grouped into <\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3145\"]suspended load[\/pb_glossary]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3146\"]dissolved load[\/pb_glossary] as illustrated in the above image<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]Sediments[\/pb_glossary] moved along the channel bottom are the <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary] <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically consists of the largest and densest particles. [pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]Bedload[\/pb_glossary] is moved by <\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2446\"]saltation[\/pb_glossary] <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(bouncing) and <\/span>traction <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(being pushed or rolled along by the force of the flow)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Smaller\u00a0 particles are picked up by flowing water and carried in suspension as <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3145\"]suspended load[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The particle size that is carried in suspended and [pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary] depends on the flow velocity of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]. <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3146\"]Dissolved load[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] is the total of the ions in [pb_glossary id=\"2705\"]solution[\/pb_glossary] from [pb_glossary id=\"2812\"]chemical weathering[\/pb_glossary], including such common ions such as bicarbonate (-HCO<sup>3<\/sup><sub>-<\/sub><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">),<\/span><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>calcium (Ca<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), chloride (Cl<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), potassium (K<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), and sodium (Na<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). The amounts of these ions are not affected by flow velocity.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4546\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-720\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/is-qcxrKKBI[\/embed]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3459\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"329\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-871\" title=\"Source: Physical Geology, Steven Earle https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2015\/08\/natural-lev%C3%A9es.png\" src=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee (Earle 2015).\" width=\"329\" height=\"324\"><\/a> Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee [zotpressInText item=\"{R6VDH77A}\" format=\"%num%\" brackets=\"yes\" separator=\"comma\"].[\/caption]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the flat area of land adjacent to a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channel inundated with flood water on a regular basis. [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] flooding is a natural process that adds [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] to floodplains. A [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] typically reaches its greatest velocity when it is close to flooding, known as the <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3148\"]bankfull stage[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As soon as the flooding [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] overtops its banks and flows onto its [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary], the velocity decreases. [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]Sediment[\/pb_glossary] that was being carried by the swiftly moving water is deposited at the edge of the channel, forming a low ridge or <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3149\"]natural lev\u00e9e[\/pb_glossary]. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] are added to the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] during this flooding process contributing to fertile [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soils[\/pb_glossary] <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">4]<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of SEDIMENT Deposition<\/span><\/h4>\n<strong>D<\/strong><b>eposition <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">occurs when [pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3145\"]suspended load[\/pb_glossary] come to rest on the bottom of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channel, lake, or ocean due to decrease in [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] and reduction in velocity. While both [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] occur in the zone of transport such as on <strong>point bars<\/strong> and <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3156\"]cut banks[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, ultimate [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] where the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] reaches a lake or ocean. L<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">andforms called <\/span><b>deltas <\/b>form where the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] enters quiet water <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"2831\"]composed[\/pb_glossary] of the finest [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] such as fine sand, silt, and clay. <\/span>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equilibrium and Base Level<\/span><\/h4>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3426\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"434\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-721\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"Longitudinal Profile of a creek in Indiana, showing steep gradient in its headwaters and shallower gradients toward its mouth.\" width=\"434\" height=\"275\"><\/a> Example of a longitudinal profile of a stream; Halfway Creek, Indiana[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All three [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] zones are present in the typical\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3143\"]longitudinal profile[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] which plots the elevation of the channel at all points along its course (see figure). All [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] have a long profile. The long profile shows the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary] from headwater to [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary]. All [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] attempt to achieve an energetic balance among [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary], transport, [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary], velocity, discharge, and channel characteristics along the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]\u2019s profile. This balance is called <\/span><strong>equilibrium, <\/strong>a state called <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2938\"]grade[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another factor influencing equilibrium is <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>, the<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> elevation of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]'s [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] representing<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the lowest level to which a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] can erode. The ultimate [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] is, of course, sea-level. A lake or [pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]reservoir[\/pb_glossary] may also represent [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] for a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] entering it.\u00a0 The Great [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]Basin[\/pb_glossary] of western Utah, Nevada, and parts of some surrounding states contains no outlets to the sea and provides internal base levels for [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] within it.\u00a0 [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]Base level[\/pb_glossary] for a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] entering the ocean changes if sea-level rises or [pb_glossary id=\"3119\"]falls[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]Base level[\/pb_glossary] also changes if a natural or human-made dam is added along a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]'s profile. When [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] is lowered, a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] will cut down and deepen its channel. When [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] rises, [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] increases as the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] adjusts attempting to establish a new state of equilibrium<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] that has approximately achieved equilibrium is called a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2862\"]graded[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.<\/span>\n<h3><b>11.5.5 Fluvial Landforms <\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] landforms are the land features formed on the surface by either [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary]. The [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]-related landforms described here are primarily related to channel types. <\/span>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Channel Types<\/span><\/h4>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3126\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"465\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/BraidedWaimakariri.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-422\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river has many inter-braided channels.\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\"><\/a> The braided Waimakariri river in New Zealand.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3124\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"466\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-421\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river wiggles back and forth.\" width=\"466\" height=\"350\"><\/a> Air photo of the meandering river, R\u00edo Cauto, Cuba.[\/caption]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]Stream[\/pb_glossary] channels can be straight, [pb_glossary id=\"3152\"]braided[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering[\/pb_glossary], or entrenched. The [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3384\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] load, [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary], and location of [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] all influence channel type. <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3151\"]Straight channels[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are relatively straight, located near the [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary], have steep gradients, low [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary], and narrow V-shaped valleys. Examples of these are located in mountainous areas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<b>[pb_glossary id=\"3152\"]Braided streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have multiple channels splitting and recombining around numerous mid-channel bars<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are found in floodplains with low gradients in areas with near sources of coarse [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] such as trunk [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] draining mountains or in front of [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]. <\/span>\n\n<b>[pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]Meandering streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have a single channel that curves back and forth like a snake within its <\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where it emerges from its [pb_glossary id=\"2697\"]headwaters[\/pb_glossary] into the zone of transport<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]Meandering streams[\/pb_glossary] are dynamic creating a wide [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] by eroding and extending meander loops side-to-side. The highest velocity water is located on the outside of a meander bend. \u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]Erosion[\/pb_glossary] of the outside of the curve creates a feature called a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3156\"]cut bank[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> and the meander extends its loop wider by this [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3429\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"406\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-722\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Sandy deposition at the inside of a bend (point bar) and erosion on the outside of the bend (cut bank) of a river in France.\" width=\"406\" height=\"305\"><\/a> Point bar and cut bank on the Cirque de la Madeleine in France.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3157\"]thalweg[\/pb_glossary] <\/b>of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] is the deepest part of the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channel. In the straight parts of the channel, the [pb_glossary id=\"3157\"]thalweg[\/pb_glossary] and highest velocity are in the center of the channel. But at the bend of a [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering stream[\/pb_glossary], the [pb_glossary id=\"3157\"]thalweg[\/pb_glossary] shifts toward the [pb_glossary id=\"3156\"]cut bank[\/pb_glossary]. Opposite the [pb_glossary id=\"3156\"]cutbank [\/pb_glossary]on the inside bend of the channel is the lowest [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] velocity and is an area of [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] called a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3158\"]point bar[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In areas of [pb_glossary id=\"2576\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary] uplift such as on the Colorado Plateau, [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering streams[\/pb_glossary] that once flowed on the plateau surface have become entrenched or incised as uplift occurred and the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] cut its [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering channel[\/pb_glossary] down into [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]. Over the past several million years, the Colorado [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] and its tributaries have incised into the flat lying rocks of the plateau by hundreds, even thousands of feet creating deep canyons including the Grand Canyon in Arizona.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3413\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-698 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\"><\/a> An entrenched meander on the Colorado River in the eastern entrance to the Grand Canyon.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3431\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-723\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\" alt=\"Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"286\"><\/a> Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3432\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"452\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-724\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"The Rincon is an abandoned meander loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\"><\/a> The Rincon is an abandoned meaner loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3433\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"332\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-725\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of lower Mississippi River floodplain\" width=\"332\" height=\"393\"><\/a> Landsat image of lower Mississippi River flodplain[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many [pb_glossary id=\"2903\"]fluvial[\/pb_glossary] landforms occur on a [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] associated with a [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering stream[\/pb_glossary]. Meander activity and r<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">egular flooding contribute to widening the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] by eroding adjacent uplands. The [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channels are confined by <\/span><b>natural levees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that have been built up over many years of regular flooding.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Natural levees can isolate and direct flow from [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] channels on the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] from immediately reaching the main channel. \u00a0These isolated streams are called <\/span><b>yazoo streams<\/b> and<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> flow parallel to the main trunk stream until there is an opening in the levee to allow for a belated confluence<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4548\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-726\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/persGpc6-Dw[\/embed]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To limit flooding, humans build artificial levees on flood plains. [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]Sediment[\/pb_glossary] that breaches the levees during flood stage is called <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3155\"]crevasse splays[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and delivers silt and clay onto the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary]. These deposits are rich in nutrients and often make good farm land. When floodwaters crest over human-made levees, the levees quickly erode with potentially catastrophic impacts.\u00a0 Because of the good [pb_glossary id=\"1203\"]soils[\/pb_glossary], farmers regularly return after floods and rebuild year after year.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3434\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"456\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-727\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska\" width=\"456\" height=\"321\"><\/a> Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] on the outsides of the meanders and [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] on the insides, the channels of [pb_glossary id=\"3153\"]meandering[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] move back and forth across their [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] over time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On very broad floodplains with very low gradients, the meander bends can become so extreme that they cut across themselves at a narrow neck (see figure) called a <strong>cutoff<\/strong>. The former channel becomes isolated and forms an <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3159\"]oxbow[\/pb_glossary] lake<\/b> seen on the right of the figure<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Eventually the [pb_glossary id=\"3159\"]oxbow[\/pb_glossary] lake fills in with [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] and becomes a <\/span>wetland <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and eventually a <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3160\"]meander scar[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tream meanders can migrate\u00a0and form [pb_glossary id=\"3159\"]oxbow[\/pb_glossary] lakes in a relatively short amount of time. Where [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] channels form geographic and political boundaries, this shifting of channels can cause conflicts.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4557\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-728\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8a3r-cG8Wic[\/embed]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3435\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"356\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-729\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of alluvial fan in Iraq.\" width=\"356\" height=\"237\"><\/a> Alluvial fan in Iraq seen by NASA satellite. A stream emerges from the canyon and creates this cone-shaped deposit.[\/caption]\n\n<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]Alluvial[\/pb_glossary] fans<\/strong> are a depositional landform created where [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] emerge from mountain canyons into a valley. The channel that had been confined by the canyon walls is no longer confined, slows down and spreads out, dropping its [pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary] of all sizes, forming a [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] in the air of the valley.\u00a0 As distributary channels fill with [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary], the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] is diverted laterally, and the [pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]alluvial[\/pb_glossary] fan develops into a cone shaped landform with distributaries radiating from the canyon [pb_glossary id=\"2698\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]Alluvial[\/pb_glossary] fans are common in the dry climates of the West where [pb_glossary id=\"3133\"]ephemeral[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] emerge from canyons in the ranges of the [pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary].\n\n[h5p id=\"78\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4541\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-730\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3436\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"417\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-731\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-300x275.png\" alt=\"The area that contributes to the tributaries of the Mississippi River.\" width=\"417\" height=\"382\"><\/a> Location of the Mississippi River drainage basin and Mississippi River delta.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0A <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> is formedwhen a [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] reaches a quieter body of water such as a lake or the ocean and the [pb_glossary id=\"3144\"]bedload[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3145\"]suspended load[\/pb_glossary] is deposited<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If wave [pb_glossary id=\"2677\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] from the water body is greater than [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] from the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary], a [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] will not form. The largest and most famous [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] in the United States is the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] formed where the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage basin[\/pb_glossary] is the largest in North America, draining 41%<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the contiguous United States <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of the large [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage[\/pb_glossary] area, the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] carries a large amount of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]. The Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] is a major shipping route and human engineering has ensured that the channel has been artificially straightened and remains fixed within the [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary]. The [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0 is now 229 km shorter than it was before humans began engineering it <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of these restraints, the [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] is now focused on one trunk channel and has created a \u201cbird\u2019s foot\u201d pattern<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The two <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=8103&amp;eocn=image&amp;eoci=related_image\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA images<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> below of the [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] show how the [pb_glossary id=\"3195\"]shoreline[\/pb_glossary] has retreated and land was inundated with water while [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] was focused at end of the distributaries. These images have changed over a 25 year [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary] from 1976 to 2001. These are stark changes illustrating sea-level rise and land [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] from the [pb_glossary id=\"2680\"]compaction[\/pb_glossary] of peat due to the lack of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] resupply <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">25]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n\n[h5p id=\"79\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4542\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-732\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The [pb_glossary id=\"2960\"]formation[\/pb_glossary] of the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] started about 7500 years ago when postglacial sea level stopped rising<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the past 7000 years, prior to [pb_glossary id=\"1717\"]anthropogenic[\/pb_glossary] modifications, the Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] formed several sequential lobes. The [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary] abandoned each lobe for a more preferred route to the Gulf of Mexico. These [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] lobes were reworked by the ocean waves of the Gulf of Mexico <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">26]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0After each lobe was abandoned by the [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary], isostatic depression and [pb_glossary id=\"2680\"]compaction[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] caused [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] and the land to sink.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3437\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"464\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_QuakeLake.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-733\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.\" width=\"464\" height=\"309\"><\/a> Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clear example of how deltas form came from an earthquake. During the 1959 Madison Canyon 7.5 [pb_glossary id=\"3098\"]magnitude[\/pb_glossary] earthquake in Montana, a large [pb_glossary id=\"1199\"]landslide[\/pb_glossary] dammed the Madison [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] forming Quake Lake <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still there today <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">27]<\/span>. A small [pb_glossary id=\"2696\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] that once flowed into the Madison [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary], now flows into Quake Lake forming a [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omposed of coarse [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] actively eroded from the mountainous upthrown block to the north. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deltas can be further categorized as wave-dominated or [pb_glossary id=\"2428\"]tide[\/pb_glossary]-dominated. Wave-dominated deltas occur where the tides are small and wave energy dominates. An example is the Nile [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] in the Mediterranean Sea that has the classic shape of the Greek character (\u0394) from which the landform is named<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A [pb_glossary id=\"2428\"]tide[\/pb_glossary]-dominated [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] forms when ocean tides are powerful and influence the shape of the [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary]. For example, Ganges-Brahmaputra [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]Delta[\/pb_glossary] in the Bay of Bengal (near India and Bangladesh) is the world\u2019s largest [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] and mangrove swamp called the Sundarban <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">29]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3438\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"221\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-734 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-221x300.png\" alt=\"Tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\"><\/a> Sundarban Delta in Bangladesh, a tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River[\/caption]\n\nAt the Sundarban [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]Delta[\/pb_glossary] in Bangladesh, t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">idal forces create linear intrusions of seawater into the [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary]. This [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] also holds the world\u2019s largest mangrove swamp<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3439\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"698\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-735\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\" alt=\"The Nile Delta is a triangular patch of green in an otherwise sandy brown area.\" width=\"698\" height=\"259\"><\/a> Nile Delta showing its classic \u201cdelta\u201d shape.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3440\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"420\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-736\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-237x300.jpg\" alt=\"Contours of the Logan Delta, incised by the Logan River.\" width=\"420\" height=\"531\"><\/a> Map of the Logan Delta (Gilbert 1890).[\/caption]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lake Bonneville was a large, [pb_glossary id=\"1699\"]pluvial lake[\/pb_glossary] that occupied the western half of Utah and parts of eastern Nevada from about 30,000 to 12,000 years ago<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The lake filled to a maximum elevation as great as approximately 5100 feet above mean sea level, filling the basins, leaving the mountains exposed, many as islands. The presence of the lake allowed for [pb_glossary id=\"2679\"]deposition[\/pb_glossary] of both fine grained lake mud and silt and coarse gravels from the mountains. Variations in lake level were controlled by regional [pb_glossary id=\"1710\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] and a catastrophic failure of Lake Bonneville\u2019s main outlet, Red Rock Pass\u00a0<span class=\"TextRun Strikethrough BCX0 SCXW10377017\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">31]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 during extended [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]periods[\/pb_glossary] of time in which the lake level remained stable, wave-cut [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]terraces[\/pb_glossary] were produced that can be seen today on the flanks of many mountains in the region.\u00a0 Significant deltas formed at the mouths of major canyons in Salt Lake, Cache, and other Utah valleys. \u00a0The Great Salt Lake is the remnant of Lake Bonneville and cities have built up on these [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]delta[\/pb_glossary] deposits.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3441\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/ggk03413-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-3441\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/ggk03413-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"665\"><\/a> Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah; wave cut terraces can be seen on the mountain slope.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<b>[pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]Stream terraces[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are remnants of older floodplains located above the existing [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]river[\/pb_glossary]. Like [pb_glossary id=\"3161\"]entrenched meanders[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]terraces[\/pb_glossary] form when uplift occurs or [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] drops and [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] erode downward, their meanders widening a new [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]flood plain[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]Stream terraces[\/pb_glossary] can also form from extreme flood events associated with retreating [pb_glossary id=\"2464\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]. A classic example of multiple [pb_glossary id=\"3162\"]stream terraces[\/pb_glossary] are along the Snake [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">[3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">2; 33]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3443\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"375\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3443\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Landscape with river cutting into plane. Three different levels of flat surfaces that represent different base levels.\" width=\"375\" height=\"250\"><\/a> Terraces along the Snake River, Wyoming.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3444\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"333\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-739\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"River along several different levels of flat floodplains\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\"><\/a> Terraces in Glen Roy, Scotland[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n&nbsp;\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"80\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4540\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-740\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.6 Groundwater<\/span><\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary] is an important source of freshwater. \u00a0It can be found at varying depths in all places under the ground, but is limited by extractable quantity and quality.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4555\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-741\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g7R0yLX0V9E[\/embed]\n<h3><b>11.6.1 Porosity and Permeability<\/b><\/h3>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW254024023\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0is a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">rock unit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that contains extractable<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ground<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">A good [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] must be both <strong>porous<\/strong> and <strong>permeable<\/strong>. P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">orosity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">is the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">space between grains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that can hold <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">expressed as the percentage of open space in the total volume of the rock<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\"> P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ermeability comes from connectivity of the spaces that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">allows water to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">move in the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]Porosity[\/pb_glossary] can occur as primary [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary], as space between sand grains or vesicles in [pb_glossary id=\"1181\"]volcanic[\/pb_glossary] rocks, or secondary [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary] as [pb_glossary id=\"1934\"]fractures[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary] spaces in\u00a0 rock). [pb_glossary id=\"2680\"]Compaction[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2681\"]cementation[\/pb_glossary] during [pb_glossary id=\"2682\"]lithification[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] reduces [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary] (see chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5.3<\/a>).\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A combination of a place to contain water ([pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary]) and the ability to move water (permeability) makes a good <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u2014a rock unit or [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] that allows extraction of [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0Well-sorted [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] have higher [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary] because there are not smaller [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] particles filling in the spaces between the larger particles. [pb_glossary id=\"2839\"]Shales[\/pb_glossary] made of clays generally have high [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary], but the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] are poorly connected, thereby causing low permeability. \u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4549\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-742\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8mfBomrw0rs[\/embed]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW26704983\">Wh<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">ile permeability is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">n important<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0measure of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">porous<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u2019s ability to trans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">mit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">[pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary] is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">more commonly use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">d by geologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0to measure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">how easily a fluid is transmitted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]Hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">measure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">s both the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">permeability of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">porous\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">material\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the properties\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">water, or whate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">ver\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">fluid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">being transmitted like [pb_glossary id=\"3338\"]oil[\/pb_glossary] or gas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">also measures the properties of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0fluid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">, such as [pb_glossary id=\"3368\"]viscosity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">is used by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3337\"]petroleum[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">geologists and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">hydrogeologists to describe\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">the production capability of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3338\"]oil[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]reservoirs[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary]. High<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">indicates\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">that fluid transmits rapidly <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">through an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h3><b>11.6.2 Aquifers\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW76684060\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW76684060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW76684060\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]Aquifers[\/pb_glossary] are rock layers with sufficient [pb_glossary id=\"3163\"]porosity[\/pb_glossary] and permeability to allow water to be both contained and move within them. For rock or [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span> to be considered an [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary], its [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] must be at least partially filled with water and it must be permeable enough to transmit water. Drinking water [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary] must also contain <strong>potable <\/strong>water. [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]Aquifers[\/pb_glossary] can vary dramatically in scale, from spanning several [pb_glossary id=\"2960\"]formations[\/pb_glossary] covering large regions to being a local [pb_glossary id=\"2960\"]formation[\/pb_glossary] in a limited area. [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]Aquifers[\/pb_glossary] adequate for water supply are both permeable, porous, and potable.<\/span>\n<h3><b>11.6.3 Groundwater Flow<\/b><\/h3>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3445\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"320\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vadose_zone.gif\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-743\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vadose_zone.gif\" alt=\"The groundwater table is where the pores in an aquifer are completely saturated.\" width=\"320\" height=\"243\"><\/a> Zone of saturation.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When surface water [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrates[\/pb_glossary] or seeps into the ground, it usually enters the unsaturated zone also called the [pb_glossary id=\"3171\"]vadose zone[\/pb_glossary], or zone of aeration. \u00a0The <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3171\"]vadose zone[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the volume of geologic material between the land surface and the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]zone of saturation[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pore[\/pb_glossary] spaces are not completely filled with water <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">34<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Plant roots inhabit the upper [pb_glossary id=\"3171\"]vadose zone[\/pb_glossary] and fluid pressure in the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0Below the [pb_glossary id=\"3171\"]vadose zone[\/pb_glossary] is the capillary fringe. \u00a0Capillary fringe is the usually thin zone below the [pb_glossary id=\"3171\"]vadose zone[\/pb_glossary] where the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] are completely filled with water ([pb_glossary id=\"2706\"]saturation[\/pb_glossary]), but the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0The [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] in the capillary fringe are filled because of capillary action, which occurs because of a combination of [pb_glossary id=\"2693\"]adhesion[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2692\"]cohesion[\/pb_glossary]. Below the capillary fringe is the [pb_glossary id=\"2706\"]saturated[\/pb_glossary] zone or phreatic zone, where the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] are completely [pb_glossary id=\"2706\"]saturated[\/pb_glossary] and the fluid in the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] is at or above atmospheric pressure<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The interface between the capillary fringe and the [pb_glossary id=\"2706\"]saturated[\/pb_glossary] zone marks the location of the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/p>\n<strong>W<\/strong><b>ells<\/b>\u00a0are conduits that extend into the ground with openings to the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary], to extract from, measure, and sometimes add water to the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]. Wells are generally the way that geologists and hydrologist measure the depth to [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] from the land surface as well as withdraw water from [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary].\n\nWater is found throughout the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pore[\/pb_glossary] spaces in [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1971\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]. The <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> is the area below which the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] are fully [pb_glossary id=\"2706\"]saturated[\/pb_glossary] with water. The simplest case of a [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] is when the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] is unconfined, meaning it does not have a [pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]confining layer[\/pb_glossary] above it. [pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]Confining layers[\/pb_glossary] can pressurize [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary] by trapping water that is [pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]recharged[\/pb_glossary] at a higher elevation underneath the [pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]confining layer[\/pb_glossary], allowing for a [pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary] higher than the top of the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary], and sometimes higher than the land surface.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3446\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"550\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-744\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\" alt=\"In a confined aquifer, the potentiometric surface can rise above the ground.\" width=\"550\" height=\"325\"><\/a> Potentiometric surface and water table in an aquifer system.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]confining layer[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a low permeability layer above and\/or below an [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] that restricts the water from moving in and out of the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3168\"]Confining layers[\/pb_glossary] include <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3169\"]aquicludes[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are so impermeable that no water travels through them, and <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3170\"]aquitards[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which significantly decrease the speed at which water travels through them. <\/span>The <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary]<\/b> represents the height that water would rise in a well penetrating the pressurized [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary]. Breaches in the pressurized [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary], like [pb_glossary id=\"3065\"]faults[\/pb_glossary] or wells, can cause <b>springs<\/b> or <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3175\"]flowing wells[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>, also known as <b>[pb_glossary id=\"3175\"]artesian[\/pb_glossary] wells<\/b>.\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] will generally mirror surface topography, though more subdued, because hydrostatic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure along the surface of the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0If the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] intersects the ground surface the result will be water at the surface in the form of a gaining [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3174\"]spring[\/pb_glossary], lake, or wetland. The [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] intersects the channel for <strong>gaining [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> which then gains water from the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0 The channels for <strong>losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> lie below the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary], thus losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] lose water to the [pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0 Losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] may be seasonal during a dry season or <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3133\"]ephemeral[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> in dry climates where they may normally be dry and carry water only after rain storms. [pb_glossary id=\"3133\"]Ephemeral[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] pose a serious danger of [pb_glossary id=\"2454\"]flash flooding[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0in dry climates.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4556\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-745\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UfgyJkmZgK8[\/embed]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentioned in the video is the <a href=\"https:\/\/groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov\/default.asp\">USGS Groundwater Watch<\/a> site.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<i><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Using wells, g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">eologists measure the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">hei<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ght <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Graphs of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">depth <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">time<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">known as <strong>hydrographs<\/strong> and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">sho<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">w <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">changes in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over time.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">water level\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">controlled by many factors <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">can change very frequently, even <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">every minute<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">, seasonally, and over longer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]periods[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">of time<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3448\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"432\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930..0..pres-1.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-746\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1.png\" alt=\"A hydrograph is a line graph that shows depth to water with time.\" width=\"432\" height=\"320\"><\/a> Example of a hydrograph[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW257587516\">In 1856,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">French engineer\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Henry Darcy developed a [pb_glossary id=\"2652\"]hypothesis[\/pb_glossary] to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">show <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">how [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] through a porous medium is controlled by permeability, pressure, and cross<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">sectional area.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">To\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">prove<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">this<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0relationship<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Darcy <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">[pb_glossary id=\"2653\"]experiment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">ed with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\"> tubes of packed [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] with water running through them<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">The results<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">f his experiments<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">empirica<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">ly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">established<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">[pb_glossary id=\"2646\"]quantitative[\/pb_glossary] measure of [pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0that is known as Darcy\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">aw. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The relationships described by Darcy\u2019s Law have close similarities to Fourier's law in the field of heat conduction, Ohm's law in the field of electrical networks, or Fick's law in diffusion [pb_glossary id=\"2655\"]theory[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Q=KA(<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394<strong>h\/<\/strong><\/span>L)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3449\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"431\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Darcys_Law.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-747\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law.png\" alt=\"Cylinder with a length (L), cross-sectional area (A), which is filled with a material of a specific hydraulic conductivity.\" width=\"431\" height=\"215\"><\/a> Pipe showing apparatus that would demonstrate Darcy\u2019s Law. \u0394h would be measured across L from a to b.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n<ul>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q = flow (volume\/time)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K = [pb_glossary id=\"3167\"]hydraulic conductivity[\/pb_glossary] (length\/time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A = cross-sectional area of flow (area)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h = change in pressure head (pressure difference)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L = distance between pressure (h) measurements (length)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h\/<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L is commonly referred to as the hydraulic [pb_glossary id=\"3135\"]gradient[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW247876017 BCX0\">Pumping water from an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">unconfi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">ned\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">lowers the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">. Pumping water from a confined [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] lowers the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">pressure and\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">around the well.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">In an unconfined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary], the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">is lowered as water is removed from the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">near the well producing <strong>drawdown <\/strong>and a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3176\"]cone of depression[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> (see figure). In a confined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary], pumping on an [pb_glossary id=\"3175\"]artesian well[\/pb_glossary] reduces the pressure or [pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary] around the well.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"EOP SCXW247876017 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_892\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"3104\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-748 size-full\" title=\"Source: Heath, 1983, USGS\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\" alt=\"The shape of the potentiometric surface or water table around a pumping well is cone-shaped, where groundwater level has the greatest drawdown near the well.\" width=\"3104\" height=\"1353\"><\/a> Cones of depression (Heath 1983).[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When one [pb_glossary id=\"3176\"]cone of depression[\/pb_glossary] intersects another [pb_glossary id=\"3176\"]cone of depression[\/pb_glossary] or a barrier feature like an impermeable mountain block, drawdown is intensified. When a [pb_glossary id=\"3176\"]cone of depression[\/pb_glossary] intersects a recharge zone, the [pb_glossary id=\"3176\"]cone of depression[\/pb_glossary] is lessened.<\/span>\n<h3><b>11.6.4 Recharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]recharge[\/pb_glossary] <\/b>area<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is where surface water enters an [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] through the process of [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]Recharge[\/pb_glossary] areas are generally topographically high locations of an [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0They are characterized by losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] and permeable rock that allows [pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary] into the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]Recharge[\/pb_glossary] areas mark the beginning of [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] flow paths.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW51221263\">[pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Province<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">[pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]recharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">areas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">of the valleys <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">are along <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">mountain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">foothills<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the foothills of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Salt Lake Valley, <\/span><\/span>losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] contribute water to the gravel-rich deltaic deposits of ancient Lake Bonneville, in some cases feeding [pb_glossary id=\"3175\"]artesian[\/pb_glossary] wells in the Salt Lake Valley.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW103813114\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">management practice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">is to induce <\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">echarge<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"> through storage and recovery<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Geologists and hydrologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0increase the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">recharge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">into an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">using<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">njection wells and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltration[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">galleries<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">basins<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">35<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">].\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Injection wells pump water into an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0where it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0stored<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Injection wells are regulated by state and federal governments to ensure that the injected water is not negatively impacting the quality or supply of the existing [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] in the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0Some [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary] can store significant quantities of water, allowing water managers to use the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] like a surface [pb_glossary id=\"3341\"]reservoir[\/pb_glossary]. Water is stored in the [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary] during [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]periods[\/pb_glossary] of low water demand and high water supply and later extracted during times of high water demand and low water supply.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3451\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"550\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-749\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\" alt=\"Different ways an aquifer can be recharged. Rivers, injection wells, and infiltration can all contribute to aquifer recharge.\" width=\"550\" height=\"271\"><\/a> Different ways an aquifer can be recharged.[\/caption]\n<h3><b>11.6.5 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]Discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> areas are where\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3173\"]potentiometric surface[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">intersects the land surface.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]Discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">areas mark the end of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">flow paths<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">These areas\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">are characterized by springs,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW87410731\">flowing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">[pb_glossary id=\"3175\"]artesian[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">wells, gaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">[pb_glossary id=\"2906\"]playas[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">n the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"> dry<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0basins<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">[pb_glossary id=\"2462\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">Province\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h3><b>11.6.6 Groundwater mining and subsidence<\/b><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other [pb_glossary id=\"2660\"]natural resources[\/pb_glossary] on our planet, the quantity of fresh and potable water is finite.\u00a0 The only natural source of water on land is from the sky in the form of [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">n many places<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">is being extracted faster than it is being replenished<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">When<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is extracted faster than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"3177\"]recharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">potentiometric surfaces<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">decline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">areas <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">diminish\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">or dry up completely.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Regional pumping-induced [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] decline is known as <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"2694\"]groundwater mining[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] overdraft. [pb_glossary id=\"2694\"]Groundwater mining[\/pb_glossary] is a serious situation and can lead to dry wells, reduced spring and [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]stream[\/pb_glossary] flow, and [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary]. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW8772542\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">roundwater [pb_glossary id=\"3324\"]mining[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is happening<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"> is places <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">here<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0more water is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">extract<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by pumping\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is being\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">replenish<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">[pb_glossary id=\"3172\"]water table[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is continual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0lower<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">. In these situations, [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] must be viewed as a [pb_glossary id=\"3325\"]ore[\/pb_glossary] body and in its depletion, the possibility of producing ghost towns.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4550\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-750\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_DuwZjb3_DA[\/embed]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">In many places, water <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW193209130 BCX0\">actually helps<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0hold up<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW193209130 BCX0\">an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">skeleton\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">by the water pressure exerted on the grains in an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> This pressure is called <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pore[\/pb_glossary] <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><strong>pressure<\/strong> and comes from the weight of overlying water. If [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pore[\/pb_glossary] pressure decreases because of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2694\"]groundwater mining[\/pb_glossary], the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifer[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">can compact, causing the surface of the ground to sink.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Areas especially susceptible to this effect are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]aquifers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">made of unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">with multiple layers of clay and other fine-grained material are at higher risk because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">when water is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0drained,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">clay\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> considerably<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">36<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">;<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">37<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW193209130 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3452\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/100_4902-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3452 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/100_4902-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The author stands in a large ditch-like\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> Example of an earth fissure in Cedar City.[\/caption]\n\n<b>[pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]Subsidence[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from [pb_glossary id=\"2694\"]groundwater mining[\/pb_glossary] has been documented in southwestern Utah, notably Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah. \u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary] levels have declined more than 100 feet in certain parts of Cedar Valley, causing earth fissures and measurable amounts of land [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary].<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3453\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"174\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-752\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\" alt=\"Eivdence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole\" width=\"174\" height=\"435\"><\/a> Evidence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole[\/caption]\n\nThis photo shows documentation of [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] from pumping of [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] for irrigation in the Central Valley in California. The pole shows [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] from [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] pumping over a [pb_glossary id=\"2192\"]period[\/pb_glossary] of time.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"81\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4543\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-753\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.6 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><b>11.7 Water Contamination and Remediation<\/b><\/h2>\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">Water can be contaminated by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">natural features like<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2687\"]mineral[\/pb_glossary]-rich geologic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2960\"]formations[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">human <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">activities <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">such as a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">griculture, industrial <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">operations, landfills, animal operations, and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">sewage treatment processes, among many other things<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">As water runs over the land or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3128\"]infiltrates[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">into the ground, it dissolves material left behind by these potential contaminant sources. There are three major groups of contamination:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">organic and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">inorganic chemicals<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and biological agents. Small<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">that cloud<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">water<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">causing turbidity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0is also an issue with some wells, but it is not considered contamination. The risks and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">for a contaminant depends on the type of chemicals present.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125219294 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">Contamination occurs as point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source and non<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source pollution.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3178\"]Point source[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pollution can be attributed to a single, definable source, while<\/span><b> [pb_glossary id=\"3179\"]nonpoint source[\/pb_glossary] <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pollution is from multiple dispersed sources. [pb_glossary id=\"3178\"]Point sources[\/pb_glossary] include waste disposal sites, storage tanks, sewage treatment plants, and chemical spills. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and indiscreet, where the whole of the contribution of pollutants is harmful, but the individual components do not have harmful concentrations of pollutants. \u00a0A good example of nonpoint pollution is residential areas, where lawn fertilizer on one person\u2019s yard may not contribute much pollution to the [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary], but the combined effect of many residents using fertilizer can lead to significant nonpoint pollution. \u00a0Other nonpoint sources include nutrients (nitrate and [pb_glossary id=\"1923\"]phosphate[\/pb_glossary]), herbicides, pesticides contributed by farming, nitrate contributed by animal operations, and nitrate contributed by septic systems. \u00a0<\/span>\n\nOrganic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are common pollutants. They consist of strands and rings of carbon atoms, usually connected by covalent [pb_glossary id=\"2703\"]bonds[\/pb_glossary]. Other types of atoms, like chlorine, and molecules, like hydroxide (OH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), are attached to the strands and rings. The number and arrangement of atoms will decide how the chemical behaves in the environment, its danger to humans or ecosystems, and where the chemical ends up in the environment. The different arrangements of carbon allow for tens of thousands of organic chemicals, many of which have never been studied for negative effects on human health or the environment. \u00a0Common organic pollutants are herbicides and pesticides, pharmaceuticals, fuel, and industrial solvents and cleansers. <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organic chemicals include surfactants<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0such as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">cleaning agents<\/span><\/span>\u00a0and synthetic hormones associated with pharmaceuticals, which can act as endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors mimic hormones, and can cause long-term effects in developing sexual reproduction systems in developing animals. Only very small quantities of endocrine disruptors are needed to cause significant changes in animal populations.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of organic chemical contamination is the Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York. From 1942 to 1952, the Hooker Chemical Company disposed of over <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,337 mt (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,000 t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span> of chemical waste, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, into a canal and covered it with a thin layer of clay. \u00a0Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a large group of organic chemicals that have chlorine functional groups, most of which are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. The company sold the land to the New York School Board, who developed it into a neighborhood. After residents began to suffer from serious health ailments and pools of oily fluid started rising into residents\u2019 basements, the neighborhood had to be evacuated. \u00a0This site became a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"3180\"]Superfund site[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a site with federal funding and oversight to ensure its cleanup. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n\nInorganic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are another set of chemical pollutants. They can contain carbon atoms, but not in long strands or links. Inorganic contaminants include chloride, arsenic, and nitrate (NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). \u00a0Nutrients can be from geologic material, like phosphorous-rich rock, but are most often sourced from fertilizer and animal and human waste. \u00a0Untreated sewage and agricultural [pb_glossary id=\"3127\"]runoff[\/pb_glossary] contain concentrates of nitrogen and phosphorus which are essential for the growth of microorganisms. Nutrients like nitrate and [pb_glossary id=\"1923\"]phosphate[\/pb_glossary] in surface water can promote growth of microbes, like blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), which in turn use oxygen and create toxins (microcystins and anatoxins) in lakes <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">38<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This process is known as eutrophication.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metals are common inorganic contaminants. Lead, mercury, and arsenic are some of the more problematic inorganic [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] contaminants. \u00a0Bangladesh has a well documented case of arsenic contamination from natural geologic material dissolving into the [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Acid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">[pb_glossary id=\"3324\"]mine[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">can also cause significant inorganic contamination<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ee <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/16-energy-and-mineral-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Chap<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ter\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt, typically sodium chloride, is a common inorganic contaminant. \u00a0It can be introduced into [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary] from natural sources, such as [pb_glossary id=\"2842\"]evaporite[\/pb_glossary] deposits like the Arapien [pb_glossary id=\"2839\"]Shale[\/pb_glossary] of Utah, or from [pb_glossary id=\"1717\"]anthropogenic[\/pb_glossary] sources like the salts applied to roads in the winter to keep ice from forming. \u00a0Salt contamination can also occur <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">near ocean coasts\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">from saltwater intru<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">ding into the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">cones of depression around fresh<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">pumping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">inducing the encroachment of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">saltwater into the freshwater body.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Biological agents are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">nother common<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">contaminant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0which includes harmful bacteria and viruses. A common bacteria contaminant is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><em>Escherichia coli<\/em> (<em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">. Generally, harmful bacteria are not present in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">unless the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]groundwater[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">source <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">is closely connected with a contaminated surface source, such as a septic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]Karst[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">landforms created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">s especially susceptible to this form of contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0because water moves relatively quickly through the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"> conduits o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">f [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Bacteria can also be used for<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">[pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<a href=\"http:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/edu\/groundwater-contaminants.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Table. Groundwater contaminants.<\/span><\/i><\/a>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]Remediation[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> is the act of cleaning contamination. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">Hydrologists use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0three\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">types<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0of [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary]:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">iological, chemical, and physical.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Biological [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary] uses specific [pb_glossary id=\"2916\"]strains[\/pb_glossary] of bacteria to break down a contaminant into safer chemicals. \u00a0This type of [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary] is usually used on organic chemicals, but also works on reducing or oxidizing inorganic chemicals like nitrate. Phytoremediation is a type of bioremediation that uses plants to absorb the chemicals over time.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary] uses chemicals to remove the contaminant or make it less harmful. \u00a0One example is to use a reactive barrier, a permeable wall in the ground or at a [pb_glossary id=\"3136\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] point that chemically reacts with contaminants in the water. Reactive barriers made of [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary] can increase the pH of [pb_glossary id=\"3359\"]acid mine drainage[\/pb_glossary], making the water less acidic and more basic, which removes [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary] contaminants by [pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] into solid form.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary] consists of removing the contaminated water and either treating it with filtration<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">, called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">\u00a0pump<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">treat,<\/span><\/span><\/span> or disposing of it. \u00a0All of these options are technically complex, expensive, and difficult, with physical [pb_glossary id=\"3181\"]remediation[\/pb_glossary] typically being the most costly.<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"82\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4544\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-754\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.7 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><b>11.8 Karst<\/b><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3454\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Karst-Towers-in-China.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-755 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"Steep rock towers left as remnants of limestone layers dissolved away by acidic rainwater.\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\"><\/a> Steep karst towers in China left as remnants as limestone is dissolved away by acidic rain and groundwater.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]Karst[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> refers to landscapes and hydrologic features created\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW177943039 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">dissolving<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]Karst[\/pb_glossary] can be<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0found anywhere<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">there is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">and other soluble subterranean substances like salt deposits.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">Dissol<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">ving<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">limestone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">creates features like sinkholes, caverns, disappearing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">towers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177943039 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3455\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-756 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\"><\/a> Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits .[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dissolving of underlying salt deposits has caused sinkholes to form in the Kaibab [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]Limestone[\/pb_glossary] on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3456\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"439\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkhole.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-757\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkhole that appeared in Florida in the front yard of a home.\" width=\"439\" height=\"288\"><\/a> This sinkhole from collapse of surface into a underground cavern appeared in the front yard of this home in Florida.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56751174 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">Collapse of the surface into an underground cavern caused this s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">inkhole <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">in the front yard of a home in Florida.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56751174 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">CO<sub><span class=\"NormalTextRun Superscript SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0in the\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0dissolves readily in the water droplets that form clouds\u00a0from which\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0comes in the form of rain and snow. This\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2707\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0is slightly acidic with\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2813\"]carbonic acid[\/pb_glossary].<span class=\"EOP SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>Karst<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">forms when<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">carbonic acid <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">dissolves<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1918\"]calcite[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">(calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1917\"]carbonate[\/pb_glossary]) in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>H<sub>2<\/sub>O + CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0= H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Water + Carbon Dioxide Gas equals [pb_glossary id=\"2813\"]Carbonic Acid[\/pb_glossary] in Water<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0= Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>+ 2HCO<sub>3<\/sub> <sup>-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Solid [pb_glossary id=\"1918\"]Calcite[\/pb_glossary] + [pb_glossary id=\"2813\"]Carbonic Acid[\/pb_glossary] in Water [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]Dissolved[\/pb_glossary] equals Calcium [pb_glossary id=\"3371\"]Ion[\/pb_glossary] + [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]Dissolved[\/pb_glossary] Bicarbonate [pb_glossary id=\"3371\"]Ion[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3457\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"385\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-758\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Calcium carbonate deposited at Mammoth hot springs encapsulates trees.\" width=\"385\" height=\"255\"><\/a> Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park.[\/caption]\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the slightly acidic water dissolves the [pb_glossary id=\"1918\"]calcite[\/pb_glossary], changes in [pb_glossary id=\"2689\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary] or gas content in the water can cause the water to redeposit the [pb_glossary id=\"1918\"]calcite[\/pb_glossary] in a different place as [pb_glossary id=\"2846\"]tufa[\/pb_glossary] ([pb_glossary id=\"2847\"]travertine[\/pb_glossary]), often deposited by a [pb_glossary id=\"3174\"]spring[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or in a cave. \u00a0Speleothems are secondary deposits, typically made of [pb_glossary id=\"2847\"]travertine[\/pb_glossary], deposited in a cave<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2847\"]Travertine[\/pb_glossary] speleothems form by water dripping through cracks and [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary] openings in caves and evaporating, leaving behind the [pb_glossary id=\"2847\"]travertine[\/pb_glossary] deposits. \u00a0Speleothems commonly occur in the form of stalactites, when extending from the ceiling, and stalagmites, when standing up from the floor.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3458\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"490\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Labeled_speleothems.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-759\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Cave deposits hanging and protruding from the base of a cave.\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\"><\/a> Varieties of speleotherms.[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3459\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"472\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Disappearing-stream.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-760\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Stream disappears into subterranean cavern system.\" width=\"472\" height=\"352\"><\/a> This stream disappears into a subterranean cavern system to re-emerge a few hundred yards downstream.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface water enters the [pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]karst[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] through sinkholes, losing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], and disappearing [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0Changes in [pb_glossary id=\"3150\"]base level[\/pb_glossary] can cause [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary] running over [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary] to [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolve[\/pb_glossary] the [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary] and sink into the ground. \u00a0As the water continues to [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolve[\/pb_glossary] its way through the [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary], it can leave behind intricate networks of caves and narrow passages. \u00a0Often [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolution[\/pb_glossary] will follow and expand [pb_glossary id=\"1934\"]fractures[\/pb_glossary] in the [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary]. \u00a0Water exits the [pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]karst[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] as springs and rises. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In mountainous [pb_glossary id=\"2686\"]terrane[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolution[\/pb_glossary] can extend all the way through the vertical profile of the mountain, with caverns dropping thousands of feet.<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"83\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4545\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-761\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.8 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is essential for all living things. It continuously cycles through the [pb_glossary id=\"2667\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary], over land, and through the ground. In much of the United States and other countries, water is managed through a [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] of regional laws and regulations and distributed on paper in a [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]system[\/pb_glossary] collectively known as \u201cwater rights\u201d. Surface water follows a [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]watershed[\/pb_glossary], which is separate from other areas by its divides (highest ridges). [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary] exists in the [pb_glossary id=\"3116\"]pores[\/pb_glossary] within rocks and [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0 It moves predominantly due to pressure and gravitational gradients through the rock. Human and natural causes can make water unsuitable for consumption.\u00a0 There are different ways to deal with this contamination. [pb_glossary id=\"2817\"]Karst[\/pb_glossary] is when [pb_glossary id=\"2851\"]limestone[\/pb_glossary] is [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]dissolved[\/pb_glossary] by water, forming caves and sinkholes.<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"84\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4547\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-762\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 11 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Brush, L.M., Jr, 1961, [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]Drainage[\/pb_glossary] basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary] in central Pennsylvania: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Charlton, R., 2007, Fundamentals of [pb_glossary id=\"2903\"]fluvial[\/pb_glossary] geomorphology: Taylor &amp; Francis.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cirrus Ecological [pb_glossary id=\"2705\"]Solutions[\/pb_glossary], 2009, Jordan [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] TMDL: Utah State Division of Water Quality.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">EPA, 2009, Water on Tap-What You Need to Know: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fagan, B., 2012, Elixir: A history of water and humankind: Bloomsbury Press.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fairbridge, R.W., 1968, Yazoo [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]streams[\/pb_glossary], <i>in<\/i> Geomorphology: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Encyclopedia of Earth Science, p. 1238\u20131239.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Freeze, A.R., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, [pb_glossary id=\"3129\"]Groundwater[\/pb_glossary]: Prentice Hall.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1999, Land [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1182.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, W.E., Whiteaker, T.L., and Ganey-Curry, P., 2011, History of [pb_glossary id=\"1441\"]Cenozoic[\/pb_glossary] North American [pb_glossary id=\"3130\"]drainage basin[\/pb_glossary] evolution, [pb_glossary id=\"2678\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] yield, and accumulation in the Gulf of Mexico [pb_glossary id=\"1461\"]basin[\/pb_glossary]: [pb_glossary id=\"2665\"]Geosphere[\/pb_glossary], v. 7, no. 4, p. 938\u2013973.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gilbert, G.K., 1890, Lake Bonneville: United States Geological Survey, 438 p.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gleick, P.H., 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World\u2019s Fresh Water Resources: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hadley, G., 1735, Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds: By Geo. Hadley, Esq; FRS: Philosophical Transactions, v. 39, no. 436\u2013444, p. 58\u201362.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Halvorson, S.F., and James Steenburgh, W., 1999, Climatology of lake-effect snowstorms of the Great Salt Lake: University of Utah.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 91 p.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hobbs, W.H., and Fisk, H.N., 1947, Geological Investigation of the [pb_glossary id=\"2904\"]Alluvial[\/pb_glossary] Valley of the Lower Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]: JSTOR.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Knudsen, T., Inkenbrandt, P., Lund, W., Lowe, M., and Bowman, S., 2014, Investigation of land [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] and earth fissures in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Special Study 150.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lorenz, E.N., 1955, Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation: Tell\u2019Us, v. 7, no. 2, p. 157\u2013167.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Marston, R.A., Mills, J.D., Wrazien, D.R., Bassett, B., and Splinter, D.K., 2005, Effects of Jackson lake dam on the Snake [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary] and its [pb_glossary id=\"3147\"]floodplain[\/pb_glossary], Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA: Geomorphology, v. 71, no. 1\u20132, p. 79\u201398.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Maupin, M.A., Kenny, J.F., Hutson, S.S., Lovelace, J.K., Barber, N.L., and Linsey, K.S., 2014, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2010: US Geological Survey.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Myers, W.B., and Hamilton, W., 1964, The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., v. 435, p. 51.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oviatt, C.G., 2015, Chronology of Lake Bonneville, 30,000 to 10,000 yr B.P: Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 110, p. 166\u2013171.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Powell, J.W., 1879, Report on the lands of the arid region of the United States with a more detailed account of the land of Utah with maps: Monograph.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reed, J.C., Love, D., and Pierce, K., 2003, Creation of the Teton landscape: a geologic chronicle of Jackson Hole and the Teton Range: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reese, R.S., 2014, Review of [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]Aquifer[\/pb_glossary] Storage and Recovery in the Floridan [pb_glossary id=\"3166\"]Aquifer[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2664\"]System[\/pb_glossary] of Southern Florida:<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schele, L., Miller, M.E., Kerr, J., Coe, M.D., and Sano, E.J., 1992, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art: George Braziller Inc.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., and Knapp, G.L., 1987, Hydrologic unit maps:<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Solomon, S., 2011, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization: Harper Perennial.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">T\u00f6rnqvist, T.E., Wallace, D.J., Storms, J.E.A., Wallinga, J., Van Dam, R.L., Blaauw, M., Derksen, M.S., Klerks, C.J.W., Meijneken, C., and Snijders, E.M.A., 2008, Mississippi [pb_glossary id=\"2901\"]Delta[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1464\"]subsidence[\/pb_glossary] primarily caused by [pb_glossary id=\"2680\"]compaction[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"1444\"]Holocene[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"2857\"]strata[\/pb_glossary]: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 3, p. 173\u2013176.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Turner, R.E., and Rabalais, N.N., 1991, Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century: Bioscience, v. 41, no. 3, p. 140\u2013147.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">United States Geological Survey, 1967, The Amazon: Measuring a Mighty [pb_glossary id=\"3134\"]River[\/pb_glossary]: United States Geological Survey O-245-247.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, Cyanobacteria\/Cyanotoxins<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Geological Survey, 2012, Snowmelt - The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Utah\/Nevada Draft Snake Valley Agreement, 2013<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;\">\u00a0<\/span>","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3413\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3413\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-698 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-768x327.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1536x653.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-65x28.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-225x96.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-350x149.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg 1716w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>11 Water<\/h1>\n<h4><b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3414\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3414\" style=\"width: 364px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-699\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"364\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3414\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">Describe the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">processes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">\u00a0of the water cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\">Describe <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage<\/a> basins, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watershed<\/a> protection, and water budget<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\">Describe reasons for water laws, who controls them, and how water is shared in the western U.S.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\">Describe zone of transport, zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> production, zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a>, and equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\">Describe <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> landforms: channel types, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">alluvial<\/a> fans, floodplains, natural levees, deltas, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3161\">entrenched meanders<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">terraces<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\">Describe the properties required for a good <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>; define <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">confining layer<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\">Describe three major groups of water contamination and three types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">Describ<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">karst<\/a> topography<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">, how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">created,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">the landforms that characterize it<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All life on Earth requires water. \u00a0The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2666\">hydrosphere<\/a> (Earth\u2019s water) is an important agent of geologic change. Water shapes our planet by depositing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2687\">minerals<\/a>, aiding <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2682\">lithification<\/a>, and altering rocks after they are lithified. Water carried by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2602\">subducted<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2581\">oceanic<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2591\">plates<\/a> causes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2608\">flux\u00a0melting<\/a> of upper <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2586\">mantle<\/a> material. Water is among the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2606\">volatiles<\/a> in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2672\">magma<\/a> and emerges at the surface as steam in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1181\">volcanoes<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3415\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3415\" style=\"width: 199px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-700\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Mayan stone figure with a long elephant-like nose representing a water deity.\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-225x339.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-350x527.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z.jpg 425w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3415\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chac mask in Mexico.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humans rely on suitable water sources for consumption, agriculture, power generation, and many other purposes. In pre-industrial civilizations, the powerful controlled water resources <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">1<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">2<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As shown in the figures, two thousand year old Roman aqueducts still grace European, Middle Eastern, and North African skylines<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Ancient Mayan architecture depicts water imagery such as frogs, water-lilies, water fowl to illustrate the importance of water in their societies <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 In the drier lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula, mask facades of the hooked-nosed rain god, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chac <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(or <em>Chaac)<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are prominent on Mayan buildings such as the Kodz Poop (Temple of the Masks, sometimes spelled <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">Coodz<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">\u00a0Poop<\/span><\/span><\/span>) at the ceremonial site of Kabah. To this day government c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ontrolled water continues to be an integral part of most modern societies.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.1 Water Cycle<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3416\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3416\" style=\"width: 385px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.2watercycle-page.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-701\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-300x209.jpg\" alt=\"The water cycle.\" width=\"385\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-225x156.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page-350x243.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2watercycle-page.jpg 738w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3416\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water cycle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth&#8217;s <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a>. During circulation, water\u00a0 changes between solid, liquid, and gas (water vapor) and changes location. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">The processes involved\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. Water evaporates when solar energy warms the water sufficiently to excite the water molecules to the point of vaporization. Evaporation occurs from oceans, lakes, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>\u00a0and the land surface. Plants <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">contribute significant amounts of water vapor as a byproduct of photosynthesis called transpiration <\/span><\/span>that occurs through the minute <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> of plant leaves<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">The term\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3126\">evapotranspiration<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">refers to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">these two sources of water entering the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0and is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">commonly used by g<\/span><\/span><\/span>eologists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Water vapor is invisible. Condensation is the process of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">ater vapor\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">transitioning to a liq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">uid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Winds carry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\"> water vapor <\/span><\/span><\/span>in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a> long distances. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">vapor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">cools or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">when air masses of different temperatures mix<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\"> water vapor may condense back into droplets of liquid water. <\/span><\/span><\/span>These water droplets usually form around a microscopic piece of dust or salt called condensation nuclei.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> small d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">roplets of liquid\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">suspended in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a> become<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> visible <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">a cloud.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">Water droplets inside c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">louds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">collide and stick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0together<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">, growing into larger<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\"> droplets. O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">nce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">droplets\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">become <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">big enough, they fall to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">arth as<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">rain, snow, hail, or sleet.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82462577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a> has reached the Earth&#8217;s surface, it can evaporate or flow as <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a><\/strong> into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, lakes, and eventually back to the oceans. \u00a0Water in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> and lakes is called surface water.\u00a0 Or water can also <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a><\/strong> into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a> and fill the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pore<\/a> spaces in the rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> underground to become <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/strong>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a> slowly moves through rock and unconsolidated materials. Some <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> may reach the surface again, where it discharges as springs, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, lakes, and\u00a0 the ocean. Also, surface water in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> and lakes can <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a> again to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">recharge<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a>. \u00a0Therefore, the surface water and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> systems are connected.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4554\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4554\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-702\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Water Cycle | How the Hydrologic Cycle Works\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/al-do-HGuIk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<p><i><\/i><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-74\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-74\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"74\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.1 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4536\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4536\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-703\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.1 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.2 Water Basins and Budgets<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3417\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3417\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-704\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-300x296.png\" alt=\"Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.\" width=\"226\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-65x64.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-225x222.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-350x345.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_.png 487w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3417\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The basic unit of division of the landscape is the <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage basin<\/a><\/b>, also known as a\u00a0<b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">catchment<\/a><\/b>\u00a0or <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watershed<\/a>. It<\/b> is the area of land that captures <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a> and contributes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a> to a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> segment <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW83290690\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW83290690\">4]<\/span>. <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">Drainage<\/a> divides<\/strong> are local topographic high points that separate one <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage basin<\/a> from another <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW190510073\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">5<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">]<\/span>. Water that <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3119\">falls<\/a> on one side of the divide goes to one <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, and water that <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3119\">falls<\/a> on the other side of the divide goes to a different <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. Each <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2696\">tributary<\/a> and streamlet has its own <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage basin<\/a>. In areas with flatter topography, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage<\/a> divides are not as easily identified but they still exist<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW26145523\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">6<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">]<\/span>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3418\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3418\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-705 size-medium\" title=\"By Asybaris01\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-65x46.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-225x160.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-350x250.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3418\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The headwater is where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> begins. Smaller <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2696\">tributary<\/a> <\/b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> combine downhill to make the larger trunk of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. The <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a><\/strong> is where the stream finally reaches its end. The mouth of most streams is at the ocean. However, a rare number of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> do not flow to the ocean, but rather end in a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2699\">closed basin<\/a><\/b> (or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2699\">endorheic basin<\/a>) where the only outlet is evaporation. Most <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> in the Great <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">Basin<\/a> of Western North America end in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2699\">endorheic basins<\/a>. For example, in Salt Lake County, Utah, Little Cottonwood Creek and the Jordan <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> flow into the endorheic Great Salt Lake where the water evaporates.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3419\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3419\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Ocean_drainage.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-706 size-full\" title=\"By Citynoise at English Wikipedia\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage.png\" alt=\"Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage-768x401.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage-225x118.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ocean_drainage-350x183.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3419\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW135665434 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW135665434 BCX0\">Perennial <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> flow all year round. <\/span><\/span><b>Perennial <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a><\/b> occur in humid or temperate climates where there is sufficient rainfall and low evaporation rates. \u00a0Water levels rise and fall with the seasons, depending on the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a>. <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3133\">Ephemeral streams<\/a><\/b> flow only during rain events or the wet season. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">n arid climates<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0like Utah, many<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3133\">ephemeral<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">occur in dry climates with low amounts of rainfall and high evaporation rates. Their channels are <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">often<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span>dry washes\u00a0or\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3132\">arroyos<\/a>\u00a0for much of the year and t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">heir sudden flow causes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2454\">flash floods<\/a> <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW92545693\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">]<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Along Utah\u2019s Wasatch Front,\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">the urban area extending north<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">south from Brigham City to Provo,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>there are several <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watersheds<\/a> that are designated as \u201c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watershed<\/a> protection areas\u201d that limit the type of use allowed in those <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainages<\/a> in order to protect culinary water. \u00a0Dogs and swimming are limited in those <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watersheds<\/a> because of the possibility of contamination by harmful bacteria and substances to the drinking supply of Salt Lake City and surrounding municipalities.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW230395698 BCX0\">Water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is very much like money in a personal budget. I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ncome\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">includes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">inflow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">xpenses\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">withdrawal, evaporation, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">outflow. If the expenses outweigh the income, the water budget is not balanced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. In this case, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">removed from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">savings<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">, i.e. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">if available.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">Reservoirs<\/a>, snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ice,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">moisture, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">serve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage in a water budget.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">dry regions, the water is critical for sustaining human activities<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. U<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">nderstanding and managing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">the water budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"> is an ongoing political and social challenge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrologists create <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> budgets within any designated area, but they are generally made for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watershed<\/a> (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a>) boundaries, because <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> and surface water are easier to account for within these boundaries. Water budgets can be created for state, county, or aquifer extent boundaries as well. \u00a0The groundwater budget is an essential component of the hydrologic model; hydrologists use measured data with a conceptual workflow of the model to better understand the water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-75\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-75\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"75\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.2 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4537\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-707\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.2 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.3 Water Use and Distribution<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3420\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3420\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-708\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-300x274.png\" alt=\"Agricultural water use in the United States by state.\" width=\"431\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-65x59.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-225x205.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-350x319.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11.png 699w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Agricultural water use in the United States by state.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">1,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">34<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">4 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>355 billion gallons) of ground and surface water are used each day, of which <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>76 billion gallons) are fresh <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a>. \u00a0The state of California uses 16% of national <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah is the second driest state in the United States. Nevada, having a mean statewide <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a> of\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">31\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>12.2 inches) per year, is the driest. \u00a0Utah also has the second highest per capita rate of total domestic water use <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">632.16\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>167 gallonsL per <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">day per person <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span>. \u00a0With the combination of relatively high demand and limited quantity, Utah is at risk for water budget deficits.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3421\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3421\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-709\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\" alt=\"Trends in water use by source\" width=\"610\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png 610w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010-65x38.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010-225x132.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4_trends-bar-2010-350x205.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3421\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trends in water use by source<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.3.1 Surface Water Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">Fresh water is a precious resource and should not be taken for granted, especially in dry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1710\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Surface water makes up only 1.2% of the fresh water available on the planet, and 69% of that surface water is trapped in ground ice and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1712\">permafrost<\/a>. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> water accounts for only 0.006% of all freshwater and lakes contain only 0.26% of the world\u2019s fresh water <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW253398420\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global circulation patterns are the most important factor in <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW37402210\">distributi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">ng<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0surface water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span>. D<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ue to the Coriolis effect and the uneven heating of the Earth, air rises near the equator and near latitudes 60\u00b0 north and south. A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ir sinks at the poles and latitudes 30\u00b0 north and south\u00a0 (see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/13-deserts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 13<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0Land masses near rising air are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">prone to humid and wet climates<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">. Land masses near<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">sinking air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">, which<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0inhibits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">re prone to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">dry conditions <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW166247515\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">10<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">11<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prevailing winds, ocean circulation patterns such as the Gulf <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a>\u2019s effects on eastern North America, rain shadows (the dry leeward sides of mountains), and even the proximity of bodies of water can affect local <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1710\">climate<\/a> patterns. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133046679 BCX0\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">this moist\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">air <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">collides with the nearby moun<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">tains causing it to rise and cool, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">moisture\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">may <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">fall<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">out\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">as snow or rain on nearby areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">a phenomenon known as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">lake-effect<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201d <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW2109339\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3422\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3422\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/pageprecip_us3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-710\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-1024x789.png\" alt=\"Distribution of precipitation in the United States.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-1024x789.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-768x592.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-1536x1183.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-2048x1578.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-225x173.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/pageprecip_us3-350x270.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Distribution of precipitation in the United States. The 100th Meridian is approximately where the average precipitation transitions from relatively wet to dry. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, the 100th meridian <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roughly marks the boundary between the humid and arid parts of the country. Growing crops west of the 100th meridian requires irrigation <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW93504855\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">13<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the west, surface water is stored in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">reservoirs<\/a> and mountain snowpacks <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW59410485\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">14<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, then strategically released through a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> of canals during times of high water use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the driest parts of the western United States are in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a> Province. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a> has multiple mountain ranges that are oriented north to south. \u00a0Most of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a> valleys in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a> are dry, receiving less than <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">30\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>12 inches) of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a> per year. However, some of the mountain ranges can receive more than 1<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW239353099\">.52 m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>60 inches) of water as snow or snow-water-equivalent. The snow-water equivalent is the amount of water that would result if the snow were melted, as the snowpack is generally much thicker than the equivalent amount of water that it would produce <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74073591\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.3.2 Groundwater Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<table class=\"center\" style=\"width: 723px;\" summary=\"Data table showing one estimate of global water distribution. Where and how much water is located in, on, and above the earth.\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 86.7969px; background-color: #b8f2e8; border-color: #030303;\">\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 253px; text-align: center;\">Water source<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">Water volume<\/p>\n<p>(cubic miles)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">Fresh water (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">Total water (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Oceans, Seas, &amp; Bays<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">321,000,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">96.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ice caps, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2464\">Glaciers<\/a>, &amp; Permanent Snow<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,773,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">68.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,614,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &#8212; Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,526,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">30.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &#8212; Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,088,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">Soil<\/a> Moisture<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,959<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ground Ice &amp; <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1712\">Permafrost<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">71,970<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.86<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.022<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Lakes<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">42,320<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &#8212; Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">21,830<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.26<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &#8212; Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">20,490<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">Atmosphere<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,095<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Swamp Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,752<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.03<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0008<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Rivers<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">509<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Biological Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">269<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.003<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 668px;\" colspan=\"4\"><span class=\"smaller\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Source: Igor Shiklomanov&#8217;s chapter &#8220;World fresh water resources&#8221; in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World&#8217;s Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York)[zotpressInText item=&#8221;{P7VGIQT4}&#8221; format=&#8221;%num%&#8221; brackets=&#8221;yes&#8221; separator=&#8221;comma&#8221;]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a> makes up 30.1% of the fresh water on the planet, making it the most abundant <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">reservoir<\/a> of fresh water accessible to most humans. \u00a0The majority of freshwater, 68.7%, is stored in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2464\">glaciers<\/a> and ice caps as ice<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74300989\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2464\">glaciers<\/a> and ice caps melt due to global warming, this fresh water is lost as it flows into the oceans.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-76\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-76\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"76\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.3 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4538\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-711\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.3 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.4 Water Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal and state governments have put laws in place to ensure the fair and equitable use of water. In the United States, the states are tasked with creating a fair and legal <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> for sharing water. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.4.1 Water Rights<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of the limited supply of water, especially in the western United States, states disperse a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> of legal <strong>water rights<\/strong> defined as a claim to a portion or all of a water source, such as a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3174\">spring<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, well, or lake<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Federal law mandates that states control water rights, with the special exception of federally reserved water rights, such as those associated with national parks and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1924\">Native<\/a> American tribes, and navigation servitude that maintains navigable water bodies. Each state in the United States has a different way to disperse and manage water rights. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person, entity, company, or organization, must have a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2695\">water right<\/a> to legally extract or use surface or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> in their state. \u00a0Water rights in some western states are dictated by the concept of prior appropriation, or \u201cfirst in time, first in right,\u201d where the person with the oldest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2695\">water right<\/a> gets priority water use during times when there is not enough water to fulfill every <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2695\">water right<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> and its tributaries pass through a desert region, including seven states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1924\">Native<\/a> American reservations, and Mexico. As the western United States became more populated and while California was becoming a key agricultural producer, the states along the Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> realized that the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> was important to sustaining life in the West. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">o guarantee\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">certain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><em>perceived<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">water rights<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">se western states<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">recognized\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">that<\/span><\/span><\/span> a water budget was necesary for the Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">Basin<\/a>. Thus was enacted the Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> Compact in 1922 to ensure that each state got a fair share of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> water. The Compact granted each state a specific volume of water based on the total measured flow at the time. \u00a0However, in 1922, the flow of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> was higher than its long-term average flow, consequently, more water was allocated to each state than is typically available in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW136464619\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">16<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Over the next several decades<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">lawmakers\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">made\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">many other agreements and modifications\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">regarding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Compact,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">those\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">agreements\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">that brought about the Hoover\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">(formerly Boulder Dam)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Glen Canyon Dam<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\"> and a treaty between the American and Mexican governments. <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Co<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">llectively<\/span>, the agreements\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">are referred to <\/span>as\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u201c<\/span>The Law of the\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a>&#8220;<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">by the United States Bureau of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Reclamation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Despite adjustments to the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> Compact<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0many believe that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">is still <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">over-allocat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">as the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">no longer reaches the Pacific Ocean, its original terminus (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a>).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Dams along<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">caus<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ed water to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0diver<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0and evaporat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">, creating<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">serious water budget concerns in the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">asin. Predicted drought associated with global warming\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">is\u00a0<\/span>caus<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ing<\/span>\u00a0additional concerns about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">over-allocati<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ng<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">flow<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">in the future<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">.<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Law of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> highlights the complex and prolonged nature of interstate water rights agreements, as well as the importance of water.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4552\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-712\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"The Colorado River Compact of 1922\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MZrKW-Q9X8E?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">Snake Valley straddles the border of Utah and Nevada with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">ore of the irrigable land area lying on the Utah side of the border.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">In 1989, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) submitted applications for water rights to pipe<\/span>\u00a0up to\u00a0<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">191<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">189<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">70<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">cu m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">155,000 ac<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">-ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">\u00a0<\/span>of water per year\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">(an acre-foot of water is one acre covered with water one foot deep)\u00a0<\/span>from\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3174\">Spring<\/a>, Snake,\u00a0Delamar, Dry Lake, and Cave <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">v<\/span>alleys to southern Nevada,\u00a0 mostly for Las Vegas<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW15730741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW15730741\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">17<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">]<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\">Nevada and Utah have attempted a comprehensive agreement, but negotiations have not yet been settled.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBreakBlob BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW130227827\"><span class=\"BCX0 SCXW130227827\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/MapJournal\/index.html?appid=79199afd183e459596e6e21315159354\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4560\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code.png 1160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=10953190\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPR story on Snake Valley<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4551\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-714\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this NPR Story via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/10953190\/10956967\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=C-bE-gOOJlU\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SNWA History<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eCZ8KLrmUXo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dean Baker Story<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4553\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-715\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"The Consequences: Transporting Snake Valley water to satisfy a thirsty Las Vegas\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eCZ8KLrmUXo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>11.4.2 Water Quality and Protection<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two major federal laws that protect water quality in the United States are the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. \u00a0The Clean Water Act, an amendment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, protects navigable waters from dumping and point-source pollution. The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that water that is provided by public water suppliers, like cities and towns, is safe to drink <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW47373929\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">18<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3180\">Superfund<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">program ensures the cleanup of hazardous contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and can be applied to situations of surface water and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination. It is part of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Under this act, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">state governments and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">can\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">use the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3180\">superfund<\/a> to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pay for <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">of a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contaminated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">site<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and then file a lawsuit against the polluter\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to recoup\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">the costs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Or to avoid being sued, the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pollut<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">r <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">that caused the contamination may<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">take direct action\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">or provide funds <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-77\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-77\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"77\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4539\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4539\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-716\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4539\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.4 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.5 Surface Water<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geologically, a <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a body of flowing surface water confined to a channel. Terms such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a>, creek and brook are social terms not used in geology. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Streams<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">, making<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">m the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0most important agents\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the earth\u2019s surface<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">along with wave action <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\">(see <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/12-shorelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 12<\/a>)<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ding\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">They create much of the surface topography and are an important water resource<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW266511203 BCX0\">Several factors cause<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a>, but the two main factors are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> and velocity.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> is the slope of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> usually expressed in meters per kilometer or feet per mile<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">. A steeper\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">gradie<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">nt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">promotes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a>. When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2576\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">forces\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elevate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0a mountain, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0increases,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> mountain <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode downward and deepen its channel eventually forming a valley.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">velocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">is the speed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">at which channel water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">s. Factors affecting channel v<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> include channel <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> which decreases downstream, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> and channel size which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> as tributaries coalesce, and channel roughness which decreases as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> lining the channel walls decreases in size thus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">reducing friction<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> The combined effect of these factors is that channel velocity actually increases from mountain brooks to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.1 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> size is measured in terms of <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a>,<\/strong>\u00a0 the volume of water flowing past a point in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> over a defined time interval. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volume is commonly measured in cubic units (length x width x depth), shown as feet<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (ft<sup>3<\/sup>) or meter<sup>3<\/sup> (m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Therefore, the units of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> are cubic feet per second (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ft<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/sec<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or cfs). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Therefore, the units of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic meters per second, (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms, or <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic feet per second (ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">ec<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">). <\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> increases downstream<b>.<\/b> Smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> have less <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> than larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>. For example, the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> is the largest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> in North America, with an average flow of about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">990.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">600,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW148589328\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148589328\">19]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">For comparison, the average<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0the Jordan<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">at Utah Lake is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16.25<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">574\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW117893300\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">20<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Amazon<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the world\u2019s largest<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">river<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">175,56<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">6,200,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW23375202\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">21<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">Discharge<\/a> can be expressed by the following equation: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q = V A<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q =\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cms<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ft<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\/sec),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A = cross-sectional area of the\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>\u00a0channel [width times average depth]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or in<sup>2<\/sup> or ft<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">V = average channel velocity <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m\/s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or ft\/sec) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW36958835\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW25992323 BCX0\">At a given location along the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, velocity varies <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">width<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">hape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, and depth <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">within the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0as well<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">When<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">stream <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0narrows but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">remains constant, the same volume of water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">must\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0na<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rrower space causing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">velocity to increase, similar to putting a thumb over the end of a backyard water hose<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0In addition,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">uring\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rain storms<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0or heavy snow melt,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0which increases<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0velocity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">When the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0curves, the highest velocity will be on the outside of the bend.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">hen the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0is straight and uniform<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">ly dee<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, the highest velocity is in the channel center <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">at the top of the water where it is the farthest from frictional contact with the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">bottom and sides. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">In hydrology, the <em><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3157\">thalweg<\/a><\/em> of a rive<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">r is the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">line drawn that shows its natural progression<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0and deepest channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, as is shown in the diagram.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW133448488 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3423\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3423\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/meandering.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-717\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-1024x376.png\" alt=\"Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. The inside of the bend is a shorter distance than the outside. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity. In a river bend, the fastest moving particles are on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-1024x376.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-768x282.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-225x83.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering-350x128.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/meandering.png 1177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3423\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thalweg of a river. In a river bend, the fastest moving water is on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank. Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the water surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity (Earle 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.2 Runoff vs. Infiltration<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">actors\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">dictat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0whether water will<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground or run off over the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">include <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the amount, type, and intensity of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the type and amount of vegeta<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">ion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0cover<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the slope of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2689\">temperature<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">and aspect of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0preexisting conditions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0and the type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">nfiltrated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">area<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">High<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">intensity<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">rain will cause more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">than the same amount of rain spread out over a longer duration.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">If the rain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3119\">falls<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">faster than the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">properties <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">allow it to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a>, then the water that cannot<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">becomes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"> Dense vegetation can increase\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a>, as the vegetative cover slows\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water particle<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">s\u00a0<\/span>overland flow giving them more time to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>If a parcel of land has more direct solar radiation or higher seasonal temperatures, there will be less <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a>, as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3126\">evapotranspiration<\/a> rates will be higher.\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">As the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">land<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">slope <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">increases, so does<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">because<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water is more inclined to move downslope than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Extreme examples are a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a> and a cliff, where water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrates<\/a> much quicker into a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a> than a cliff that has the same <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a> properties. \u00a0Because saturated soil does not have the capacity to take more water, runoff is generally greater over saturated soil. Clay-rich <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a> cannot accept <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a> as quickly as gravel-rich <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soil<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.3 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage Patterns<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pattern of tributaries within a region is called <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3137\">drainage pattern<\/a><\/strong>. They depend largely on the type of rock beneath, and on structures within that rock (such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1455\">folds<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3065\">faults<\/a>). The main types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3137\">drainage patterns<\/a> are dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, and deranged. <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3137\">Dendritic patterns<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are the most common and develop in areas where the underlying rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> are uniform in character, mostly flat lying, and can be eroded equally easily in all directions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Examples are <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">alluvial<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> or flat lying sedimentary rocks. <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3139\">Trellis patterns<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically develop where sedimentary rocks have been folded or tilted and then eroded to varying degrees depending on their strength. The Appalachian Mountains in eastern United States have many good examples of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3139\">trellis drainage<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Rectangular patterns<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> develop in areas that have very little topography and a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2857\">bedding<\/a> planes, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1934\">joints<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3065\">faults<\/a> that form a rectangular network. A <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3141\">radial pattern<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forms when <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> flow away from a central high point such as a mountain top or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1181\">volcano<\/a>, with the individual <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> typically having <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3138\">dendritic drainage<\/a> patterns<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In places with extensive <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a> deposits, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> can disappear into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> via caves and subterranean <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage<\/a> and this creates a <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3142\">deranged pattern<\/a> <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW69782112\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW69782112\">4]<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3424\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3424\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/DrainagePattern.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-718\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-1024x199.png\" alt=\"Various stream drainage patterns.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-1024x199.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-768x149.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-1536x298.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-2048x398.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-65x13.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-225x44.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/DrainagePattern-350x68.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3424\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Various stream drainage patterns.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.5.4 Fluvial Processes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2903\">Fluvial<\/a><\/strong> processes dictate how a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> behaves and include factors controlling <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2903\">fluvial<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> production, transport, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2903\">Fluvial<\/a> processes include velocity, slope and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a>, transportation, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> equilibrium, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Streams<\/a> can be divided into three main zones: the many smaller tributaries in the source area, the main trunk <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> and the distributaries at the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. Major <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> systems like the Mississippi are <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2831\">composed<\/a> of many source areas, many tributaries and trunk <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, all coalescing into the one main <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> draining the region. The zones of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> are defined as 1) the zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> production (erosion), 2) the zone of transport, and 3) the zone of deposition. The <\/span>zone of sediment production<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located in the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a><\/strong> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. In t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> transport, there is a general balance between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> of the finer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> in its channel and transport of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> across the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Streams<\/a> eventually flow into the ocean or end in quiet water with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> which is a z<\/span>one of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">located at the <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW234245023\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3143\">longitudinal profile<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> is a plot of the elevation of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channel at all points along its course and illustrates the location of the three zones <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW40744565\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW40744565\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment Production\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> production is located in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> where rills and gullies erode <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> and contribute to larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2696\">tributary<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>. These tributaries carry <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> and water further downstream to the main trunk of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. Tributaries at the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> have the steepest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a>;\u00a0 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> there produces considerable <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> carried b the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. Headwater <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> tend to be narrow and straight with small or non-existent floodplains adjacent to the channel. Since the zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> production is generally the steepest part of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> are generally located in relatively high elevations. The Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado west of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2575\">Continental<\/a> Divide contain much of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> for the Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> which then flows from Colorado through Utah and Arizona to Mexico.\u00a0 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">Headwaters<\/a> of the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> lie east of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2575\">Continental<\/a> Divide in the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachian Divide.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment TransPORT\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3425\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3425\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Stream_Load.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-719\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-300x161.gif\" alt=\"A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.\" width=\"466\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-300x161.gif 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-65x35.gif 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-225x121.gif 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Stream_Load-350x188.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3425\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streams transport <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> great distances from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> to the ocean, the ultimate depositional basins. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">Sediment<\/a> transportation is directly related to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> and velocity. Faster and steeper <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> can transport larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> grains. When velocity slows down, larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> settle to the channel bottom. When the velocity increases, those larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> are entrained and move again. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transported <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> are grouped into <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3145\">suspended load<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3146\">dissolved load<\/a> as illustrated in the above image<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">Sediments<\/a> moved along the channel bottom are the <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically consists of the largest and densest particles. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">Bedload<\/a> is moved by <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2446\">saltation<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(bouncing) and <\/span>traction <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(being pushed or rolled along by the force of the flow)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Smaller\u00a0 particles are picked up by flowing water and carried in suspension as <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3145\">suspended load<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The particle size that is carried in suspended and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a> depends on the flow velocity of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>. <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3146\">Dissolved load<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> is the total of the ions in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2705\">solution<\/a> from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2812\">chemical weathering<\/a>, including such common ions such as bicarbonate (-HCO<sup>3<\/sup><sub>&#8211;<\/sub><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">),<\/span><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>calcium (Ca<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), chloride (Cl<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), potassium (K<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), and sodium (Na<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). The amounts of these ions are not affected by flow velocity.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4546\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-720\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"Bed load sediment transport\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/is-qcxrKKBI?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3459\" style=\"width: 329px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-871\" title=\"Source: Physical Geology, Steven Earle https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2015\/08\/natural-lev%C3%A9es.png\" src=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee (Earle 2015).\" width=\"329\" height=\"324\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee [zotpressInText item=&#8221;{R6VDH77A}&#8221; format=&#8221;%num%&#8221; brackets=&#8221;yes&#8221; separator=&#8221;comma&#8221;].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the flat area of land adjacent to a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channel inundated with flood water on a regular basis. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> flooding is a natural process that adds <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> to floodplains. A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> typically reaches its greatest velocity when it is close to flooding, known as the <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3148\">bankfull stage<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As soon as the flooding <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> overtops its banks and flows onto its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a>, the velocity decreases. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">Sediment<\/a> that was being carried by the swiftly moving water is deposited at the edge of the channel, forming a low ridge or <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3149\">natural lev\u00e9e<\/a>. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> are added to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> during this flooding process contributing to fertile <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soils<\/a> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">4]<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of SEDIMENT Deposition<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>D<\/strong><b>eposition <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">occurs when <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3145\">suspended load<\/a> come to rest on the bottom of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channel, lake, or ocean due to decrease in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> and reduction in velocity. While both <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> occur in the zone of transport such as on <strong>point bars<\/strong> and <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3156\">cut banks<\/a><\/strong>, ultimate <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> reaches a lake or ocean. L<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">andforms called <\/span><b>deltas <\/b>form where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> enters quiet water <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2831\">composed<\/a> of the finest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> such as fine sand, silt, and clay. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equilibrium and Base Level<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3426\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3426\" style=\"width: 434px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-721\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"Longitudinal Profile of a creek in Indiana, showing steep gradient in its headwaters and shallower gradients toward its mouth.\" width=\"434\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-65x41.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-225x143.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-350x222.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3426\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a longitudinal profile of a stream; Halfway Creek, Indiana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All three <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> zones are present in the typical\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3143\">longitudinal profile<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> which plots the elevation of the channel at all points along its course (see figure). All <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> have a long profile. The long profile shows the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a> from headwater to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a>. All <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> attempt to achieve an energetic balance among <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a>, transport, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a>, velocity, discharge, and channel characteristics along the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>\u2019s profile. This balance is called <\/span><strong>equilibrium, <\/strong>a state called <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2938\">grade<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another factor influencing equilibrium is <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a><\/b>, the<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> elevation of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>&#8216;s <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a> representing<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the lowest level to which a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> can erode. The ultimate <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> is, of course, sea-level. A lake or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">reservoir<\/a> may also represent <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> for a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> entering it.\u00a0 The Great <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">Basin<\/a> of western Utah, Nevada, and parts of some surrounding states contains no outlets to the sea and provides internal base levels for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> within it.\u00a0 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">Base level<\/a> for a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> entering the ocean changes if sea-level rises or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3119\">falls<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">Base level<\/a> also changes if a natural or human-made dam is added along a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>&#8216;s profile. When <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> is lowered, a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> will cut down and deepen its channel. When <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> rises, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> increases as the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> adjusts attempting to establish a new state of equilibrium<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> that has approximately achieved equilibrium is called a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2862\">graded<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.5 Fluvial Landforms <\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> landforms are the land features formed on the surface by either <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a>. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>-related landforms described here are primarily related to channel types. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Channel Types<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3126\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3126\" style=\"width: 465px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/BraidedWaimakariri.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-422\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river has many inter-braided channels.\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/BraidedWaimakariri.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3126\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The braided Waimakariri river in New Zealand.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3124\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-421\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river wiggles back and forth.\" width=\"466\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Air photo of the meandering river, R\u00edo Cauto, Cuba.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">Stream<\/a> channels can be straight, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3152\">braided<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering<\/a>, or entrenched. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3384\">sediment<\/a> load, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a>, and location of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> all influence channel type. <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3151\">Straight channels<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are relatively straight, located near the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a>, have steep gradients, low <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a>, and narrow V-shaped valleys. Examples of these are located in mountainous areas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3152\">Braided streams<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have multiple channels splitting and recombining around numerous mid-channel bars<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are found in floodplains with low gradients in areas with near sources of coarse <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> such as trunk <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> draining mountains or in front of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2464\">glaciers<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">Meandering streams<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have a single channel that curves back and forth like a snake within its <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where it emerges from its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2697\">headwaters<\/a> into the zone of transport<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">Meandering streams<\/a> are dynamic creating a wide <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> by eroding and extending meander loops side-to-side. The highest velocity water is located on the outside of a meander bend. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">Erosion<\/a> of the outside of the curve creates a feature called a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3156\">cut bank<\/a><\/b> and the meander extends its loop wider by this <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3429\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3429\" style=\"width: 406px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-722\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Sandy deposition at the inside of a bend (point bar) and erosion on the outside of the bend (cut bank) of a river in France.\" width=\"406\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine.jpg 1333w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3429\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point bar and cut bank on the Cirque de la Madeleine in France.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3157\">thalweg<\/a> <\/b>of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> is the deepest part of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channel. In the straight parts of the channel, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3157\">thalweg<\/a> and highest velocity are in the center of the channel. But at the bend of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering stream<\/a>, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3157\">thalweg<\/a> shifts toward the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3156\">cut bank<\/a>. Opposite the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3156\">cutbank <\/a>on the inside bend of the channel is the lowest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> velocity and is an area of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> called a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3158\">point bar<\/a><\/b>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In areas of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2576\">tectonic<\/a> uplift such as on the Colorado Plateau, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering streams<\/a> that once flowed on the plateau surface have become entrenched or incised as uplift occurred and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> cut its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering channel<\/a> down into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1971\">bedrock<\/a>. Over the past several million years, the Colorado <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> and its tributaries have incised into the flat lying rocks of the plateau by hundreds, even thousands of feet creating deep canyons including the Grand Canyon in Arizona.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3413\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3413\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-698 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-768x327.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-1536x653.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-65x28.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-225x96.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2-350x149.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg 1716w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An entrenched meander on the Colorado River in the eastern entrance to the Grand Canyon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3431\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3431\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-723\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\" alt=\"Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama-300x84.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama-768x215.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama-65x18.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama-225x63.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama-350x98.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3431\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3432\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3432\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-724\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"The Rincon is an abandoned meander loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rincon is an abandoned meaner loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3433\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3433\" style=\"width: 332px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-725\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of lower Mississippi River floodplain\" width=\"332\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-254x300.jpg 254w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-65x77.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-225x266.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-350x414.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain.jpg 619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3433\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landsat image of lower Mississippi River flodplain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2903\">fluvial<\/a> landforms occur on a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> associated with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering stream<\/a>. Meander activity and r<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">egular flooding contribute to widening the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> by eroding adjacent uplands. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channels are confined by <\/span><b>natural levees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that have been built up over many years of regular flooding.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Natural levees can isolate and direct flow from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2696\">tributary<\/a> channels on the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> from immediately reaching the main channel. \u00a0These isolated streams are called <\/span><b>yazoo streams<\/b> and<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> flow parallel to the main trunk stream until there is an opening in the levee to allow for a belated confluence<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4548\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-726\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-5\" title=\"How is a levee formed?\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/persGpc6-Dw?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To limit flooding, humans build artificial levees on flood plains. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">Sediment<\/a> that breaches the levees during flood stage is called <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3155\">crevasse splays<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and delivers silt and clay onto the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a>. These deposits are rich in nutrients and often make good farm land. When floodwaters crest over human-made levees, the levees quickly erode with potentially catastrophic impacts.\u00a0 Because of the good <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1203\">soils<\/a>, farmers regularly return after floods and rebuild year after year.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3434\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3434\" style=\"width: 456px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-727\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska\" width=\"456\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-768x541.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-65x46.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-225x158.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-350x246.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff.jpg 875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3434\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> on the outsides of the meanders and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> on the insides, the channels of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3153\">meandering<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> move back and forth across their <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> over time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On very broad floodplains with very low gradients, the meander bends can become so extreme that they cut across themselves at a narrow neck (see figure) called a <strong>cutoff<\/strong>. The former channel becomes isolated and forms an <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3159\">oxbow<\/a> lake<\/b> seen on the right of the figure<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Eventually the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3159\">oxbow<\/a> lake fills in with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> and becomes a <\/span>wetland <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and eventually a <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3160\">meander scar<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tream meanders can migrate\u00a0and form <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3159\">oxbow<\/a> lakes in a relatively short amount of time. Where <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> channels form geographic and political boundaries, this shifting of channels can cause conflicts.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4557\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-728\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-6\" title=\"Why Do Rivers Curve?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8a3r-cG8Wic?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3435\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3435\" style=\"width: 356px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-729\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of alluvial fan in Iraq.\" width=\"356\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3435\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alluvial fan in Iraq seen by NASA satellite. A stream emerges from the canyon and creates this cone-shaped deposit.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">Alluvial<\/a> fans<\/strong> are a depositional landform created where <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> emerge from mountain canyons into a valley. The channel that had been confined by the canyon walls is no longer confined, slows down and spreads out, dropping its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a> of all sizes, forming a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> in the air of the valley.\u00a0 As distributary channels fill with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a>, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> is diverted laterally, and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">alluvial<\/a> fan develops into a cone shaped landform with distributaries radiating from the canyon <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2698\">mouth<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">Alluvial<\/a> fans are common in the dry climates of the West where <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3133\">ephemeral<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> emerge from canyons in the ranges of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-78\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-78\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"78\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6 Map of Mississippi River meander channels\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4541\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-730\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3436\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3436\" style=\"width: 417px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-731\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-300x275.png\" alt=\"The area that contributes to the tributaries of the Mississippi River.\" width=\"417\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-65x60.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-225x206.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-350x321.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01.png 655w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3436\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location of the Mississippi River drainage basin and Mississippi River delta.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0A <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a><\/strong> is formedwhen a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> reaches a quieter body of water such as a lake or the ocean and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3144\">bedload<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3145\">suspended load<\/a> is deposited<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If wave <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2677\">erosion<\/a> from the water body is greater than <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a>, a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> will not form. The largest and most famous <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> in the United States is the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> formed where the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage basin<\/a> is the largest in North America, draining 41%<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the contiguous United States <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of the large <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage<\/a> area, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> carries a large amount of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a>. The Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> is a major shipping route and human engineering has ensured that the channel has been artificially straightened and remains fixed within the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a>. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a>\u00a0 is now 229 km shorter than it was before humans began engineering it <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of these restraints, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> is now focused on one trunk channel and has created a \u201cbird\u2019s foot\u201d pattern<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The two <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=8103&amp;eocn=image&amp;eoci=related_image\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA images<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> below of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> show how the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3195\">shoreline<\/a> has retreated and land was inundated with water while <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> was focused at end of the distributaries. These images have changed over a 25 year <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2192\">period<\/a> from 1976 to 2001. These are stark changes illustrating sea-level rise and land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2680\">compaction<\/a> of peat due to the lack of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> resupply <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">25]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-79\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-79\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"79\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6_MissDelt.jpg\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4542\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4542\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-732\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4542\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2960\">formation<\/a> of the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> started about 7500 years ago when postglacial sea level stopped rising<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the past 7000 years, prior to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1717\">anthropogenic<\/a> modifications, the Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> formed several sequential lobes. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a> abandoned each lobe for a more preferred route to the Gulf of Mexico. These <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> lobes were reworked by the ocean waves of the Gulf of Mexico <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">26]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0After each lobe was abandoned by the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a>, isostatic depression and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2680\">compaction<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> caused <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> and the land to sink.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3437\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3437\" style=\"width: 464px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_QuakeLake.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-733\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.\" width=\"464\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_QuakeLake.jpg 1650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3437\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clear example of how deltas form came from an earthquake. During the 1959 Madison Canyon 7.5 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3098\">magnitude<\/a> earthquake in Montana, a large <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1199\">landslide<\/a> dammed the Madison <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> forming Quake Lake <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still there today <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">27]<\/span>. A small <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2696\">tributary<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> that once flowed into the Madison <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a>, now flows into Quake Lake forming a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omposed of coarse <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> actively eroded from the mountainous upthrown block to the north. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deltas can be further categorized as wave-dominated or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2428\">tide<\/a>-dominated. Wave-dominated deltas occur where the tides are small and wave energy dominates. An example is the Nile <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> in the Mediterranean Sea that has the classic shape of the Greek character (\u0394) from which the landform is named<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2428\">tide<\/a>-dominated <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> forms when ocean tides are powerful and influence the shape of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a>. For example, Ganges-Brahmaputra <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">Delta<\/a> in the Bay of Bengal (near India and Bangladesh) is the world\u2019s largest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> and mangrove swamp called the Sundarban <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">29]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3438\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3438\" style=\"width: 221px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-734 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-221x300.png\" alt=\"Tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-221x300.png 221w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-65x88.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-225x306.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-350x475.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh.png 662w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3438\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sundarban Delta in Bangladesh, a tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the Sundarban <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">Delta<\/a> in Bangladesh, t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">idal forces create linear intrusions of seawater into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a>. This <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> also holds the world\u2019s largest mangrove swamp<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3439\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3439\" style=\"width: 698px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-735\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\" alt=\"The Nile Delta is a triangular patch of green in an otherwise sandy brown area.\" width=\"698\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg 698w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381-65x24.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381-225x83.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381-350x130.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3439\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nile Delta showing its classic \u201cdelta\u201d shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3440\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3440\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-736\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-237x300.jpg\" alt=\"Contours of the Logan Delta, incised by the Logan River.\" width=\"420\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-810x1024.jpg 810w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-768x971.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-1215x1536.jpg 1215w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-1620x2048.jpg 1620w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-65x82.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-225x284.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-350x442.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta.jpg 1873w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3440\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Logan Delta (Gilbert 1890).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lake Bonneville was a large, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1699\">pluvial lake<\/a> that occupied the western half of Utah and parts of eastern Nevada from about 30,000 to 12,000 years ago<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The lake filled to a maximum elevation as great as approximately 5100 feet above mean sea level, filling the basins, leaving the mountains exposed, many as islands. The presence of the lake allowed for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2679\">deposition<\/a> of both fine grained lake mud and silt and coarse gravels from the mountains. Variations in lake level were controlled by regional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1710\">climate<\/a> and a catastrophic failure of Lake Bonneville\u2019s main outlet, Red Rock Pass\u00a0<span class=\"TextRun Strikethrough BCX0 SCXW10377017\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">31]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 during extended <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2192\">periods<\/a> of time in which the lake level remained stable, wave-cut <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">terraces<\/a> were produced that can be seen today on the flanks of many mountains in the region.\u00a0 Significant deltas formed at the mouths of major canyons in Salt Lake, Cache, and other Utah valleys. \u00a0The Great Salt Lake is the remnant of Lake Bonneville and cities have built up on these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">delta<\/a> deposits.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3441\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3441\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/ggk03413-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3441\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/ggk03413-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"665\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3441\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah; wave cut terraces can be seen on the mountain slope.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">Stream terraces<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are remnants of older floodplains located above the existing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">river<\/a>. Like <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3161\">entrenched meanders<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">terraces<\/a> form when uplift occurs or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> drops and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> erode downward, their meanders widening a new <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">flood plain<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">Stream terraces<\/a> can also form from extreme flood events associated with retreating <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2464\">glaciers<\/a>. A classic example of multiple <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3162\">stream terraces<\/a> are along the Snake <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">[3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">2; 33]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3443\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3443\" style=\"width: 375px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3443\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Landscape with river cutting into plane. Three different levels of flat surfaces that represent different base levels.\" width=\"375\" height=\"250\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3443\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terraces along the Snake River, Wyoming.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3444\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3444\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-739\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"River along several different levels of flat floodplains\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-350x263.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3444\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terraces in Glen Roy, Scotland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-80\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-80\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"80\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.5 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4540\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-740\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.6 Groundwater<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a> is an important source of freshwater. \u00a0It can be found at varying depths in all places under the ground, but is limited by extractable quantity and quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4555\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-741\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-7\" title=\"What is an Aquifer?\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/g7R0yLX0V9E?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.1 Porosity and Permeability<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW254024023\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0is a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">rock unit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that contains extractable<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ground<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">A good <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> must be both <strong>porous<\/strong> and <strong>permeable<\/strong>. P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">orosity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">is the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">space between grains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that can hold <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">expressed as the percentage of open space in the total volume of the rock<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\"> P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ermeability comes from connectivity of the spaces that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">allows water to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">move in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">Porosity<\/a> can occur as primary <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a>, as space between sand grains or vesicles in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1181\">volcanic<\/a> rocks, or secondary <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a> as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1934\">fractures<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a> spaces in\u00a0 rock). <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2680\">Compaction<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2681\">cementation<\/a> during <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2682\">lithification<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> reduces <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a> (see chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5.3<\/a>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A combination of a place to contain water (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a>) and the ability to move water (permeability) makes a good <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/strong>\u2014a rock unit or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> that allows extraction of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a>. \u00a0Well-sorted <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> have higher <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a> because there are not smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> particles filling in the spaces between the larger particles. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2839\">Shales<\/a> made of clays generally have high <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a>, but the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> are poorly connected, thereby causing low permeability. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4549\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-742\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-8\" title=\"Porosity and Permeability\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8mfBomrw0rs?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW26704983\">Wh<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">ile permeability is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">n important<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0measure of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">porous<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u2019s ability to trans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">mit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">hydraulic conductivity<\/a> is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">more commonly use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">d by geologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0to measure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">how easily a fluid is transmitted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">Hydraulic conductivity<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">measure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">s both the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">permeability of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">porous\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">material\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the properties\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">water, or whate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">ver\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">fluid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">being transmitted like <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3338\">oil<\/a> or gas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">hydraulic conductivity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">also measures the properties of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0fluid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">, such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3368\">viscosity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">is used by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3337\">petroleum<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">geologists and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">hydrogeologists to describe\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">the production capability of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3338\">oil<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">reservoirs<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a>. High<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">hydraulic conductivity<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">indicates\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">that fluid transmits rapidly <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">through an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.2 Aquifers\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW76684060\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW76684060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW76684060\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">Aquifers<\/a> are rock layers with sufficient <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3163\">porosity<\/a> and permeability to allow water to be both contained and move within them. For rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> to be considered an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>, its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> must be at least partially filled with water and it must be permeable enough to transmit water. Drinking water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a> must also contain <strong>potable <\/strong>water. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">Aquifers<\/a> can vary dramatically in scale, from spanning several <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2960\">formations<\/a> covering large regions to being a local <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2960\">formation<\/a> in a limited area. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">Aquifers<\/a> adequate for water supply are both permeable, porous, and potable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.3 Groundwater Flow<\/b><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3445\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3445\" style=\"width: 320px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vadose_zone.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-743\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Vadose_zone.gif\" alt=\"The groundwater table is where the pores in an aquifer are completely saturated.\" width=\"320\" height=\"243\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3445\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zone of saturation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When surface water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrates<\/a> or seeps into the ground, it usually enters the unsaturated zone also called the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3171\">vadose zone<\/a>, or zone of aeration. \u00a0The <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3171\">vadose zone<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the volume of geologic material between the land surface and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">zone of saturation<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pore<\/a> spaces are not completely filled with water <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">34<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Plant roots inhabit the upper <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3171\">vadose zone<\/a> and fluid pressure in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0Below the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3171\">vadose zone<\/a> is the capillary fringe. \u00a0Capillary fringe is the usually thin zone below the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3171\">vadose zone<\/a> where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> are completely filled with water (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2706\">saturation<\/a>), but the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> in the capillary fringe are filled because of capillary action, which occurs because of a combination of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2693\">adhesion<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2692\">cohesion<\/a>. Below the capillary fringe is the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2706\">saturated<\/a> zone or phreatic zone, where the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> are completely <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2706\">saturated<\/a> and the fluid in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> is at or above atmospheric pressure<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The interface between the capillary fringe and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2706\">saturated<\/a> zone marks the location of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>W<\/strong><b>ells<\/b>\u00a0are conduits that extend into the ground with openings to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a>, to extract from, measure, and sometimes add water to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>. Wells are generally the way that geologists and hydrologist measure the depth to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> from the land surface as well as withdraw water from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Water is found throughout the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pore<\/a> spaces in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1971\">bedrock<\/a>. The <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/b> is the area below which the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> are fully <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2706\">saturated<\/a> with water. The simplest case of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> is when the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> is unconfined, meaning it does not have a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">confining layer<\/a> above it. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">Confining layers<\/a> can pressurize <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a> by trapping water that is <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">recharged<\/a> at a higher elevation underneath the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">confining layer<\/a>, allowing for a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a> higher than the top of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>, and sometimes higher than the land surface.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3446\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3446\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-744\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\" alt=\"In a confined aquifer, the potentiometric surface can rise above the ground.\" width=\"550\" height=\"325\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potentiometric surface and water table in an aquifer system.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">confining layer<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a low permeability layer above and\/or below an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> that restricts the water from moving in and out of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3168\">Confining layers<\/a> include <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3169\">aquicludes<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are so impermeable that no water travels through them, and <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3170\">aquitards<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which significantly decrease the speed at which water travels through them. <\/span>The <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a><\/b> represents the height that water would rise in a well penetrating the pressurized <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a>. Breaches in the pressurized <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a>, like <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3065\">faults<\/a> or wells, can cause <b>springs<\/b> or <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3175\">flowing wells<\/a><\/b>, also known as <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3175\">artesian<\/a> wells<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> will generally mirror surface topography, though more subdued, because hydrostatic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure along the surface of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a>. \u00a0If the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> intersects the ground surface the result will be water at the surface in the form of a gaining <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3174\">spring<\/a>, lake, or wetland. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> intersects the channel for <strong>gaining <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a><\/strong> which then gains water from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a>.\u00a0 The channels for <strong>losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a><\/strong> lie below the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a>, thus losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> lose water to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a>.\u00a0 Losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> may be seasonal during a dry season or <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3133\">ephemeral<\/a><\/strong> in dry climates where they may normally be dry and carry water only after rain storms. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3133\">Ephemeral<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> pose a serious danger of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2454\">flash flooding<\/a>\u00a0in dry climates.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4556\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-745\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-9\" title=\"Where is the Water Table?\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UfgyJkmZgK8?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentioned in the video is the <a href=\"https:\/\/groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov\/default.asp\">USGS Groundwater Watch<\/a> site.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Using wells, g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">eologists measure the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">hei<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ght <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Graphs of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">depth <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">time<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">known as <strong>hydrographs<\/strong> and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">sho<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">w <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">changes in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over time.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">water level\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">controlled by many factors <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">can change very frequently, even <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">every minute<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">, seasonally, and over longer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2192\">periods<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">of time<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3448\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3448\" style=\"width: 432px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930..0..pres-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-746\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1.png\" alt=\"A hydrograph is a line graph that shows depth to water with time.\" width=\"432\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1.png 580w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930.0.pres-1-350x259.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a hydrograph<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW257587516\">In 1856,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">French engineer\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Henry Darcy developed a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2652\">hypothesis<\/a> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">show <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">how <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> through a porous medium is controlled by permeability, pressure, and cross<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">sectional area.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">To\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">prove<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">this<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0relationship<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Darcy <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2653\">experiment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">ed with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\"> tubes of packed <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> with water running through them<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">The results<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">f his experiments<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">empirica<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">ly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">established<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2646\">quantitative<\/a> measure of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">hydraulic conductivity<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0that is known as Darcy\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">aw. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The relationships described by Darcy\u2019s Law have close similarities to Fourier&#8217;s law in the field of heat conduction, Ohm&#8217;s law in the field of electrical networks, or Fick&#8217;s law in diffusion <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2655\">theory<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Q=KA(<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394<strong>h\/<\/strong><\/span>L)<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3449\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3449\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Darcys_Law.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-747\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law.png\" alt=\"Cylinder with a length (L), cross-sectional area (A), which is filled with a material of a specific hydraulic conductivity.\" width=\"431\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law.png 453w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law-225x112.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Darcys_Law-350x175.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pipe showing apparatus that would demonstrate Darcy\u2019s Law. \u0394h would be measured across L from a to b.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q = flow (volume\/time)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K = <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3167\">hydraulic conductivity<\/a> (length\/time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A = cross-sectional area of flow (area)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h = change in pressure head (pressure difference)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L = distance between pressure (h) measurements (length)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h\/<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L is commonly referred to as the hydraulic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3135\">gradient<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW247876017 BCX0\">Pumping water from an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">unconfi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">ned\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">lowers the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">. Pumping water from a confined <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> lowers the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">pressure and\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">around the well.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">In an unconfined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">is lowered as water is removed from the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">near the well producing <strong>drawdown <\/strong>and a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3176\">cone of depression<\/a><\/strong> (see figure). In a confined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>, pumping on an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3175\">artesian well<\/a> reduces the pressure or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a> around the well.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"EOP SCXW247876017 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_892\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-892\" style=\"width: 3104px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-748 size-full\" title=\"Source: Heath, 1983, USGS\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\" alt=\"The shape of the potentiometric surface or water table around a pumping well is cone-shaped, where groundwater level has the greatest drawdown near the well.\" width=\"3104\" height=\"1353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png 3104w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-1024x446.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-768x335.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-1536x670.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-2048x893.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-225x98.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220-350x153.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3104px) 100vw, 3104px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-892\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cones of depression (Heath 1983).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When one <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3176\">cone of depression<\/a> intersects another <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3176\">cone of depression<\/a> or a barrier feature like an impermeable mountain block, drawdown is intensified. When a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3176\">cone of depression<\/a> intersects a recharge zone, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3176\">cone of depression<\/a> is lessened.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.4 Recharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">recharge<\/a> <\/b>area<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is where surface water enters an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> through the process of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">Recharge<\/a> areas are generally topographically high locations of an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>. \u00a0They are characterized by losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> and permeable rock that allows <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a> into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">Recharge<\/a> areas mark the beginning of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> flow paths.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Province<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">recharge<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">areas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">of the valleys <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">are along <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">mountain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">foothills<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the foothills of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Salt Lake Valley, <\/span><\/span>losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> contribute water to the gravel-rich deltaic deposits of ancient Lake Bonneville, in some cases feeding <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3175\">artesian<\/a> wells in the Salt Lake Valley.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW103813114\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">management practice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">is to induce <\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">echarge<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"> through storage and recovery<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Geologists and hydrologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0increase the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">recharge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">into an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">using<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">njection wells and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltration<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">galleries<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">basins<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">35<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">].\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Injection wells pump water into an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0where it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0stored<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Injection wells are regulated by state and federal governments to ensure that the injected water is not negatively impacting the quality or supply of the existing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>. \u00a0Some <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a> can store significant quantities of water, allowing water managers to use the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> like a surface <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3341\">reservoir<\/a>. Water is stored in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a> during <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2192\">periods<\/a> of low water demand and high water supply and later extracted during times of high water demand and low water supply.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3451\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3451\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-749\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\" alt=\"Different ways an aquifer can be recharged. Rivers, injection wells, and infiltration can all contribute to aquifer recharge.\" width=\"550\" height=\"271\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3451\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Different ways an aquifer can be recharged.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.6.5 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">Discharge<\/a><\/strong> areas are where\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3173\">potentiometric surface<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">intersects the land surface.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">Discharge<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">areas mark the end of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">flow paths<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">These areas\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">are characterized by springs,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW87410731\">flowing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3175\">artesian<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">wells, gaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2906\">playas<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">n the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"> dry<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0basins<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2462\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">Province\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.6 Groundwater mining and subsidence<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2660\">natural resources<\/a> on our planet, the quantity of fresh and potable water is finite.\u00a0 The only natural source of water on land is from the sky in the form of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a>.\u00a0 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">n many places<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">is being extracted faster than it is being replenished<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">When<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is extracted faster than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3177\">recharge<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">potentiometric surfaces<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">decline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">areas <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">diminish\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">or dry up completely.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Regional pumping-induced <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> decline is known as <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2694\">groundwater mining<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> overdraft. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2694\">Groundwater mining<\/a> is a serious situation and can lead to dry wells, reduced spring and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">stream<\/a> flow, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a>. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW8772542\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">roundwater <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3324\">mining<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is happening<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"> is places <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">here<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0more water is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">extract<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by pumping\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is being\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">replenish<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3172\">water table<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is continual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0lower<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">. In these situations, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> must be viewed as a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3325\">ore<\/a> body and in its depletion, the possibility of producing ghost towns.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4550\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-750\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-10\" title=\"Science Today: Groundwater | California Academy of Sciences\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_DuwZjb3_DA?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">In many places, water <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW193209130 BCX0\">actually helps<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0hold up<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW193209130 BCX0\">an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">skeleton\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">by the water pressure exerted on the grains in an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> This pressure is called <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pore<\/a> <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><strong>pressure<\/strong> and comes from the weight of overlying water. If <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pore<\/a> pressure decreases because of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2694\">groundwater mining<\/a>, the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifer<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">can compact, causing the surface of the ground to sink.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Areas especially susceptible to this effect are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">aquifers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">made of unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">with multiple layers of clay and other fine-grained material are at higher risk because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">when water is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0drained,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">clay\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> considerably<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">36<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">;<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">37<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW193209130 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3452\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3452\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/100_4902-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3452 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/100_4902-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The author stands in a large ditch-like\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3452\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of an earth fissure in Cedar City.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">Subsidence<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2694\">groundwater mining<\/a> has been documented in southwestern Utah, notably Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a> levels have declined more than 100 feet in certain parts of Cedar Valley, causing earth fissures and measurable amounts of land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3453\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3453\" style=\"width: 174px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-752\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\" alt=\"Eivdence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole\" width=\"174\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg 400w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif-120x300.jpg 120w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif-65x163.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif-225x563.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/land-subsidence-poland-calif-350x875.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3453\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evidence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This photo shows documentation of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> from pumping of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> for irrigation in the Central Valley in California. The pole shows <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> pumping over a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2192\">period<\/a> of time.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-81\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-81\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"81\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4543\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-753\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.6 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>11.7 Water Contamination and Remediation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">Water can be contaminated by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">natural features like<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2687\">mineral<\/a>-rich geologic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2960\">formations<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">human <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">activities <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">such as a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">griculture, industrial <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">operations, landfills, animal operations, and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">sewage treatment processes, among many other things<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">As water runs over the land or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3128\">infiltrates<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">into the ground, it dissolves material left behind by these potential contaminant sources. There are three major groups of contamination:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">organic and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">inorganic chemicals<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and biological agents. Small<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediments<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">that cloud<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">water<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">causing turbidity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0is also an issue with some wells, but it is not considered contamination. The risks and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">for a contaminant depends on the type of chemicals present.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125219294 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">Contamination occurs as point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source and non<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source pollution.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3178\">Point source<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pollution can be attributed to a single, definable source, while<\/span><b> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3179\">nonpoint source<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pollution is from multiple dispersed sources. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3178\">Point sources<\/a> include waste disposal sites, storage tanks, sewage treatment plants, and chemical spills. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and indiscreet, where the whole of the contribution of pollutants is harmful, but the individual components do not have harmful concentrations of pollutants. \u00a0A good example of nonpoint pollution is residential areas, where lawn fertilizer on one person\u2019s yard may not contribute much pollution to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a>, but the combined effect of many residents using fertilizer can lead to significant nonpoint pollution. \u00a0Other nonpoint sources include nutrients (nitrate and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1923\">phosphate<\/a>), herbicides, pesticides contributed by farming, nitrate contributed by animal operations, and nitrate contributed by septic systems. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Organic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are common pollutants. They consist of strands and rings of carbon atoms, usually connected by covalent <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2703\">bonds<\/a>. Other types of atoms, like chlorine, and molecules, like hydroxide (OH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), are attached to the strands and rings. The number and arrangement of atoms will decide how the chemical behaves in the environment, its danger to humans or ecosystems, and where the chemical ends up in the environment. The different arrangements of carbon allow for tens of thousands of organic chemicals, many of which have never been studied for negative effects on human health or the environment. \u00a0Common organic pollutants are herbicides and pesticides, pharmaceuticals, fuel, and industrial solvents and cleansers. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organic chemicals include surfactants<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0such as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">cleaning agents<\/span><\/span>\u00a0and synthetic hormones associated with pharmaceuticals, which can act as endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors mimic hormones, and can cause long-term effects in developing sexual reproduction systems in developing animals. Only very small quantities of endocrine disruptors are needed to cause significant changes in animal populations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of organic chemical contamination is the Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York. From 1942 to 1952, the Hooker Chemical Company disposed of over <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,337 mt (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,000 t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span> of chemical waste, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, into a canal and covered it with a thin layer of clay. \u00a0Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a large group of organic chemicals that have chlorine functional groups, most of which are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. The company sold the land to the New York School Board, who developed it into a neighborhood. After residents began to suffer from serious health ailments and pools of oily fluid started rising into residents\u2019 basements, the neighborhood had to be evacuated. \u00a0This site became a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3180\">Superfund site<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a site with federal funding and oversight to ensure its cleanup. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Inorganic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are another set of chemical pollutants. They can contain carbon atoms, but not in long strands or links. Inorganic contaminants include chloride, arsenic, and nitrate (NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). \u00a0Nutrients can be from geologic material, like phosphorous-rich rock, but are most often sourced from fertilizer and animal and human waste. \u00a0Untreated sewage and agricultural <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3127\">runoff<\/a> contain concentrates of nitrogen and phosphorus which are essential for the growth of microorganisms. Nutrients like nitrate and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1923\">phosphate<\/a> in surface water can promote growth of microbes, like blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), which in turn use oxygen and create toxins (microcystins and anatoxins) in lakes <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">38<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This process is known as eutrophication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metals are common inorganic contaminants. Lead, mercury, and arsenic are some of the more problematic inorganic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> contaminants. \u00a0Bangladesh has a well documented case of arsenic contamination from natural geologic material dissolving into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Acid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3324\">mine<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">can also cause significant inorganic contamination<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ee <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/chapter\/16-energy-and-mineral-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Chap<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ter\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt, typically sodium chloride, is a common inorganic contaminant. \u00a0It can be introduced into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a> from natural sources, such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2842\">evaporite<\/a> deposits like the Arapien <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2839\">Shale<\/a> of Utah, or from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1717\">anthropogenic<\/a> sources like the salts applied to roads in the winter to keep ice from forming. \u00a0Salt contamination can also occur <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">near ocean coasts\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">from saltwater intru<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">ding into the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">cones of depression around fresh<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">pumping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">inducing the encroachment of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">saltwater into the freshwater body.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Biological agents are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">nother common<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">contaminant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0which includes harmful bacteria and viruses. A common bacteria contaminant is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><em>Escherichia coli<\/em> (<em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">. Generally, harmful bacteria are not present in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">unless the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">groundwater<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">source <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">is closely connected with a contaminated surface source, such as a septic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">Karst<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">landforms created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">s especially susceptible to this form of contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0because water moves relatively quickly through the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"> conduits o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">f <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Bacteria can also be used for<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/edu\/groundwater-contaminants.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Table. Groundwater contaminants.<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">Remediation<\/a><\/strong> is the act of cleaning contamination. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">Hydrologists use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0three\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">types<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a>:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">iological, chemical, and physical.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Biological <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a> uses specific <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2916\">strains<\/a> of bacteria to break down a contaminant into safer chemicals. \u00a0This type of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a> is usually used on organic chemicals, but also works on reducing or oxidizing inorganic chemicals like nitrate. Phytoremediation is a type of bioremediation that uses plants to absorb the chemicals over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a> uses chemicals to remove the contaminant or make it less harmful. \u00a0One example is to use a reactive barrier, a permeable wall in the ground or at a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3136\">discharge<\/a> point that chemically reacts with contaminants in the water. Reactive barriers made of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a> can increase the pH of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3359\">acid mine drainage<\/a>, making the water less acidic and more basic, which removes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a> contaminants by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a> into solid form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a> consists of removing the contaminated water and either treating it with filtration<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">, called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">\u00a0pump<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">treat,<\/span><\/span><\/span> or disposing of it. \u00a0All of these options are technically complex, expensive, and difficult, with physical <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3181\">remediation<\/a> typically being the most costly.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-82\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-82\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"82\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.7 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4544\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4544\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-754\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4544\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.7 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>11.8 Karst<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3454\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3454\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Karst-Towers-in-China.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-755 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"Steep rock towers left as remnants of limestone layers dissolved away by acidic rainwater.\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-1024x698.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-768x524.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-65x44.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-225x153.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China-350x239.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Karst-Towers-in-China.jpg 1349w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steep karst towers in China left as remnants as limestone is dissolved away by acidic rain and groundwater.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">Karst<\/a><\/strong> refers to landscapes and hydrologic features created\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW177943039 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">dissolving<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">Karst<\/a> can be<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0found anywhere<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">there is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">and other soluble subterranean substances like salt deposits.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">Dissol<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">ving<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">limestone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">creates features like sinkholes, caverns, disappearing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">towers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177943039 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3455\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3455\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-756 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-1536x1044.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-65x44.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-225x153.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-350x238.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt.jpg 1651w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits .<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dissolving of underlying salt deposits has caused sinkholes to form in the Kaibab <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">Limestone<\/a> on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3456\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3456\" style=\"width: 439px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkhole.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-757\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkhole that appeared in Florida in the front yard of a home.\" width=\"439\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-1024x671.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-768x503.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-225x147.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole-350x229.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Sinkhole.jpg 1397w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinkhole from collapse of surface into a underground cavern appeared in the front yard of this home in Florida.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56751174 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">Collapse of the surface into an underground cavern caused this s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">inkhole <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">in the front yard of a home in Florida.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56751174 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">CO<sub><span class=\"NormalTextRun Superscript SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a>\u00a0dissolves readily in the water droplets that form clouds\u00a0from which\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a>\u00a0comes in the form of rain and snow. This\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2707\">precipitation<\/a>\u00a0is slightly acidic with\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2813\">carbonic acid<\/a>.<span class=\"EOP SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>Karst<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">forms when<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">carbonic acid <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">dissolves<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1918\">calcite<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">(calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1917\">carbonate<\/a>) in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>H<sub>2<\/sub>O + CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0= H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Water + Carbon Dioxide Gas equals <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2813\">Carbonic Acid<\/a> in Water<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0= Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>+ 2HCO<sub>3<\/sub> <sup>-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Solid <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1918\">Calcite<\/a> + <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2813\">Carbonic Acid<\/a> in Water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">Dissolved<\/a> equals Calcium <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3371\">Ion<\/a> + <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">Dissolved<\/a> Bicarbonate <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3371\">Ion<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3457\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3457\" style=\"width: 385px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-758\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Calcium carbonate deposited at Mammoth hot springs encapsulates trees.\" width=\"385\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-350x231.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the slightly acidic water dissolves the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1918\">calcite<\/a>, changes in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2689\">temperature<\/a> or gas content in the water can cause the water to redeposit the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1918\">calcite<\/a> in a different place as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2846\">tufa<\/a> (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2847\">travertine<\/a>), often deposited by a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3174\">spring<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or in a cave. \u00a0Speleothems are secondary deposits, typically made of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2847\">travertine<\/a>, deposited in a cave<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2847\">Travertine<\/a> speleothems form by water dripping through cracks and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a> openings in caves and evaporating, leaving behind the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2847\">travertine<\/a> deposits. \u00a0Speleothems commonly occur in the form of stalactites, when extending from the ceiling, and stalagmites, when standing up from the floor.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3458\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3458\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Labeled_speleothems.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-759\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Cave deposits hanging and protruding from the base of a cave.\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-65x46.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-225x161.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-350x250.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/640px-Labeled_speleothems.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varieties of speleotherms.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3459\" style=\"width: 472px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Disappearing-stream.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-760\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Stream disappears into subterranean cavern system.\" width=\"472\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-1024x764.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-768x573.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-65x48.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-225x168.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream-350x261.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Disappearing-stream.jpg 1264w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This stream disappears into a subterranean cavern system to re-emerge a few hundred yards downstream.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface water enters the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">karst<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> through sinkholes, losing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, and disappearing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>. \u00a0Changes in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3150\">base level<\/a> can cause <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">rivers<\/a> running over <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a> to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolve<\/a> the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a> and sink into the ground. \u00a0As the water continues to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolve<\/a> its way through the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a>, it can leave behind intricate networks of caves and narrow passages. \u00a0Often <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolution<\/a> will follow and expand <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1934\">fractures<\/a> in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a>. \u00a0Water exits the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">karst<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> as springs and rises. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In mountainous <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2686\">terrane<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolution<\/a> can extend all the way through the vertical profile of the mountain, with caverns dropping thousands of feet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-83\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-83\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"83\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.8 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4545\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-761\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.8 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is essential for all living things. It continuously cycles through the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2667\">atmosphere<\/a>, over land, and through the ground. In much of the United States and other countries, water is managed through a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> of regional laws and regulations and distributed on paper in a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">system<\/a> collectively known as \u201cwater rights\u201d. Surface water follows a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">watershed<\/a>, which is separate from other areas by its divides (highest ridges). <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a> exists in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3116\">pores<\/a> within rocks and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a>.\u00a0 It moves predominantly due to pressure and gravitational gradients through the rock. Human and natural causes can make water unsuitable for consumption.\u00a0 There are different ways to deal with this contamination. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2817\">Karst<\/a> is when <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2851\">limestone<\/a> is <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2815\">dissolved<\/a> by water, forming caves and sinkholes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-84\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-84\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"84\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 11 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4547\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4547\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-762\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accdigitalmarketing\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2025\/01\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 11 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Brush, L.M., Jr, 1961, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">Drainage<\/a> basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a> in central Pennsylvania: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Charlton, R., 2007, Fundamentals of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2903\">fluvial<\/a> geomorphology: Taylor &amp; Francis.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cirrus Ecological <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2705\">Solutions<\/a>, 2009, Jordan <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> TMDL: Utah State Division of Water Quality.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">EPA, 2009, Water on Tap-What You Need to Know: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fagan, B., 2012, Elixir: A history of water and humankind: Bloomsbury Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fairbridge, R.W., 1968, Yazoo <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">rivers<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">streams<\/a>, <i>in<\/i> Geomorphology: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Encyclopedia of Earth Science, p. 1238\u20131239.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Freeze, A.R., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3129\">Groundwater<\/a>: Prentice Hall.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1999, Land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1182.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, W.E., Whiteaker, T.L., and Ganey-Curry, P., 2011, History of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1441\">Cenozoic<\/a> North American <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3130\">drainage basin<\/a> evolution, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2678\">sediment<\/a> yield, and accumulation in the Gulf of Mexico <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1461\">basin<\/a>: <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2665\">Geosphere<\/a>, v. 7, no. 4, p. 938\u2013973.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gilbert, G.K., 1890, Lake Bonneville: United States Geological Survey, 438 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gleick, P.H., 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World\u2019s Fresh Water Resources: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hadley, G., 1735, Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds: By Geo. Hadley, Esq; FRS: Philosophical Transactions, v. 39, no. 436\u2013444, p. 58\u201362.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Halvorson, S.F., and James Steenburgh, W., 1999, Climatology of lake-effect snowstorms of the Great Salt Lake: University of Utah.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 91 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hobbs, W.H., and Fisk, H.N., 1947, Geological Investigation of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2904\">Alluvial<\/a> Valley of the Lower Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a>: JSTOR.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Knudsen, T., Inkenbrandt, P., Lund, W., Lowe, M., and Bowman, S., 2014, Investigation of land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> and earth fissures in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Special Study 150.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lorenz, E.N., 1955, Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation: Tell\u2019Us, v. 7, no. 2, p. 157\u2013167.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Marston, R.A., Mills, J.D., Wrazien, D.R., Bassett, B., and Splinter, D.K., 2005, Effects of Jackson lake dam on the Snake <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a> and its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3147\">floodplain<\/a>, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA: Geomorphology, v. 71, no. 1\u20132, p. 79\u201398.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Maupin, M.A., Kenny, J.F., Hutson, S.S., Lovelace, J.K., Barber, N.L., and Linsey, K.S., 2014, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2010: US Geological Survey.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Myers, W.B., and Hamilton, W., 1964, The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., v. 435, p. 51.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oviatt, C.G., 2015, Chronology of Lake Bonneville, 30,000 to 10,000 yr B.P: Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 110, p. 166\u2013171.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Powell, J.W., 1879, Report on the lands of the arid region of the United States with a more detailed account of the land of Utah with maps: Monograph.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reed, J.C., Love, D., and Pierce, K., 2003, Creation of the Teton landscape: a geologic chronicle of Jackson Hole and the Teton Range: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reese, R.S., 2014, Review of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">Aquifer<\/a> Storage and Recovery in the Floridan <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3166\">Aquifer<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2664\">System<\/a> of Southern Florida:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schele, L., Miller, M.E., Kerr, J., Coe, M.D., and Sano, E.J., 1992, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art: George Braziller Inc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., and Knapp, G.L., 1987, Hydrologic unit maps:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Solomon, S., 2011, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization: Harper Perennial.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">T\u00f6rnqvist, T.E., Wallace, D.J., Storms, J.E.A., Wallinga, J., Van Dam, R.L., Blaauw, M., Derksen, M.S., Klerks, C.J.W., Meijneken, C., and Snijders, E.M.A., 2008, Mississippi <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2901\">Delta<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1464\">subsidence<\/a> primarily caused by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2680\">compaction<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_1444\">Holocene<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_2857\">strata<\/a>: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 3, p. 173\u2013176.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Turner, R.E., and Rabalais, N.N., 1991, Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century: Bioscience, v. 41, no. 3, p. 140\u2013147.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">United States Geological Survey, 1967, The Amazon: Measuring a Mighty <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_763_3134\">River<\/a>: United States Geological Survey O-245-247.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, Cyanobacteria\/Cyanotoxins<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Geological Survey, 2012, Snowmelt &#8211; The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Utah\/Nevada Draft Snake Valley Agreement, 2013<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_763_3130\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3130\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The area within a topographic basin or drainage divide in which water collects.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2678\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2678\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Pieces of rock that have been weathered and possibly eroded.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2679\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2679\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sediment gathering together and collecting, typically in a topographic low point.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3134\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3134\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A channelled body of water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2904\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2904\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Depositional environments that are involved with rarely-flowing water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3161\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3161\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A channel that carves into existing bedrock, preserving its original shape and character.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3162\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3162\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An elevated erosional surface caused by glacial or fluvial action.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3166\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3166\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock or sediment that has good permeability and porosity, and allows water to move easily, making it possible to get water for human use.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3168\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3168\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A layer that has lower permeability and porosity and does not allow fluid flow as easily.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3172\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3172\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The part of the groundwater system which has pore space 100% filled with water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3181\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3181\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of cleaning up a polluted site.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2817\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2817\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Carbonate rocks which dissolve, leaving behind caverns and holes which affect the landscape.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2666\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2666\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The water part of the Earth, as a solid, liquid, or gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2687\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2687\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A natural substance that is typically solid, has a crystalline structure, and is typically formed by inorganic processes. Minerals are the building blocks of most rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2682\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2682\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of turning sediment into a sedimentary rocks, including deposition, compaction, and cementation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2602\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2602\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A process where an oceanic plate descends bellow a less dense plate, causing the removal of the plate from the surface. Subduction causes the largest earthquakes possible, as the subducting plate can lock as it goes down. Volcanism is also caused as the plate releases volatiles into the mantle, causing melting.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2581\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2581\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The thin, outer layer of the Earth which makes up the rocky bottom of the ocean basins. It is made of rocks similar to basalt, and as it cools, even become more dense than the upper mantle below.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2591\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2591\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A solid part&nbsp;of the lithosphere which moves as a unit, i.e. the entire plate generally moves the same direction at the same speed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2608\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2608\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process in which volatiles enter the mantle wedge, and the volatiles lower the melting temperature, causing volcanism.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2586\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2586\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Middle chemical layer of the Earth, made of mainly iron and magnesium silicates. It is generally denser than the crust (except for older oceanic crust) and less dense than the core.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2606\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2606\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Components of magma which are dissolved until it reaches the surface, where they expand. Examples include water and carbon dioxide. Volatiles also cause flux melting in the mantle, causing volcanism.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2672\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2672\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Liquid rock within the Earth.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1181\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1181\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Place where lava is erupted at the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2667\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2667\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The gases that are part of the Earth, which are mainly nitrogen and oxygen.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2707\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2707\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of a solid coming out of solution, typically resulting from a drop in temperature or a decrease of the dissolving material.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3127\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3127\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that flows over the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3116\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3116\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Empty space in a geologic material, either within sediments, or within rocks. Can be filled by air, water, or hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3126\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3126\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A combination of evaporation and transpiration from plants, which is a measure of water entering the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3128\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3128\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that works its way down into the subsurface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1203\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1203\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A type of non-eroded sediment mixed with organic matter, used by plants. Many essential elements for life, like nitrogen, are delivered to organisms via the soil.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3129\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3129\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that is below the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3177\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3177\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Area where water infiltrates into the ground and adds to the overall groundwater.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3119\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3119\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Detached, free-falling rocks from very steep slopes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2696\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2696\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A natural water stream that flows into a larger river or other body of water.<\/p>\n<p>Source:&nbsp;https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/tributary<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2698\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2698\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The end of a river out of which water flows into a sea or other large body of water.<\/p>\n<p>Source:&nbsp;https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/mouth<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2699\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2699\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An internally draining watershed, whose waters do not flow to the ocean.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1461\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1461\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A down-warped feature in the crust.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3136\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3136\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Amount of water that leaves a system, such as a river or aquifer.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3133\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3133\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A stream or river that can be wet or dry depending on the season.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3132\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3132\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Dry riverbed in an arid region.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2454\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2454\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Dangerous flooding that occurs in arid regions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3341\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3341\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Rocks which allow petroleum resources to collect or move.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2664\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2664\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An interconnected set of parts that combine and make up a whole.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1710\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1710\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Long term averages and variations within the conditions of the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1712\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1712\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Soil and rock which is below freezing for long periods of time.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2462\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2462\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Term for the extensional tectonic province that extends from California's Sierra Nevada Mountains in the west, to Utah's Wasatch Mountains to the east, to southern Oregon and Idaho to the north, to northern Mexico to the south. Known as a wide rift, as each graben 'basin,' bounded by horst 'ranges.' Each set of horsts with a graben has some individual extension, adding up to the overall rifting.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2464\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2464\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A body of ice that moves downhill under its own mass.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3174\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3174\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A place where pressurized groundwater flows onto the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1924\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1924\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Minerals made from just a single element, bonded to itself. Examples include gold, silver, copper, and diamond, which is a native version of carbon.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2695\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2695\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A purchase or claim to a legal allotment of a water source, obtained through the state government, such as a spring, stream, well, or lake.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3150\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3150\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Elevation of the mouth of a river.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3180\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3180\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A federally-supported pollution clean-up effort.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3135\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3135\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Slope of a stream channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2677\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2677\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The transport and movement of weathered sediments.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2576\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2576\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The theory that the outer layer of the Earth (the lithosphere) is broken in several plates, and these plates move relative to one another, causing the major topographic features of Earth (e.g. mountains, oceans) and most earthquakes and volcanoes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3157\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3157\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Deepest part of a meandering channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2689\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2689\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of the vibrational (kinetic) energy of a substance.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3137\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3137\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The shape or form of a river and\/or tributary drainage system.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1455\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1455\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock layer that has been bent in a ductile way instead of breaking (as with faulting).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3065\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3065\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Planer feature where two blocks of bedrock move past each other via earthquakes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3139\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3139\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A drainage pattern which forms between ridge lines in deformed (typically sedimentary) rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2857\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2857\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Discernible layers of rock, typically from a sedimentary rock.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1934\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1934\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A break within a rock that has no relative movement between the sides. Caused by cooling, pressure release, tectonic forces, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3141\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3141\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Drainage pattern emanating from a high point.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3138\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3138\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A common branching style of drainage pattern.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2851\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2851\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A chemical or biochemical rock made of mainly calcite.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3142\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3142\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Drainages that are erratic and disappearing, typically in karst environments.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2903\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2903\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Deposition that has to so with rivers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3147\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3147\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Flat area around a river channel that is filled with water during flooding events.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2831\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2831\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The mineral make up of a rock, i.e. which minerals are found within a rock.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2697\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2697\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The source of a river, the set of streams that feed into the river's beginning.<\/p>\n<p>Source: https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/headwaters<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2901\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2901\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Place where rivers enter a large body of water, forming a triangular shape as the river deposits sediment and switches course.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3143\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3143\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Illustration of the topography of the base of a stream, showing zones of sediment production, transport, and deposition.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2575\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2575\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The layers of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that form the continents. Continental crust is much thicker than oceanic crust. Continental crust is defined as having higher concentrations of&nbsp;very light elements like K, Na, and Ca, and is the lowest density rocky layer of Earth. Its average composition is similar to granite.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3144\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3144\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sediment that large and dense, typically sits on the bottom of stream channels, and is only moved with higher-speed flows.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3145\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3145\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Bedload sediments that can be carried by higher-velocity flows.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3146\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3146\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Amount of material dissolved in stream water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2446\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2446\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Silt and sand that is lifted into the air and transported for short distances.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2705\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2705\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of taking a solid and dissolving it into a liquid. This commonly occurs with salts and other minerals in water.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2812\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2812\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Breaking down of mineral material via chemical methods, like dissolution and oxidation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3148\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3148\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Largest amount of flow a river can hold before flooding.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3149\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3149\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Built-up area around a river channel which can hold river flow within a channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3156\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3156\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Erosional part of a meandering channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2938\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2938\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A qualitative measure of the amount of metamorphism that has occurred or the amount of a resource present in an ore.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2862\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2862\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A sequence of layers in which the sediment changes linearly in size, either getting coarser or finer.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3152\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3152\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Channel type with many switching channels, common with large sediment volumes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3153\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3153\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Low-gradient channel where rivers sweep across broad flood plains.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3384\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3384\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3151\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3151\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Channels that form straight, typically near the headwaters.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3158\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3158\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Depositional portion of a meandering channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1971\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1971\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Term for the underlying lithified rocks that make up the geologic record in an area. This term can sometimes refer to only the deeper, crystalline (non-layered) rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3155\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3155\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sediment that breaks through a lev\u00e9e and deposits in a floodplain during a flood event<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3159\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3159\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Abandoned meanders that are cut off from the main channel.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3160\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3160\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Silted-in oxbow which still has a topographic expression.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3195\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3195\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The part of the coastline which is directly related to water-land interaction, specifically the tidal zone and the range of wave base.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2192\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2192\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The third largest span of time recognized by geologists; smaller than a era, larger than a epoch. We are currently in the Quaternary period. Rocks of a specific period are called systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1464\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1464\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The act of the land surface down-warping, typically referred to when discussing sedimentation or with rapid groundwater removal.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2680\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2680\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sediment being squeezed together into a coherent mass.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2960\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2960\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An extensive, distinct, and mapped set of geologic layers.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1717\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1717\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Having to do with humans.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3098\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3098\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A measure of earthquake strength. Scales include Richter and Moment.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1199\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1199\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>General term for sudden material falling down a slope due to gravity. The term can sometimes cover a wide range of events, including debris flows, rock falls, and mudslides.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2428\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2428\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Movements of water (rising and falling) due to the gravity of the moon and sun. This is most often seen in marine settings.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1699\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1699\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lakes that form via increased precipitation with glacial climate shifts.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3163\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3163\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Amount of empty space within a rock or sediment, including space between grains, fractures, or voids.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2815\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2815\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process in which solids (like minerals) are disassociated and the ionic components are dispersed in a liquid (usually water).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2681\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2681\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sediment being \"glued\" together via mineralization, typically calcite and quartz from groundwater fluids.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2839\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2839\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A very fine-grained rock with very thin layering (fissile).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3167\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3167\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of how well a fluid flows through an object.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3338\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3338\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A dark liquid fossil fuel derived from petroleum.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3368\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3368\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The resistance of a fluid to flow, where a high value means a fluid which does not like to flow (like toothpaste), and a low value means a fluid which flows easily (like water).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3337\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3337\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A fossil fuel derived from shallow marine rocks. Consists of oil and natural gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3171\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3171\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Place where pores are filled with some water and some air, above the water table.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2706\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2706\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A solution that has the maximum allowed dissolved component, and is unable to dissolve more.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2693\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2693\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Forces that cause one substance to stick to another.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2692\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2692\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Forces that hold a substance together.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3173\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3173\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The height of the water table, if no confining layers or other hinderances present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3169\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3169\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A layer with so little porosity and\/or permeability that fluids essentially cannot flow through them and only flow around them.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3170\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3170\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A layer with lower porosity and\/or permeability which allows only minimal and\/or slow fluid flow.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3175\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3175\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A well which allows pressurized water to reach the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2652\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2652\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A proposed explanation for an observation that can be tested.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2653\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2653\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A test of an idea in which new information can be gathered to either accept or reject a hypothesis.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2646\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2646\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An observation which is based on numerical data. These observations are preferred because they can be used in calculations.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2655\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2655\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An accepted scientific idea that explains a process using the best available information.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3176\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3176\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Area with a lower water table due to water pumping from a well.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2906\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2906\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A dry lake bed in a desert valley.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2660\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2660\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Items that are found within Earth that are valuable and limited. Examples include coal, water, and gold.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2694\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2694\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>When discharge exceeds recharge, and the groundwater is withdrawn at a rate that depletes groundwater storage<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3324\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3324\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Place where material is extracted from the Earth for human use.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3325\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3325\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Valuable material in the Earth, typically used for metallic mineral resources.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3178\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3178\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Pollution that comes from one known source.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3179\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3179\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Pollution that does not come from one specific, known place, but instead, comes from a wide, broad zone.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1923\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1923\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Minerals that are bonded with the phosphate anion,&nbsp;PO4+3.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2703\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2703\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Two or more atoms or ions that are connected chemically.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2842\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2842\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A chemical sedimentary rock that forms as water evaporates.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2916\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2916\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The deformation that results from application of a stress.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3359\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3359\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Toxic waters rich in heavy metals and often of low pH that come from unregulated mining districts.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2813\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2813\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water. It is a large contributor to chemical weathering.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1918\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1918\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>CaCO3. Pure form is clear, but can take on many different colors with impurities. It is soft, fizzes in acid, and has three cleavages that are not at 90\u00b0. Thus, it can form slanted blocks, though it is visually common to be without any structure. Found in many sedimentary rocks from marine settings, rarely in igneous rocks, in the metamorphic rock marble, but is common as a secondary mineral throughout surface rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1917\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1917\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Mineral group in which the carbonate ion, CO3-2, is the building block. This can also refer to the rocks that are made from these minerals, namely limestone and dolomite (dolostone).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_3371\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_3371\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An atom or molecule that has a charge (positive or negative) due to the loss or gain of electrons.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2846\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2846\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Porous variety of carbonate that form in relatively unheated water, sometimes as towers and spires.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2847\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2847\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Porous, concentric, or layered variety of carbonate that forms with often heated water in springs and\/or caves.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2686\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2686\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A geological province which is added (accreted) to a continental mass via subduction and collision.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1441\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1441\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The last (and current) era of the Phanerozoic eon, starting 66 million years ago and spanning through the present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_2665\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_2665\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The solid, rocky parts of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_763_1444\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_763_1444\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The most recent epoch of geologic time, from 11,700 years ago to present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":83,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-763","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3412,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/revisions\/3412"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=763"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=763"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintrogeology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}