{"id":69,"date":"2023-11-13T16:09:06","date_gmt":"2023-11-13T16:09:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/chapter\/developmentally-appropriate-planning-for-infants-and-toddlers-the-infant-and-toddler-learnig-and-development-foundations\/"},"modified":"2026-01-03T17:00:07","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T17:00:07","slug":"developmentally-appropriate-planning-for-infants-and-toddlers-the-infant-and-toddler-learnig-and-development-foundations","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/chapter\/developmentally-appropriate-planning-for-infants-and-toddlers-the-infant-and-toddler-learnig-and-development-foundations\/","title":{"raw":"3.6.1: Developmentally Appropriate Planning for Infants and Toddlers: The Infant and Toddler Learning and Development Foundations","rendered":"3.6.1: Developmentally Appropriate Planning for Infants and Toddlers: The Infant and Toddler Learning and Development Foundations"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\":-developmentally-appropriate-planning-for-infants-and-toddlers--the-infant-and-toddler-learnig-and-development-foundations\" style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\r\nThe foundations identify key areas of learning and development. While moving in the direction identified by each foundation, every child will progress along a unique path that reflects his or her individuality and cultural and linguistic experiences. The foundations help teachers understand children\u2019s learning and can give focus to intentional teaching [1].\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"386\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28298\/clipboard_ea7643f266b01059e1a27428e562d5128.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ea7643f266b01059e1a27428e562d5128.png\" width=\"386\" height=\"248\" \/> Figure 3.4: The space under this loft was thoughtfully designed to provide children a cozy space to enjoy a good book [2].[\/caption]<figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Watch this!<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Introduction to the Infant Toddler Foundations<\/strong> (13:22 minutes) provides a wonderful overview of the developmental learning that takes place for infants and toddlers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/Uv8c_msBUX0?si=36qvaAIJ_gA7znR3[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Social\u2013Emotional Development<\/strong>\r\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n\r\nSocial\u2013emotional development includes the child\u2019s experience, expression, and management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships with others. It encompasses both intra- and interpersonal processes.\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"327\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28299\/clipboard_e0dae237d9251d6509aa26015c0afc0e8.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e0dae237d9251d6509aa26015c0afc0e8.png\" width=\"327\" height=\"236\" \/> Figure 3.5: Notice how this teacher supports the social-emotional development of both children as they interact over the gate [3].[\/caption]<figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\nGuiding principles of the social-emotional curriculum include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Learn from the family about the child\u2019s social\u2013emotional development<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Place relationships at the center of curriculum planning<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Read and respond to children\u2019s emotional cues<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attend to the environment\u2019s impact on children\u2019s social\u2013emotional development<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Understand and respect individuality<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe environment should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be positive and allow children to explore freely, while often hearing \u201cyes\u201d and seldom hearing \u201cno\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide materials that support relationships and the development of social understanding<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide materials that relate to feelings and emotional expression<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to support peer interactions and relationships<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCaregivers should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Offer learning opportunities through caregiving routines<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Learn about temperament<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Pay attention to feelings and emotional responses<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support and respect the child\u2019s relationship with his or her family<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support relationships and interactions among the children in the program<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Model responsive and respectful interactions and behavior<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect children\u2019s interests<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support children\u2019s regulation of emotions<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Demonstrate acceptance for all of the feelings children express[4]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Anita is holding six-month-old Jed on her lap. Jed is the first child to arrive in Anita\u2019s family child care home each day. They have a few quiet minutes together before the other children begin to arrive. Anita has noticed that Jed often demonstrates excitement when watching the older children. He kicks his legs and puffs his breath when he sees Carlo and his mother enter the playroom. Miss Anita turns so that Jed can easily see Carlo, and she says softly to Jed, \u201cHere is Carlo, coming to play. He made you laugh yesterday, didn\u2019t he?\u201d Anita smiles and greets Carlo and his mother, and then she says, \u201cCarlo, Jed is so happy to see you. Do you see how he kicks his legs and waves his arms? Would you like to say hello?\u201d When Carlo approaches, Anita says to Jed, \u201cHere is Carlo, coming to say hello.\u201d The boys gaze at each other quietly for a moment. Anita is attentive and silent. Then Carlo makes a silly face and dances, and Jed lets out a little giggle. Carlo\u2019s mother, who is several months pregnant, shares a smile with Anita.[5]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundations in Social\/Emotional Development<\/strong>\r\n<div id=\"section_2\" class=\"mt-section\" style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n\r\nThe key concepts in the Social\/Emotional domain that provide an overview of the infant and toddler social and emotional development are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with Adults: The developing ability to respond to and engage with adults<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children purposefully engage in reciprocal interactions and try to influence the behavior of others. Children may be both interested in and cautious of unfamiliar adults. (7 mos.; Lame, Bornstein, and Teti 2002) (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 16)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children may participate in routines and games that involve complex back-and-forth interaction and may follow the gaze of the infant care teacher to an object or person. Children may also check with a familiar infant care teacher when uncertain about something or someone. (18 mos.; Meisels and others, 2003, 33)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children interact with adults to solve problems or communicate about experiences or ideas. (California Department of Education 2005, 6; Marvin and Britner 1999, 60)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relationships with Adults: The development of close relationships with certain adults who provide consistent nurturance<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with Peers: The developing ability to respond to and engage with other children<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children seek a special relationship with one (or a few) familiar adult(s) by initiating interaction and seeking proximity, especially when distressed. (6-9 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 52)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children feel secure exploring the environment in the presence of important adults with whom they have developed a relationship over an extended period. When distressed, children seek to be physically close to these adults. (6-18 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 52; Bowlby 1983)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, when exploring the environment, from time to time children reconnect, in a variety of ways, with the adult(s) with whom they have developed a special relationship: through eye contact; facial expressions; shared feelings; or conversations about feelings, shared activities, or plans. When distressed, children may still seek to be physically close to these adults. (By 36 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 57)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with peers: The developing ability to respond to and engage with other children<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children show interest in familiar and unfamiliar peers. Children may stare at another child, explore another child\u2019s face and body, and respond to siblings and older peers. (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children engage in simple back-and-forth interactions with peers for a short time. (Meisels and others 2003, 35)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in simple cooperative play with peers. (36 mos.; Meisels and others 2003 70)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relationships with Peers: The development of relationships with certain peers through interactions over time<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children show interest in familiar and unfamiliar children. (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 17)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children prefer to interact with one or two familiar children in the group and usually engage in the same kind of back-and-forth play when interacting with those children. (12-18 mos.; Mueller and Lucas 1975)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children have developed friendships with a small number of children in the group and engage in more complex play with those friends than with other peers.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Identity of Self in Relation to Others: The developing concept that the child is an individual operating within social relationships<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children show clear awareness of being a separate person and of being connected with other people. Children identify others as both distinct from and connected to themselves. (Fogel 2001, 347)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate awareness of their characteristics and express themselves as distinct persons with thoughts and feelings. Children also demonstrate expectations of others\u2019 behaviors, responses, and characteristics based on previous experiences with them.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children identify their feelings, needs, and interests, and identify themselves and others as members of one or more groups by referring to categories. (24-36 mos.; Fogel 2001, 415; 18-30 mos.)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Recognition of Ability: The developing understanding that the child can take action to influence the environment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children understand that they are able to make things happen.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children experiment with different ways of making things happen, persist in trying to do things even when faced with difficulty, and show a sense of satisfaction with what they can do. (McCarty, Clifton, and Collard 1999).<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children show an understanding of their own abilities when describing themselves.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Expression of Emotion: The developing ability to express a variety of feelings through facial expressions, movements, gestures, sounds, or words<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children express a variety of primary emotions such as contentment, distress, joy, sadness, interest, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear. (Lamb, Bornstein, and Teti 2002, 341)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children express emotions clearly and intentionally and begin to express some complex emotions, such as pride.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children express complex, self-conscious emotions such as pride, embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Children demonstrate awareness of their feelings by using words to describe feelings to others or acting them out in pretend play. (Lewis and others 1989; Lewis 2000b; Lagattuta and Thompson 2007)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Empathy: The developing ability to share in the emotional experiences of others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children demonstrate awareness of others\u2019 feelings by reacting to their emotional expressions.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children change their behavior in response to the feelings of others, even though their actions may not always make the other person feel better. Children show an increased understanding of the reason for another\u2019s distress and may become distressed by the other\u2019s distress. (14 mos.; Zahn-Waxler, Robinson, and Emde 1992; Thompson 1987; 24 mos.; Zahn-Waxler and Radke-Yarrow 1982, 1990)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children understand that other people have feelings that are different from their own and can sometimes respond to another\u2019s distress in a way that might make that person feel better. (24-36 mos.; Hoffman 1982; 18 mos.; Thompson 1987, 135)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<div id=\"section_2\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Regulation: The developing ability to manage emotional responses with assistance from others and independently<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children use simple behaviors to comfort themselves and begin to communicate the need for help to alleviate discomfort or distress.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate a variety of responses to comfort themselves and actively avoid or ignore situations that cause discomfort. Children can also communicate needs and wants through the use of a few words and gestures. (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine 2000, 112; 15-18 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 270; Coplan 1990, 1)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children anticipate the need for comfort and try to prepare themselves for changes in routine. Children have many self-comforting behaviors to choose from, depending on the situation, and can communicate specific needs and wants. (Kopp 1989; CDE 2005)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Impulse Control: The developing capacity to wait for needs to be met, to inhibit potentially hurtful behavior, and to act according to social expectations, including safety rules<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children act on impulses. (Birth-9 mos.; Bronson 2000b, 64)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children respond positively to choices and limits set by an adult to help control their behavior. (18 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 34; Kaler and Kopp 1990)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children may sometimes exercise voluntary control over actions and emotional expressions. (Bronson 2000b, 67)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Social Understanding: The developing understanding of the responses, communication, emotional expressions, and actions of other people<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children have learned what to expect from familiar people, understand what to do to get another\u2019s attention, engage in back-and-forth interaction with others, and imitate the simple actions or facial expressions of others.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children know how to get the infant care teacher to respond in a specific way through gestures, vocalizations, and shared attention; use another\u2019s emotional expressions to guide their response to unfamiliar events; and learn more complex behavior through imitation. Children also engage in more complex social interactions and have developed expectations for a greater number of familiar people.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children can talk about their wants and feelings and those of other people, describe familiar routines, participate in coordinated episodes of pretend play with peers, and interact with adults in more complex ways.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 299px\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 30px;width: 975.057px\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p align=\"center\"><strong><b>Foundations in Action<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 239px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 278.75px\">\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"147\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28300\/clipboard_e64467755cbf0a07048da866a61fada4b.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e64467755cbf0a07048da866a61fada4b.png\" width=\"147\" height=\"200\" \/> Figure 3.6[6][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 339.318px\">\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"205\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28301\/clipboard_e61ad45f9bfc6d5dae6f47e079d8c90ca.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e61ad45f9bfc6d5dae6f47e079d8c90ca.png\" width=\"205\" height=\"174\" \/> Figure 3.7[7][\/caption]<figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 329.261px\">\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"201\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28302\/clipboard_e52298b68d5bc6a1b011311e4d304533f.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e52298b68d5bc6a1b011311e4d304533f.png\" width=\"201\" height=\"174\" \/> Figure 3.8[8][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 30px;width: 975.057px\" colspan=\"3\">\r\n<p align=\"center\"><i>Looking at this sequence of images, what might have happened here? Which of the Social\/Emotional Foundations do you see in these three images?<\/i><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Language Development<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nLanguage development naturally occurs through ongoing interactions with adults. Babies have an inborn capacity to learn language that emerges by experiencing language input from adults. Experiences with language allow infants and toddlers to acquire mastery of sounds, grammar, and rules that guide communication and to share meaning with others.\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"336\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28303\/clipboard_ef46665ff094f79a84acf36756507c8f5.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ef46665ff094f79a84acf36756507c8f5.png\" width=\"336\" height=\"229\" \/> Figure 3.9: Engaging in play with toddlers is one of the best ways to support language development. Wouldn\u2019t it be great if this image came with audio? What might they be talking about?[9][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nGuiding principles of the language curriculum include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be responsive to the active communicator and language learner<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include language in your interactions with infants and toddlers<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Celebrate and support the individual<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Connect with children\u2019s cultural and linguistic experiences at home<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Build on children\u2019s interests<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Make communication and language interesting and fun<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Create literacy-rich environments<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe environment should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide for the exploration of books and other sources of print<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Moderate background noise<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to support language development and communication<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide open-ended materials that foster communication<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCaregivers should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be responsive when children initiate communication<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Engage in nonverbal communication<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use child-directed language<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use self-talk and parallel talk (narrate their own and others' actions)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Help children expand their language<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support dual-language development<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attend to individual development and needs<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be playful with language[10]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a title=\"title\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations#_ftn10\" rel=\"internal\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">It is early in the morning, and 24-month-old Sabela is sitting quietly on the lap of her teacher, Sonja. Sonja and the other teachers talk about the day ahead. Sonja says to another child, \u201cTony, let\u2019s go out early today. It\u2019s supposed to rain this morning.\u201d Sabela hops up, walks over to the cupboard, and takes out a bag of sand toys to play with outside. Taking out the sand toys and then collecting them to bring them back to the classroom is an activity that Sabela often helps with. Upon seeing Sabela move toward the back door, dragging the sack of sand toys, Sonja makes eye contact and smiles. Sonja also notes that Sabela understood Sonja\u2019s comments to Tony.[11]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_5\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<div id=\"section_4\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"editable\"><strong>Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundation in Language Development<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe key concepts in the Language domain that provide an overview of the infant and toddler language and communication development are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Receptive Language: The developing ability to understand words and increasingly complex utterances<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children show understanding of a small number of familiar words and react to the infant care teacher\u2019s overall tone of voice.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children show understanding of one-step requests that have to do with the current situation.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children demonstrate an understanding of the means of others\u2019 comments, questions, requests, or stories. (BY 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 307).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Expressive Language: The developing ability to produce the sounds of language and use vocabulary and increasingly complex utterances<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 279px\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 251px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.4px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children experiment with sounds, practice making sounds, and use sounds or gestures to communicate needs, wants, or interests.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.8px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children say a few words and use conventional gestures to tell others about their needs, wants, and interests. (By 15 to 18 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004 270; Coplan 1993, 1; Hulit and Howard 2006, 142)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.4px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children communicate in a way that is understandable to most adults who speak the same language they do. Children combine words into simple sentences and demonstrate the ability to follow some grammatical rules of their home language. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 307; 30- 36mos.; Lerner and Ciervo 2003; by 36 mos.; Hart and Risley 1999, 67)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Communication Skills and Knowledge: The developing ability to communicate nonverbally and verbally<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children participate in back-and-forth communication and games.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children use conventional gestures and words to communicate meaning in short back-and-forth interactions and use the basic rules of conversational turn-taking when communicating. (Bloom, Rocissano, and Hood 1976)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in back-and-forth conversations that contain a number of turns, with each turn building upon what was said in the previous turn. (Hart and Risely 1999, 122)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interest in Print: The developing interest in engaging with print in books in the environment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children explore books and show interest in adult-initiated literacy activities, such as looking at photos and exploring books together with an adult. (Scaled score of 10 for 7:16-8:15 mos.; Bayley 2006, 57; infants; National Research Council 1999, 28)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children listen to the adult and participate while being read to by pointing, turning pages, or making one- or two-word comments. Children actively notice print in the environment.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children show appreciation for books and initiate literacy activities: listening, asking questions, or making comments while being read to; looking at books on their own; or making scribble marks on paper and pretending to read what is written. (Schickedanz and Casbergue 2004, 11)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nWhat Language Looks Like in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"215\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28304\/clipboard_e4d2fda14742ac5bedffb6504a6224e7f.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e4d2fda14742ac5bedffb6504a6224e7f.png\" width=\"215\" height=\"253\" \/> Figure 3.10[12][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nWhat happens when a child cannot hear spoken language? They can learn to communicate through sign language. American Sign Language (ASL) is a complete, natural language that has the same linguistic properties as spoken languages, with grammar that differs from English. ASL is expressed by movements of the hands and face. It is the primary language of many North Americans who are deaf and hard of hearing, and is used by many hearing people as well.\r\n\r\nCaregivers are often the source of a child\u2019s early acquisition of language, but for children who are deaf, additional people may be models for language acquisition. A deaf child born to caregivers who are deaf and who already use ASL will begin to acquire ASL as naturally as a hearing child picks up spoken language from hearing caregivers. However, for a deaf child with hearing caregivers who have no prior experience with ASL, language may be acquired differently. 9 out of 10 children who are born deaf are born to caregivers who hear. Some hearing parents choose to introduce sign language to their deaf children. Hearing caregivers who choose to have their child learn sign language often learn it along with their child. Children who are deaf and have hearing caregivers often learn sign language through deaf peers and become fluent.\r\n\r\nCaregivers should expose a deaf or hard-of-hearing child to language as soon as possible. The earlier a child is exposed to and begins to acquire language, the better that child\u2019s language, cognitive, and social development will become. Research suggests that the first few years of life are the most crucial to a child\u2019s development of language skills, and even the early months of life can be important for establishing successful communication with caregivers. Thanks to screening programs in place at almost all hospitals in the United States and its territories, newborn babies are tested for hearing before they leave the hospital. If a baby has hearing loss, this screening allows parents to learn about communication options. Caregivers can then start their child\u2019s language learning process during this important early stage of development.[13]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_5\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Cognitive Development<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nThe term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual or mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. It includes the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Over the past three decades, infancy research has caused developmental psychologists to change the way they characterize the earliest stages of cognitive development. Once regarded as an organism driven mainly by simple sensorimotor schemes, the infant is now seen as having sophisticated cognitive skills and concepts that guide knowledge acquisition.\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"588\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28306\/clipboard_e06bdbf90e9ea8e230f1dbedc2605b0a8.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e06bdbf90e9ea8e230f1dbedc2605b0a8.png\" width=\"588\" height=\"296\" \/> Figure 3.11: Look at these infants happily exploring mirrors with their whole bodies while their caregiver observes and provides materials to extend their exploration.[14][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nGuiding principles of the language curriculum include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relate to the child as an active learner<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide opportunities for exploration<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect the child\u2019s initiative and choices<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Allow ample time for children to make sense of experiences<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Appreciate the child\u2019s creativity<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Describe the child\u2019s actions and the effects of the actions<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support self-initiated repetition and practice<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Give appropriate encouragement for problem-solving and mastery<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support the child\u2019s activity participation in personal care routines<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe environment should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide play spaces with rich opportunities for learning<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide storage\/display of toys in places that are easily visible and accessible<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include both novelty and predictability<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to encourage exploration<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide nesting and stacking toys to support an understanding of spatial relationships<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide toys that support cause-and-effect experimentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include toys and props for and be arranged to support pretend play<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide toys that support the collection and storage of treasures<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"458\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28307\/clipboard_ef9a86f56873495c801314723328e7a9b.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ef9a86f56873495c801314723328e7a9b.png\" width=\"458\" height=\"248\" \/> Figure 3.12: This is a space that is designed for toddlers. Notice the size of the furniture, the way play materials are stored to be accessible to children, and even the nesting toy waiting to be played with on the tabletop.[15][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nCaregivers should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Notice what interests the child<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use language to engage each child\u2019s intellect<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use personal care routines to support cognitive development[16]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a title=\"title\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations#_ftn16\" rel=\"internal\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nJenna has been crawling for several weeks now and is getting quite fast at moving around. This morning, her teacher, Archie, is watching closely as Jenna crawls up the wide ramp to a platform where there are several large, plastic boxes of different sizes. Jenna crawls up to a box and sticks her head inside it, as if she were going to crawl into the box.\r\n\r\nArchie knows she will not be able to fit her entire body inside the box, but Jenna is already halfway inside it. Archie scoots up the ramp to Jenna, who may be feeling a little stuck at this point, and gently places his hand on Jenna\u2019s back, saying, \u201cYou put your head in this big box, and the rest of you is out here with me. I\u2019m here, Jenna.\u201d\r\n\r\nJenna pulls her head out, looks at Archie, and then vocalizes, \u201cAhhh, ya, ya\u201d and gestures toward the box. Archie smiles and says, \u201cYes, I saw you with your head in there. I came right up here in case you needed me, but you got yourself out, didn\u2019t you?\u201d Jenna looks back at Archie, and then at the box, a few times. Then she bangs on the box with her hands and crawls to a larger box. She glances back at Archie, who smiles, and she crawls in, fitting into the larger box quite easily. \u201cYou are in the big box, Jenna. You sure are, and I\u2019m out here.\u201d Jenna smiles and bangs on the box while vocalizing her triumph.\u00a0[17]\r\n<div id=\"section_6\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundation in Cognitive Development<\/strong>\r\n<div id=\"section_6\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n\r\nThe key concepts in the Cognitive domain that provide an overview of the infants' and toddlers' cognitive development are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Cause-and-Effect: The developing understanding that one event brings about another<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children perform simple actions to make things happen, notice the relationships between events, and notice the effects of others on the immediate environment.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children combine simple actions to cause things to happen or change the way they interact with objects and people to see how it changes the outcome.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect by making predictions about what would happen and reflecting upon what caused something to happen. (California Department of Education [CDE] 2005)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Spatial Relationships: The developing understanding of how things move and fit in space<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children move their bodies, explore the size and shape of objects, and observe people and objects as they move through space.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children use trial and error to discover how things move and fit in space (12-18 mos.; Parks 2004, 81)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children can predict how things will fit and move in space without having to try out every possible solution, and show understanding of words used to describe size and locations in space.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Problem Solving: The developing ability to engage in a purposeful effort to reach a goal or figure out how something works<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children use simple actions to try to solve problems involving objects, their bodies, or other people.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children use several ways to solve problems: physically trying out possible solutions before finding one that works; using objects as tools; watching someone else solve the problem and then applying the same solution; or gesturing or vocalizing to someone else for help.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children solve some problems without having to physically try out every possible solution and may ask for help when needed. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 308)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Imitation: The developing ability to mirror, repeat, and practice the actions of others, either immediately or later<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children imitate simple actions and expressions of others during interactions.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children imitate others\u2019 actions that have more than one step and imitate simple actions that they have observed others doing at an earlier time. (Parks 2004; 28)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children reenact multiple steps of others\u2019 actions that they have observed at an earlier time. (30-36 mos.; Parks 2004, 29)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Memory: The developing ability to store and later retrieve information about past experiences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children recognize familiar people, objects, and routines in the environment and show awareness that familiar people still exist even when they are no longer physically present.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children remember typical actions of people, the location of objects, and the steps of routines.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children anticipate the series of steps in familiar activities, events, or routines; remember characteristics of the environment or people in it; and may briefly describe recent past events or act them out. (24-36 mos.; Seigel 1999, 33)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Number Sense: The developing understanding of number and quantity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children usually focus on one object or person at a time, yet they may at times hold two objects, one in each hand.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate understanding that there are different amounts of things.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children show some understanding that numbers represent how many and demonstrate understanding of words that identify how much. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 308)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Classification: The developing ability to group, sort, categorize, connect, and have expectations of objects and people according to their attributes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people, places, and objects, and explore the difference between them. (Barrera and Mauer 1981)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children show awareness when objects are in some way connected, match two objects that are the same, and separate a pile of objects into two groups based on one attribute. (Mandler and McDonough 1998)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children group objects into multiple piles based on one attribute at a time, put things that are similar but not identical into one group, and may label each grouping, even though sometimes these labels are overgeneralized. (36 mos.; Mandler and McDonough 1993)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Symbolic Play: The developing ability to use actions, objects, or ideas to represent other actions, objects, or ideas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children become familiar with objects and actions through active exploration. Children also build knowledge of people, action, objects, and ideas through observation. (Fenson and others 1976; Rogoff and others 2003)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children use one object to represent another object and engage in one or two simple actions of pretend play.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in make-believe play involving several sequenced steps, assigned roles, and an overall plan, and sometimes pretend by imagining an object without needing the concrete object present. (30-36 mos.; Parks 2004, 29)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attention Maintenance: The developing ability to attend to people and things while interacting with others and exploring the environment, and play materials<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children pay attention to different things and people in the environment in specific, distinct ways. (Bronson 200, 64)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children rely on order and predictability in the environment to help organize their thoughts and focus attention. (Bronson 2000, 191)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children sometimes demonstrate the ability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Understanding of Personal Care Routines: The developing ability to understand and participate in personal care routines<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children are responsive during the steps of personal care routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children show awareness of familiar personal care routines and participate in the steps of these routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children initiate and follow through with some personal care routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><b>Learning Schemes<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nLearning schemes are the building blocks for all other discoveries during infancy. By using schemes such as banging, reaching, and mouthing, children gain valuable information about things. Scheme development helps children discover how objects are best used and how to use objects in new and interesting ways.\r\n\r\n<strong><b>Cause and Effect<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nAs infants develop, they begin to understand that events and outcomes are caused. They learn that:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">They can cause things to happen either with their bodies or through their own actions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Other people and objects can cause things to happen.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Specific parts of objects, for example, wheels, light switches, knobs, and buttons on cameras, can cause specific effects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong><b>Use of Tools<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nTools are anything children can use to accomplish what they want. Among the tools infants use are a cry, a hand, a caregiver, and an object. Infants learn to extend their power through the use of tools. They learn that a tool is a means to an end.\r\n\r\n<strong><b>Object Permanence<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nFor young infants, \u2018out of sight\u2019 often means \u2018out of mind.\u2019 Infants are not born knowing about the permanence of objects. They make this important discovery gradually through repeated experiences with the same objects, such as a bottle, and the same persons, such as their mother or father. Infants learn that things exist even when one cannot see them.\r\n\r\n<strong><b>Understanding Space<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nMuch of early learning has to do with issues of distance, movement, and perspective. Infants learn about spatial relationships through bumping into things, squeezing into tight spaces, and seeing things from different angles. In a sense, infants and toddlers at play are young scientists, busily investigating the physical universe. For example, they find out about:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relative size as they try to fit an object into a container<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Gravity as they watch play cars speedily roll down a slide<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Balance as they try to stack things of different shapes and sizes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong><b>Imitation<\/b><\/strong>\r\n\r\nOne of the most powerful learning devices infants and toddlers use is imitation. It fosters the development of communication and a broad range of other skills.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Even very young infants learn from trying to match other people\u2019s actions<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">As infants develop, their imitations become increasingly complex and purposeful. At every stage of infancy, children repeat and practice what they see. By doing the same thing over and over again, they make it their own.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Pause to Reflect<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nHow do these discoveries of infancy relate to the Cognitive Foundations? How might you use both to plan engaging curriculum for infants and toddlers?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"419\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28308\/clipboard_e972ebb58d5bae93788dc87158bad5117.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e972ebb58d5bae93788dc87158bad5117.png\" width=\"419\" height=\"275\" \/> Figure 3.13: Caregiving routines are a valuable one-on-one time for infants and toddlers. Engaging them in the process lays the foundation for them to become more autonomous in meeting their own needs.[19][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_7\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Perceptual and Motor Development<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nPerception refers to the process of taking in, organizing, and interpreting sensory information. Perception is multimodal, with multiple sensory inputs contributing to motor responses. Motor development refers to changes in a child\u2019s ability to control his body movements, from the infant\u2019s first spontaneous waving and kicking movements to the adaptive control of reaching, locomotion, and complex sport skills. Gross motor actions include the movement of large limbs or the whole body, such as walking. Fine motor behaviors include the use of fingers to grasp and manipulate objects. Motor behaviors such as touching and grasping are forms of exploratory activity.\r\n\r\nGuiding principles of the perceptual and motor development curriculum include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Recognize the child\u2019s developing abilities<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Encourage self-directed movement<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect individual differences<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide a safe place for each age group<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be available to children as they move and explore<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">The environment should:<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include materials that support perceptual and motor development, focusing on the children\u2019s interests and how to expand on those interests<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide many opportunities for movement and large motor play, both indoors and outdoors<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide safe, but challenging spaces where children can move, both indoors and outdoors<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Establish physical boundaries for moving and exploring with the arrangement of furniture and space<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Protect young children\u2019s need for sheltered spaces<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged safely<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Allow children to move easily<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include everyday objects and materials<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide a variety of sensory and motor experiences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"474\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28309\/clipboard_e0de4b347cb32c78453394a423caded28.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e0de4b347cb32c78453394a423caded28.png\" width=\"474\" height=\"257\" \/> Figure 3.14: Look at the variety of opportunities that children have to practice their perceptual and motor abilities in this space.[20][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\nCaregivers should:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide the infant with the freedom to move<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">See things from the infant\u2019s perspective<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Help build the infant\u2019s feelings of comfort, security, and awareness of his body<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use common routines, activities, and behaviors to allow for the practice of perceptual and motor skills<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Acknowledge each child\u2019s accomplishments[21]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Seven-month-old Abasi is seated comfortably in teacher Stephen\u2019s lap, ready for lunch. Abasi tugs at his bib and watches intently as Stephen fills a bowl with orange baby food. Abasi opens his mouth when Stephen holds up a full spoon for him to see. Stephen gently moves the spoon to Abasi\u2019s lips, and Abasi closes his mouth on the spoon. Almost immediately, Abasi spits out the spoon and food and grimaces. Stephen is surprised. Abasi refuses another bite and ends up having a bottle instead. Stephen mentions this episode to Abasi\u2019s grandmother at pickup time. She laughs and says, \u201cHis favorite food is peaches, but that was carrots. I told his Mama that it would be a nasty surprise for him!\u201d Abasi watches as the two adults laugh together. Stephen comments, \u201cAbasi, you looked at the orange color and expected your favorite\u2014peaches. What a surprise to taste carrots!\u201d[22]<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundations in Perceptual and Motor Development<\/strong>\r\n<div id=\"section_8\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n\r\nIt is important to recognize that, though developmental charts may show motor development unfolding in the form of a smooth upward progression toward mastery, the development of individual children often does not follow a smooth upward trajectory. In fact, \u201cdetours\u201d and steps backward are common as development unfolds.[23]\r\n\r\nThe key concepts in the Perceptual and Motor Development domain that provide an overview of the infants' and toddlers' perceptual and motor development are:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Perceptual Development: The developing ability to become aware of the social and physical environment through the senses<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children use their senses to explore objects and people in the environment. (6-9 mos.; Ruff and Kohler 1978)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children use the information received from the senses to change the way they interact with the environment.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children can quickly and easily combine the information received from the senses to inform the way they interact with the environment.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Gross Motor: The developing ability to move the large muscles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children demonstrate the ability to maintain their posture in a sitting position and to shift between sitting and other positions.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children move from one place to another by walking and running with basic control and coordination.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children move with ease, coordinating movements and performing a variety of movements.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Fine Motor: The developing ability to move the small muscles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around eight months of age, children easily reach for and grasp things and use their eyes and hands to explore objects actively. (6 mos.; Alexander, Boehme, and Cupps 1993, 112)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 18 months of age, children can hold small objects in one hand and sometimes use both hands together to manipulate objects. (18 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 40)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">At around 36 months of age, children coordinate the fine movements of the fingers, wrists, and hands to skillfully manipulate a wide range of objects and materials in intricate ways. Children often use one hand to stabilize an object while manipulating it.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nFoundations in Action\r\n<figure>[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"286\"]<img class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28310\/clipboard_ebe55d3802504ec756becfc5073409395.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ebe55d3802504ec756becfc5073409395.png\" width=\"286\" height=\"210\" \/> Figure 3.15[24]: These two images capture all three of the Perception and Motor Foundations. Can you see how all of these are at play here?[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"section_9\" class=\"mt-section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n[1]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[2]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[3]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[4]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[5]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[6]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[7]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[8]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[9]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[10]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[11]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[12]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[13]\u00a0American Sign Language\u00a0by the\u00a0U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\u00a0is in the public domain\r\n\r\n[14]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[15]\u00a0Image\u00a0by Community Playthings\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[16]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[17]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[18]\u00a0The Infant\/Toddler Learning and Development Program Guidelines by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[19]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[20]\u00a0Image\u00a0by Community Playthings\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[21]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[22]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[23]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n[24]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission\r\n\r\n<footer>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nThis page titled 3.6.1: Developmentally Appropriate Planning for Infants and Toddlers: The Infant and Toddler Learning and Development Foundations\u00a0is shared under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">not declared\u00a0<\/a>license and was authored, remixed, and\/or curated by Erin Jones, EdS, ECSE, MBA.\r\n\r\n<\/footer><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\":-developmentally-appropriate-planning-for-infants-and-toddlers--the-infant-and-toddler-learnig-and-development-foundations\" style=\"text-align: center\">\n<p>The foundations identify key areas of learning and development. While moving in the direction identified by each foundation, every child will progress along a unique path that reflects his or her individuality and cultural and linguistic experiences. The foundations help teachers understand children\u2019s learning and can give focus to intentional teaching [1].<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28298\/clipboard_ea7643f266b01059e1a27428e562d5128.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ea7643f266b01059e1a27428e562d5128.png\" width=\"386\" height=\"248\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.4: The space under this loft was thoughtfully designed to provide children a cozy space to enjoy a good book [2].<\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Watch this!<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Introduction to the Infant Toddler Foundations<\/strong> (13:22 minutes) provides a wonderful overview of the developmental learning that takes place for infants and toddlers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Introduction to the Infant Toddler Foundations\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Uv8c_msBUX0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Social\u2013Emotional Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"section_1\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<p>Social\u2013emotional development includes the child\u2019s experience, expression, and management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships with others. It encompasses both intra- and interpersonal processes.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 327px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28299\/clipboard_e0dae237d9251d6509aa26015c0afc0e8.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e0dae237d9251d6509aa26015c0afc0e8.png\" width=\"327\" height=\"236\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.5: Notice how this teacher supports the social-emotional development of both children as they interact over the gate [3].<\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Guiding principles of the social-emotional curriculum include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Learn from the family about the child\u2019s social\u2013emotional development<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Place relationships at the center of curriculum planning<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Read and respond to children\u2019s emotional cues<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attend to the environment\u2019s impact on children\u2019s social\u2013emotional development<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Understand and respect individuality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The environment should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be positive and allow children to explore freely, while often hearing \u201cyes\u201d and seldom hearing \u201cno\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide materials that support relationships and the development of social understanding<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide materials that relate to feelings and emotional expression<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to support peer interactions and relationships<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Caregivers should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Offer learning opportunities through caregiving routines<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Learn about temperament<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Pay attention to feelings and emotional responses<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support and respect the child\u2019s relationship with his or her family<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support relationships and interactions among the children in the program<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Model responsive and respectful interactions and behavior<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect children\u2019s interests<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support children\u2019s regulation of emotions<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Demonstrate acceptance for all of the feelings children express[4]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Anita is holding six-month-old Jed on her lap. Jed is the first child to arrive in Anita\u2019s family child care home each day. They have a few quiet minutes together before the other children begin to arrive. Anita has noticed that Jed often demonstrates excitement when watching the older children. He kicks his legs and puffs his breath when he sees Carlo and his mother enter the playroom. Miss Anita turns so that Jed can easily see Carlo, and she says softly to Jed, \u201cHere is Carlo, coming to play. He made you laugh yesterday, didn\u2019t he?\u201d Anita smiles and greets Carlo and his mother, and then she says, \u201cCarlo, Jed is so happy to see you. Do you see how he kicks his legs and waves his arms? Would you like to say hello?\u201d When Carlo approaches, Anita says to Jed, \u201cHere is Carlo, coming to say hello.\u201d The boys gaze at each other quietly for a moment. Anita is attentive and silent. Then Carlo makes a silly face and dances, and Jed lets out a little giggle. Carlo\u2019s mother, who is several months pregnant, shares a smile with Anita.[5]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundations in Social\/Emotional Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"section_2\" class=\"mt-section\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n<p>The key concepts in the Social\/Emotional domain that provide an overview of the infant and toddler social and emotional development are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with Adults: The developing ability to respond to and engage with adults<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children purposefully engage in reciprocal interactions and try to influence the behavior of others. Children may be both interested in and cautious of unfamiliar adults. (7 mos.; Lame, Bornstein, and Teti 2002) (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 16)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children may participate in routines and games that involve complex back-and-forth interaction and may follow the gaze of the infant care teacher to an object or person. Children may also check with a familiar infant care teacher when uncertain about something or someone. (18 mos.; Meisels and others, 2003, 33)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children interact with adults to solve problems or communicate about experiences or ideas. (California Department of Education 2005, 6; Marvin and Britner 1999, 60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relationships with Adults: The development of close relationships with certain adults who provide consistent nurturance<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with Peers: The developing ability to respond to and engage with other children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children seek a special relationship with one (or a few) familiar adult(s) by initiating interaction and seeking proximity, especially when distressed. (6-9 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 52)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children feel secure exploring the environment in the presence of important adults with whom they have developed a relationship over an extended period. When distressed, children seek to be physically close to these adults. (6-18 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 52; Bowlby 1983)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, when exploring the environment, from time to time children reconnect, in a variety of ways, with the adult(s) with whom they have developed a special relationship: through eye contact; facial expressions; shared feelings; or conversations about feelings, shared activities, or plans. When distressed, children may still seek to be physically close to these adults. (By 36 mos.; Marvin and Britner 1999, 57)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interactions with peers: The developing ability to respond to and engage with other children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children show interest in familiar and unfamiliar peers. Children may stare at another child, explore another child\u2019s face and body, and respond to siblings and older peers. (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children engage in simple back-and-forth interactions with peers for a short time. (Meisels and others 2003, 35)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in simple cooperative play with peers. (36 mos.; Meisels and others 2003 70)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relationships with Peers: The development of relationships with certain peers through interactions over time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children show interest in familiar and unfamiliar children. (8 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 17)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children prefer to interact with one or two familiar children in the group and usually engage in the same kind of back-and-forth play when interacting with those children. (12-18 mos.; Mueller and Lucas 1975)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children have developed friendships with a small number of children in the group and engage in more complex play with those friends than with other peers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Identity of Self in Relation to Others: The developing concept that the child is an individual operating within social relationships<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children show clear awareness of being a separate person and of being connected with other people. Children identify others as both distinct from and connected to themselves. (Fogel 2001, 347)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate awareness of their characteristics and express themselves as distinct persons with thoughts and feelings. Children also demonstrate expectations of others\u2019 behaviors, responses, and characteristics based on previous experiences with them.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children identify their feelings, needs, and interests, and identify themselves and others as members of one or more groups by referring to categories. (24-36 mos.; Fogel 2001, 415; 18-30 mos.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Recognition of Ability: The developing understanding that the child can take action to influence the environment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children understand that they are able to make things happen.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children experiment with different ways of making things happen, persist in trying to do things even when faced with difficulty, and show a sense of satisfaction with what they can do. (McCarty, Clifton, and Collard 1999).<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children show an understanding of their own abilities when describing themselves.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Expression of Emotion: The developing ability to express a variety of feelings through facial expressions, movements, gestures, sounds, or words<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children express a variety of primary emotions such as contentment, distress, joy, sadness, interest, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear. (Lamb, Bornstein, and Teti 2002, 341)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children express emotions clearly and intentionally and begin to express some complex emotions, such as pride.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children express complex, self-conscious emotions such as pride, embarrassment, shame, and guilt. Children demonstrate awareness of their feelings by using words to describe feelings to others or acting them out in pretend play. (Lewis and others 1989; Lewis 2000b; Lagattuta and Thompson 2007)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Empathy: The developing ability to share in the emotional experiences of others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children demonstrate awareness of others\u2019 feelings by reacting to their emotional expressions.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children change their behavior in response to the feelings of others, even though their actions may not always make the other person feel better. Children show an increased understanding of the reason for another\u2019s distress and may become distressed by the other\u2019s distress. (14 mos.; Zahn-Waxler, Robinson, and Emde 1992; Thompson 1987; 24 mos.; Zahn-Waxler and Radke-Yarrow 1982, 1990)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children understand that other people have feelings that are different from their own and can sometimes respond to another\u2019s distress in a way that might make that person feel better. (24-36 mos.; Hoffman 1982; 18 mos.; Thompson 1987, 135)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_3\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Regulation: The developing ability to manage emotional responses with assistance from others and independently<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children use simple behaviors to comfort themselves and begin to communicate the need for help to alleviate discomfort or distress.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate a variety of responses to comfort themselves and actively avoid or ignore situations that cause discomfort. Children can also communicate needs and wants through the use of a few words and gestures. (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine 2000, 112; 15-18 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 270; Coplan 1990, 1)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children anticipate the need for comfort and try to prepare themselves for changes in routine. Children have many self-comforting behaviors to choose from, depending on the situation, and can communicate specific needs and wants. (Kopp 1989; CDE 2005)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Impulse Control: The developing capacity to wait for needs to be met, to inhibit potentially hurtful behavior, and to act according to social expectations, including safety rules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children act on impulses. (Birth-9 mos.; Bronson 2000b, 64)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children respond positively to choices and limits set by an adult to help control their behavior. (18 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 34; Kaler and Kopp 1990)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children may sometimes exercise voluntary control over actions and emotional expressions. (Bronson 2000b, 67)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Social Understanding: The developing understanding of the responses, communication, emotional expressions, and actions of other people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children have learned what to expect from familiar people, understand what to do to get another\u2019s attention, engage in back-and-forth interaction with others, and imitate the simple actions or facial expressions of others.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children know how to get the infant care teacher to respond in a specific way through gestures, vocalizations, and shared attention; use another\u2019s emotional expressions to guide their response to unfamiliar events; and learn more complex behavior through imitation. Children also engage in more complex social interactions and have developed expectations for a greater number of familiar people.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children can talk about their wants and feelings and those of other people, describe familiar routines, participate in coordinated episodes of pretend play with peers, and interact with adults in more complex ways.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 299px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"height: 30px;width: 975.057px\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><b>Foundations in Action<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 239px\">\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 278.75px\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 147px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28300\/clipboard_e64467755cbf0a07048da866a61fada4b.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e64467755cbf0a07048da866a61fada4b.png\" width=\"147\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.6[6]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 339.318px\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 205px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28301\/clipboard_e61ad45f9bfc6d5dae6f47e079d8c90ca.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e61ad45f9bfc6d5dae6f47e079d8c90ca.png\" width=\"205\" height=\"174\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.7[7]<\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 239px;width: 329.261px\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 201px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28302\/clipboard_e52298b68d5bc6a1b011311e4d304533f.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e52298b68d5bc6a1b011311e4d304533f.png\" width=\"201\" height=\"174\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.8[8]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"height: 30px;width: 975.057px\" colspan=\"3\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Looking at this sequence of images, what might have happened here? Which of the Social\/Emotional Foundations do you see in these three images?<\/i><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Language Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Language development naturally occurs through ongoing interactions with adults. Babies have an inborn capacity to learn language that emerges by experiencing language input from adults. Experiences with language allow infants and toddlers to acquire mastery of sounds, grammar, and rules that guide communication and to share meaning with others.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 336px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28303\/clipboard_ef46665ff094f79a84acf36756507c8f5.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ef46665ff094f79a84acf36756507c8f5.png\" width=\"336\" height=\"229\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.9: Engaging in play with toddlers is one of the best ways to support language development. Wouldn\u2019t it be great if this image came with audio? What might they be talking about?[9]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Guiding principles of the language curriculum include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be responsive to the active communicator and language learner<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include language in your interactions with infants and toddlers<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Celebrate and support the individual<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Connect with children\u2019s cultural and linguistic experiences at home<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Build on children\u2019s interests<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Make communication and language interesting and fun<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Create literacy-rich environments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The environment should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide for the exploration of books and other sources of print<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Moderate background noise<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to support language development and communication<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide open-ended materials that foster communication<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Caregivers should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be responsive when children initiate communication<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Engage in nonverbal communication<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use child-directed language<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use self-talk and parallel talk (narrate their own and others&#8217; actions)<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Help children expand their language<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support dual-language development<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attend to individual development and needs<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be playful with language[10]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><a title=\"title\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations#_ftn10\" rel=\"internal\" name=\"_ftnref10\" id=\"_ftnref10\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">It is early in the morning, and 24-month-old Sabela is sitting quietly on the lap of her teacher, Sonja. Sonja and the other teachers talk about the day ahead. Sonja says to another child, \u201cTony, let\u2019s go out early today. It\u2019s supposed to rain this morning.\u201d Sabela hops up, walks over to the cupboard, and takes out a bag of sand toys to play with outside. Taking out the sand toys and then collecting them to bring them back to the classroom is an activity that Sabela often helps with. Upon seeing Sabela move toward the back door, dragging the sack of sand toys, Sonja makes eye contact and smiles. Sonja also notes that Sabela understood Sonja\u2019s comments to Tony.[11]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_5\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<div id=\"section_4\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h3 class=\"editable\"><strong>Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundation in Language Development<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The key concepts in the Language domain that provide an overview of the infant and toddler language and communication development are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Receptive Language: The developing ability to understand words and increasingly complex utterances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children show understanding of a small number of familiar words and react to the infant care teacher\u2019s overall tone of voice.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children show understanding of one-step requests that have to do with the current situation.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children demonstrate an understanding of the means of others\u2019 comments, questions, requests, or stories. (BY 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 307).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Expressive Language: The developing ability to produce the sounds of language and use vocabulary and increasingly complex utterances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 279px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px;width: 208px;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 251px\">\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.4px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children experiment with sounds, practice making sounds, and use sounds or gestures to communicate needs, wants, or interests.<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.8px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children say a few words and use conventional gestures to tell others about their needs, wants, and interests. (By 15 to 18 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004 270; Coplan 1993, 1; Hulit and Howard 2006, 142)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 251px;width: 208.4px;vertical-align: top\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children communicate in a way that is understandable to most adults who speak the same language they do. Children combine words into simple sentences and demonstrate the ability to follow some grammatical rules of their home language. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 307; 30- 36mos.; Lerner and Ciervo 2003; by 36 mos.; Hart and Risley 1999, 67)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Communication Skills and Knowledge: The developing ability to communicate nonverbally and verbally<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children participate in back-and-forth communication and games.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children use conventional gestures and words to communicate meaning in short back-and-forth interactions and use the basic rules of conversational turn-taking when communicating. (Bloom, Rocissano, and Hood 1976)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in back-and-forth conversations that contain a number of turns, with each turn building upon what was said in the previous turn. (Hart and Risely 1999, 122)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Interest in Print: The developing interest in engaging with print in books in the environment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around eight months of age, children explore books and show interest in adult-initiated literacy activities, such as looking at photos and exploring books together with an adult. (Scaled score of 10 for 7:16-8:15 mos.; Bayley 2006, 57; infants; National Research Council 1999, 28)<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 18 months of age, children listen to the adult and participate while being read to by pointing, turning pages, or making one- or two-word comments. Children actively notice print in the environment.<\/td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align: top; width: 208px;\" valign=\"top\">At around 36 months of age, children show appreciation for books and initiate literacy activities: listening, asking questions, or making comments while being read to; looking at books on their own; or making scribble marks on paper and pretending to read what is written. (Schickedanz and Casbergue 2004, 11)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>What Language Looks Like in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28304\/clipboard_e4d2fda14742ac5bedffb6504a6224e7f.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e4d2fda14742ac5bedffb6504a6224e7f.png\" width=\"215\" height=\"253\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.10[12]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>What happens when a child cannot hear spoken language? They can learn to communicate through sign language. American Sign Language (ASL) is a complete, natural language that has the same linguistic properties as spoken languages, with grammar that differs from English. ASL is expressed by movements of the hands and face. It is the primary language of many North Americans who are deaf and hard of hearing, and is used by many hearing people as well.<\/p>\n<p>Caregivers are often the source of a child\u2019s early acquisition of language, but for children who are deaf, additional people may be models for language acquisition. A deaf child born to caregivers who are deaf and who already use ASL will begin to acquire ASL as naturally as a hearing child picks up spoken language from hearing caregivers. However, for a deaf child with hearing caregivers who have no prior experience with ASL, language may be acquired differently. 9 out of 10 children who are born deaf are born to caregivers who hear. Some hearing parents choose to introduce sign language to their deaf children. Hearing caregivers who choose to have their child learn sign language often learn it along with their child. Children who are deaf and have hearing caregivers often learn sign language through deaf peers and become fluent.<\/p>\n<p>Caregivers should expose a deaf or hard-of-hearing child to language as soon as possible. The earlier a child is exposed to and begins to acquire language, the better that child\u2019s language, cognitive, and social development will become. Research suggests that the first few years of life are the most crucial to a child\u2019s development of language skills, and even the early months of life can be important for establishing successful communication with caregivers. Thanks to screening programs in place at almost all hospitals in the United States and its territories, newborn babies are tested for hearing before they leave the hospital. If a baby has hearing loss, this screening allows parents to learn about communication options. Caregivers can then start their child\u2019s language learning process during this important early stage of development.[13]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Cognitive Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual or mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning, and understanding. It includes the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge. Over the past three decades, infancy research has caused developmental psychologists to change the way they characterize the earliest stages of cognitive development. Once regarded as an organism driven mainly by simple sensorimotor schemes, the infant is now seen as having sophisticated cognitive skills and concepts that guide knowledge acquisition.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 588px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28306\/clipboard_e06bdbf90e9ea8e230f1dbedc2605b0a8.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e06bdbf90e9ea8e230f1dbedc2605b0a8.png\" width=\"588\" height=\"296\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.11: Look at these infants happily exploring mirrors with their whole bodies while their caregiver observes and provides materials to extend their exploration.[14]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Guiding principles of the language curriculum include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relate to the child as an active learner<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide opportunities for exploration<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect the child\u2019s initiative and choices<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Allow ample time for children to make sense of experiences<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Appreciate the child\u2019s creativity<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Describe the child\u2019s actions and the effects of the actions<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support self-initiated repetition and practice<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Give appropriate encouragement for problem-solving and mastery<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Support the child\u2019s activity participation in personal care routines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The environment should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide play spaces with rich opportunities for learning<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide storage\/display of toys in places that are easily visible and accessible<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include both novelty and predictability<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged to encourage exploration<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide nesting and stacking toys to support an understanding of spatial relationships<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide toys that support cause-and-effect experimentation<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include toys and props for and be arranged to support pretend play<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide toys that support the collection and storage of treasures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 458px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28307\/clipboard_ef9a86f56873495c801314723328e7a9b.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ef9a86f56873495c801314723328e7a9b.png\" width=\"458\" height=\"248\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.12: This is a space that is designed for toddlers. Notice the size of the furniture, the way play materials are stored to be accessible to children, and even the nesting toy waiting to be played with on the tabletop.[15]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Caregivers should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Notice what interests the child<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use language to engage each child\u2019s intellect<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use personal care routines to support cognitive development[16]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><a title=\"title\" href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations#_ftn16\" rel=\"internal\" name=\"_ftnref16\" id=\"_ftnref16\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Jenna has been crawling for several weeks now and is getting quite fast at moving around. This morning, her teacher, Archie, is watching closely as Jenna crawls up the wide ramp to a platform where there are several large, plastic boxes of different sizes. Jenna crawls up to a box and sticks her head inside it, as if she were going to crawl into the box.<\/p>\n<p>Archie knows she will not be able to fit her entire body inside the box, but Jenna is already halfway inside it. Archie scoots up the ramp to Jenna, who may be feeling a little stuck at this point, and gently places his hand on Jenna\u2019s back, saying, \u201cYou put your head in this big box, and the rest of you is out here with me. I\u2019m here, Jenna.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Jenna pulls her head out, looks at Archie, and then vocalizes, \u201cAhhh, ya, ya\u201d and gestures toward the box. Archie smiles and says, \u201cYes, I saw you with your head in there. I came right up here in case you needed me, but you got yourself out, didn\u2019t you?\u201d Jenna looks back at Archie, and then at the box, a few times. Then she bangs on the box with her hands and crawls to a larger box. She glances back at Archie, who smiles, and she crawls in, fitting into the larger box quite easily. \u201cYou are in the big box, Jenna. You sure are, and I\u2019m out here.\u201d Jenna smiles and bangs on the box while vocalizing her triumph.\u00a0[17]<\/p>\n<div id=\"section_6\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundation in Cognitive Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"mt-section\">\n<p>The key concepts in the Cognitive domain that provide an overview of the infants&#8217; and toddlers&#8217; cognitive development are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Cause-and-Effect: The developing understanding that one event brings about another<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children perform simple actions to make things happen, notice the relationships between events, and notice the effects of others on the immediate environment.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children combine simple actions to cause things to happen or change the way they interact with objects and people to see how it changes the outcome.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children demonstrate an understanding of cause and effect by making predictions about what would happen and reflecting upon what caused something to happen. (California Department of Education [CDE] 2005)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Spatial Relationships: The developing understanding of how things move and fit in space<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children move their bodies, explore the size and shape of objects, and observe people and objects as they move through space.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children use trial and error to discover how things move and fit in space (12-18 mos.; Parks 2004, 81)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children can predict how things will fit and move in space without having to try out every possible solution, and show understanding of words used to describe size and locations in space.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Problem Solving: The developing ability to engage in a purposeful effort to reach a goal or figure out how something works<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children use simple actions to try to solve problems involving objects, their bodies, or other people.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children use several ways to solve problems: physically trying out possible solutions before finding one that works; using objects as tools; watching someone else solve the problem and then applying the same solution; or gesturing or vocalizing to someone else for help.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children solve some problems without having to physically try out every possible solution and may ask for help when needed. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 308)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Imitation: The developing ability to mirror, repeat, and practice the actions of others, either immediately or later<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children imitate simple actions and expressions of others during interactions.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children imitate others\u2019 actions that have more than one step and imitate simple actions that they have observed others doing at an earlier time. (Parks 2004; 28)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children reenact multiple steps of others\u2019 actions that they have observed at an earlier time. (30-36 mos.; Parks 2004, 29)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Memory: The developing ability to store and later retrieve information about past experiences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children recognize familiar people, objects, and routines in the environment and show awareness that familiar people still exist even when they are no longer physically present.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children remember typical actions of people, the location of objects, and the steps of routines.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children anticipate the series of steps in familiar activities, events, or routines; remember characteristics of the environment or people in it; and may briefly describe recent past events or act them out. (24-36 mos.; Seigel 1999, 33)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Number Sense: The developing understanding of number and quantity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children usually focus on one object or person at a time, yet they may at times hold two objects, one in each hand.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children demonstrate understanding that there are different amounts of things.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children show some understanding that numbers represent how many and demonstrate understanding of words that identify how much. (By 36 mos.; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004, 308)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li>Classification: The developing ability to group, sort, categorize, connect, and have expectations of objects and people according to their attributes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people, places, and objects, and explore the difference between them. (Barrera and Mauer 1981)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children show awareness when objects are in some way connected, match two objects that are the same, and separate a pile of objects into two groups based on one attribute. (Mandler and McDonough 1998)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children group objects into multiple piles based on one attribute at a time, put things that are similar but not identical into one group, and may label each grouping, even though sometimes these labels are overgeneralized. (36 mos.; Mandler and McDonough 1993)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Symbolic Play: The developing ability to use actions, objects, or ideas to represent other actions, objects, or ideas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children become familiar with objects and actions through active exploration. Children also build knowledge of people, action, objects, and ideas through observation. (Fenson and others 1976; Rogoff and others 2003)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children use one object to represent another object and engage in one or two simple actions of pretend play.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children engage in make-believe play involving several sequenced steps, assigned roles, and an overall plan, and sometimes pretend by imagining an object without needing the concrete object present. (30-36 mos.; Parks 2004, 29)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Attention Maintenance: The developing ability to attend to people and things while interacting with others and exploring the environment, and play materials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children pay attention to different things and people in the environment in specific, distinct ways. (Bronson 200, 64)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children rely on order and predictability in the environment to help organize their thoughts and focus attention. (Bronson 2000, 191)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children sometimes demonstrate the ability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Understanding of Personal Care Routines: The developing ability to understand and participate in personal care routines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children are responsive during the steps of personal care routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children show awareness of familiar personal care routines and participate in the steps of these routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children initiate and follow through with some personal care routines. (CDE 2005)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Learning Schemes<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Learning schemes are the building blocks for all other discoveries during infancy. By using schemes such as banging, reaching, and mouthing, children gain valuable information about things. Scheme development helps children discover how objects are best used and how to use objects in new and interesting ways.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Cause and Effect<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As infants develop, they begin to understand that events and outcomes are caused. They learn that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">They can cause things to happen either with their bodies or through their own actions.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Other people and objects can cause things to happen.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Specific parts of objects, for example, wheels, light switches, knobs, and buttons on cameras, can cause specific effects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>Use of Tools<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tools are anything children can use to accomplish what they want. Among the tools infants use are a cry, a hand, a caregiver, and an object. Infants learn to extend their power through the use of tools. They learn that a tool is a means to an end.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Object Permanence<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For young infants, \u2018out of sight\u2019 often means \u2018out of mind.\u2019 Infants are not born knowing about the permanence of objects. They make this important discovery gradually through repeated experiences with the same objects, such as a bottle, and the same persons, such as their mother or father. Infants learn that things exist even when one cannot see them.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Understanding Space<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Much of early learning has to do with issues of distance, movement, and perspective. Infants learn about spatial relationships through bumping into things, squeezing into tight spaces, and seeing things from different angles. In a sense, infants and toddlers at play are young scientists, busily investigating the physical universe. For example, they find out about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Relative size as they try to fit an object into a container<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Gravity as they watch play cars speedily roll down a slide<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Balance as they try to stack things of different shapes and sizes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><b>Imitation<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the most powerful learning devices infants and toddlers use is imitation. It fosters the development of communication and a broad range of other skills.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Even very young infants learn from trying to match other people\u2019s actions<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">As infants develop, their imitations become increasingly complex and purposeful. At every stage of infancy, children repeat and practice what they see. By doing the same thing over and over again, they make it their own.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Pause to Reflect<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>How do these discoveries of infancy relate to the Cognitive Foundations? How might you use both to plan engaging curriculum for infants and toddlers?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 419px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28308\/clipboard_e972ebb58d5bae93788dc87158bad5117.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e972ebb58d5bae93788dc87158bad5117.png\" width=\"419\" height=\"275\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.13: Caregiving routines are a valuable one-on-one time for infants and toddlers. Engaging them in the process lays the foundation for them to become more autonomous in meeting their own needs.[19]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_7\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>Perceptual and Motor Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Perception refers to the process of taking in, organizing, and interpreting sensory information. Perception is multimodal, with multiple sensory inputs contributing to motor responses. Motor development refers to changes in a child\u2019s ability to control his body movements, from the infant\u2019s first spontaneous waving and kicking movements to the adaptive control of reaching, locomotion, and complex sport skills. Gross motor actions include the movement of large limbs or the whole body, such as walking. Fine motor behaviors include the use of fingers to grasp and manipulate objects. Motor behaviors such as touching and grasping are forms of exploratory activity.<\/p>\n<p>Guiding principles of the perceptual and motor development curriculum include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Recognize the child\u2019s developing abilities<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Encourage self-directed movement<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Respect individual differences<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide a safe place for each age group<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be available to children as they move and explore<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">The environment should:<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include materials that support perceptual and motor development, focusing on the children\u2019s interests and how to expand on those interests<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide many opportunities for movement and large motor play, both indoors and outdoors<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide safe, but challenging spaces where children can move, both indoors and outdoors<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Establish physical boundaries for moving and exploring with the arrangement of furniture and space<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Protect young children\u2019s need for sheltered spaces<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Be arranged safely<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Allow children to move easily<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Include everyday objects and materials<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide a variety of sensory and motor experiences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 474px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28309\/clipboard_e0de4b347cb32c78453394a423caded28.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_e0de4b347cb32c78453394a423caded28.png\" width=\"474\" height=\"257\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.14: Look at the variety of opportunities that children have to practice their perceptual and motor abilities in this space.[20]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Caregivers should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Provide the infant with the freedom to move<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">See things from the infant\u2019s perspective<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Help build the infant\u2019s feelings of comfort, security, and awareness of his body<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Use common routines, activities, and behaviors to allow for the practice of perceptual and motor skills<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Acknowledge each child\u2019s accomplishments[21]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Vignette<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Seven-month-old Abasi is seated comfortably in teacher Stephen\u2019s lap, ready for lunch. Abasi tugs at his bib and watches intently as Stephen fills a bowl with orange baby food. Abasi opens his mouth when Stephen holds up a full spoon for him to see. Stephen gently moves the spoon to Abasi\u2019s lips, and Abasi closes his mouth on the spoon. Almost immediately, Abasi spits out the spoon and food and grimaces. Stephen is surprised. Abasi refuses another bite and ends up having a bottle instead. Stephen mentions this episode to Abasi\u2019s grandmother at pickup time. She laughs and says, \u201cHis favorite food is peaches, but that was carrots. I told his Mama that it would be a nasty surprise for him!\u201d Abasi watches as the two adults laugh together. Stephen comments, \u201cAbasi, you looked at the orange color and expected your favorite\u2014peaches. What a surprise to taste carrots!\u201d[22]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em\">Summary of Infant\/Toddler Foundations in Perceptual and Motor Development<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"section_8\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<p>It is important to recognize that, though developmental charts may show motor development unfolding in the form of a smooth upward progression toward mastery, the development of individual children often does not follow a smooth upward trajectory. In fact, \u201cdetours\u201d and steps backward are common as development unfolds.[23]<\/p>\n<p>The key concepts in the Perceptual and Motor Development domain that provide an overview of the infants&#8217; and toddlers&#8217; perceptual and motor development are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Perceptual Development: The developing ability to become aware of the social and physical environment through the senses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children use their senses to explore objects and people in the environment. (6-9 mos.; Ruff and Kohler 1978)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children use the information received from the senses to change the way they interact with the environment.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children can quickly and easily combine the information received from the senses to inform the way they interact with the environment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Gross Motor: The developing ability to move the large muscles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children demonstrate the ability to maintain their posture in a sitting position and to shift between sitting and other positions.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children move from one place to another by walking and running with basic control and coordination.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children move with ease, coordinating movements and performing a variety of movements.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Fine Motor: The developing ability to move the small muscles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>8 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>18 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"><strong><b>36 months<\/b><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around eight months of age, children easily reach for and grasp things and use their eyes and hands to explore objects actively. (6 mos.; Alexander, Boehme, and Cupps 1993, 112)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 18 months of age, children can hold small objects in one hand and sometimes use both hands together to manipulate objects. (18 mos.; Meisels and others 2003, 40)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\">At around 36 months of age, children coordinate the fine movements of the fingers, wrists, and hands to skillfully manipulate a wide range of objects and materials in intricate ways. Children often use one hand to stabilize an object while manipulating it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Foundations in Action<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 286px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"internal\" src=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/@api\/deki\/files\/28310\/clipboard_ebe55d3802504ec756becfc5073409395.png?revision=1\" alt=\"clipboard_ebe55d3802504ec756becfc5073409395.png\" width=\"286\" height=\"210\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3.15[24]: These two images capture all three of the Perception and Motor Foundations. Can you see how all of these are at play here?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"section_9\" class=\"mt-section\">\n<h2 class=\"editable\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[1]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0Image by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u00a0American Sign Language\u00a0by the\u00a0U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\u00a0is in the public domain<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u00a0Image\u00a0by Community Playthings\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[18]\u00a0The Infant\/Toddler Learning and Development Program Guidelines by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[19]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[20]\u00a0Image\u00a0by Community Playthings\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[21]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[22]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[23]\u00a0The California Infant\/Toddler Curriculum Framework\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<p>[24]\u00a0Image\u00a0by the\u00a0California Department of Education\u00a0is used with permission<\/p>\n<footer>\n<hr \/>\n<p>This page titled 3.6.1: Developmentally Appropriate Planning for Infants and Toddlers: The Infant and Toddler Learning and Development Foundations\u00a0is shared under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/socialsci.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/Early_Childhood_Education\/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Curriculum_for_Early_Childhood_Education_(Paris_Beeve_and_Springer)\/04%3A_Section_IV-_Planning_for_Childrens_Learning\/15%3A_What_Curriculum_Looks_Like_for_Infants_and_Toddlers\/15.08%3A_Developmentally_Appropriate_Planning_for_Infants_and_Toddlers_-_The_Infant_and_Toddler_Learning_and_Development_Foundations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">not declared\u00a0<\/a>license and was authored, remixed, and\/or curated by Erin Jones, EdS, ECSE, MBA.<\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":154,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-69","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":332,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/69","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/154"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/69\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1615,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/69\/revisions\/1615"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/332"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/69\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=69"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=69"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=69"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}