{"id":107,"date":"2023-11-13T16:09:12","date_gmt":"2023-11-13T16:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/chapter\/introduction-school-age\/"},"modified":"2025-06-22T18:57:32","modified_gmt":"2025-06-22T18:57:32","slug":"introduction-school-age","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accintroductiontoece\/chapter\/introduction-school-age\/","title":{"raw":"4.8: Infant and Toddler Curricular Planning","rendered":"4.8: Infant and Toddler Curricular Planning"},"content":{"raw":"

Infants and toddlers have an amazing capacity to engage in learning and rapidly organize vast amounts of new information. An infant or toddler who is exploring how something works or interacting with an adult or other children reveals an active mind that is discovering and making sense of the surrounding world of people and things.<\/p>\r\n

Infants and toddlers experience the world and build knowledge holistically during simple moments of play, exploration, and interaction with objects and with other people. They constantly gather new information and make sense of it. Their minds actively take in sounds, words, patterns of movement, and the actions and reactions of people, creatures, and objects. They integrate new information into an increasingly complex system of knowledge. As infants expand their encounters with objects and people, they try out emerging skills, discover new actions, and experience feelings in new ways. In moments of play, they experiment, investigate, and invent solutions, trying to figure out how things work.[1]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"197\"]\"clipboard_ecd0ec771b9dcf16763c2925e75462d0d.png\" Figure 4.21: What happens when you hit the metal pot with a plastic spatula? This infant is enjoying the resulting music.[2][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n

Contexts for Infant and Toddler Curriculum<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

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In planning curriculum for the birth-to-age-three period, teachers must be aware of what infants and toddlers do in play, both when they act on objects and when they interact with adults and peers. In essence, play is the \u201cwork\u201d of infants and toddlers. When teachers are mindful of how each infant experiences a moment of play, that child\u2019s learning agenda reveals itself. In response, teachers can plan curriculum that aligns with the infant\u2019s natural learning agenda. In developing curriculum for infants and toddlers, teachers plan for three learning contexts:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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  1. The play environment as curriculum:<\/strong> Curriculum plans include the selection of play materials that add interest and complexity to distinct areas where infants and toddlers freely play.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Interactions and conversations as curriculum:<\/strong> Curriculum plans address ways of being with infants and toddlers during interaction, including nonverbal interaction, conversations, cooperation, conflicts, and times when infants express strong feelings such as delight, sadness, anger, or frustration.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Caregiving routines as curriculum:<\/strong> Curriculum plans include care routines, particularly mealtimes, diaper changes, and naptimes. Intentional teaching invites infants and toddlers to participate in care routines that deepen their relationship experiences and open up possibilities for building emerging skills and concepts.[3]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n
    [caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"377\"]\"clipboard_e0e39547e8a395268bdeef51d2b1f1acb.png\" Figure 4.22: This early childhood education classroom serves the children food family style and allows the children to develop many skills through serving themselves. Look at his focus and concentration as he manipulates the tongs to pick up the food.[4][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n

    Observation as the Basis for Planning the Infant and Toddler Curriculum<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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    Planning infant and toddler curriculum begins with teachers discovering, through careful listening and observation, each child\u2019s development. Observation is an essential teaching skill. When teachers mindfully observe, they find out how individual children make discoveries and make meaning within everyday moments of play and interactions.<\/p>\r\n

    Observing to assess individual children\u2019s learning means carefully watching and listening with thought and reflection. In doing so, teachers find evidence of an individual child's meaning, how a child expresses or shows feelings, how a child responds to others\u2019 feelings, and how a child responds to the impact of his actions on the objects he encounters or the people with whom he interacts.<\/p>\r\n

    When teachers observe infants\u2019 play and interactions, they gather evidence that pertains to individual children\u2019s social\u2013emotional, language, cognitive, and perceptual and motor development. An observation can help teachers see, describe, and understand how an infant organizes feelings, ideas, skills, and concepts.<\/p>\r\n

    Sometimes, teachers may choose to write down what they observe in a note. They may also take a photo, or, with older toddlers, they may keep a sample of each child\u2019s work. In doing so, teachers collect observational data that provides clear, vivid evidence of children\u2019s development. Observing how children explore and play with newly introduced materials or ideas often makes it possible for teachers to track children\u2019s developmental progress.<\/p>\r\n

    As teachers observe children\u2019s play, exploration, and interactions, they discover ways to support children\u2019s learning. Ideas for the next steps in curriculum planning emerge as teachers reflect on how they might extend or expand children\u2019s exploration, problem solving, thinking, interactions, and language. Observation, reflection, and documentation in the moment simultaneously launch an ongoing assessment of each child\u2019s progress in learning as well as the curriculum planning cycle.[5]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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    Observing While Participating<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n
    \"clipboard_ef01ddd2771160b2c5287ffafaaae72bd.png\"\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"283\"]\"clipboard_eed4d5932ada1fdffb93e33a7f72873f9.png\" Figure 4.23: Having note-taking materials on hand can allow you to jot down some notes quickly without even stepping away from the children.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n

    One of the key challenges for infant care teachers is to be able to observe and record their observations while providing early care and education. Learning how to address this challenge takes time and a good support system. Teachers can develop plans together for observing and recording behavior in the context of daily routines and events. Some teachers take turns; others have systems such as cameras and note cards placed around the rooms and play yards so they can take quick notes or photos \u201con the fly.\u201d There are many ways to participate and observe at the same time.<\/p>\r\n

    Children become accustomed to the teacher taking notes and photos, and it becomes incorporated into the daily routines. Observations from teachers who are involved with children daily are the most useful because the teacher understands the child\u2019s context, everything from how the child slept the night before to his current interests. Infant care teachers who observe regularly are better able to provide care and education that connects with each child in the group.[6]<\/p>\r\n

    Observation and Documentation and the PITC Responsive Process<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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    In the Program for Infant\/Toddler Care (PITC), responsive teachers are always observing children. \u201cWatch,\u201d or observation, is the first step of the PITC\u2019s three-step responsive process. Observation enables teachers to read infants\u2019 cues and meet their needs moment by moment. One of the central practices of the PITC is helping babies to establish secure bases for exploration and learning. The moment-by-moment monitoring of babies\u2019 messages and the prompt, contingent responses that stem from observation strengthen relationships between infants and their teachers and lead to the development of secure bases.<\/p>\r\n

    PITC\u2019s \u201cWatch, Ask, and Adapt\u201d process works hand in hand with curriculum planning that includes observation, documentation, and assessment. Infant and toddler care teachers observe to be responsive and build relationships with infants. In this process, teachers also observe and document, which helps them to deepen their understanding of children\u2019s learning and development and discover ways to support it.[7]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    [caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"624\"]\"clipboard_eabf7b524b3e626fb3b51b0387b1f4979.png\" Figure 4.24: The Responsive Process.[8][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n
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    Pause to Reflect<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    Recall a time you observed\/interacted with an infant or find a video that features an infant. Think about how you could implement the Responsive Process. How would you Watch, Ask, and Adapt?<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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    Implementation of a Plan<\/h2>\r\n

    Each day, infant care teachers introduce or implement possibilities for expanding children\u2019s learning and development. Once the children in care have been observed and their experiences documented, teachers try out their plans by making changes in the environment, introducing materials, relating to and interacting with the children in new ways, and highlighting objects or concepts for selective focus. However, this implementation process should not be seen as an endpoint in the curriculum planning process. Each child\u2019s unique thoughts, feelings, needs, and interests in reaction to the plan or a strategy should influence the way implementation occurs. How each infant or toddler will respond to a teacher\u2019s suggestions is unpredictable. Once a possibility or suggestion is introduced, the teacher follows along, observes what each child does, and is responsive to individual children\u2019s ongoing engagement in learning.<\/p>\r\n

    Once an interaction with a child or a small group of children begins, teachers have to be ready to adapt their plans and actions to the momentary and often changing needs and interests of each child. Adaptation and change are critical parts of both children\u2019s and teachers\u2019 learning processes and come into play constantly during the implementation process.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    [caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"311\"]\"clipboard_e35cba25d7aa6ab491453364026e58a57.png\" Figure 4.25: This teacher is going to need to be ready to follow the lead of the children as they create their own experience from what she has planned for them.[9][\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n

    The activities, environments, and interaction opportunities that are introduced should reflect respect for (1) the competencies that infants and toddlers bring to each interaction and (2) the children\u2019s need for relationship-based experiences.<\/p>\r\n

    To work well, implementation should adapt to the infant\u2019s changing interests and needs during each day. In this way, the curriculum will be responsive to what the infants bring to early experiences and to what the children seek from those experiences.<\/p>\r\n

    Implementation should:<\/p>\r\n\r\n