Reference List
(n.d.). Colorado Early Learning & Development Guidelines. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://earlylearningco.org/
A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), 51–53.
A. Ignico, C. Richart, and V. Wayda, “The Effects of a Physical Activity Program on Children’s Activity Level, Health-Related Fitness, and Health,” Early Childhood Development 154 (1999): 31–39.
A. Podlozny, “Strengthening Verbal Skills Through the Use of Classroom Drama: A Clear Link,” Journal of Aesthetic Education 34, nos. 3-4 (2000): 239–76. 55.
Alberto, P., & Troutman, A. C. (2006). Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological science, 12(5), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00366.
Approved learning frameworks. (2025, January 20). Department of Education. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from
As cited in L. Camhi, “When Picasso and Klee Were Very Young: The Art of Childhood,” New York Times, June 18, 2006. www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/arts/design/18camhi. html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 (accessed September 10, 2009).
Barr, R. (2019). Growing up in the digital age: Early learning and family media ecology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 341-346.
Blackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., & Wartella, E. (2014). Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, 82-90
Bowman, B. T., Donovan, M. S., & Burns, M. S. (Eds.). (2001). Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers. National Academies Press.
Brault, L. (n.d.). Inclusion Works! Second Edition – Child Development (CA Dept of Education). California Department of Education. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/documents/inclusionworks2ed.pdf
Bredekamp, S. (1997). Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Early Childhood Programs (S. Bredekamp & C. Copple, Eds.). National Association for the Education of Young Children.
C. E. Landry and G. E. Forman, “Research on Early Science Education, in The Early Childhood Curriculum: Current Findings in Theory and Practice, 3rd ed., ed. C. Seefeldt (New York: Teachers College Press, 1999).
California Preschool Curriculum Frameworks – Child Development (CA Dept of Education). (n.d.). California Department of Education. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/psframework.asp
Carr, M. (2001). Assessment in Early Childhood Settings: Learning Stories. SAGE Publications.
Chiong, C., & Shuler, C. (2010). Learning: Is there an app for that? Joan Ganz Cooney Center.
Christakis, D. A. (2009). The effects of infant media usage. Pediatrics, 123(4), 978-985.
Common Sense. (2022, March 22). Media Use by Tweens and Teens. Common Sense Media. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/8-18-census-integrated-report-final-web_0.pdf
Curtis, D., & Carter, M. (2017). Learning Together with Young Children: A Curriculum Framework for Reflective Teachers. Redleaf Press.
D. L. Schilling and I. S. Schwartz, “Alternative Seating for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effects on Classroom Behavior,” Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders 43, no. 4 (2004): 423–32.
D. L. Schilling and others, “Classroom Seating for Children with Attention Deficit
Developmentally Appropriate Practice. (n.d.). NAEYC. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/dap-statement_0.pdf
Dyer, Sally & Moneta, Giovanni. (2006). Frequency of parallel, associative, and co-operative play in British children of different socioeconomic status. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 34. 587-592. 10.2224/sbp.2006.34.5.587.
Early Childhood Mathematics: Promoting Good Beginnings. (n.d.). NAEYC. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-shared/downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/psmath.pdf
Elkind, D. (2007). The power of play: How spontaneous imaginative activities lead to happier, healthier children. Da Capo Press.
Forman, G., Hall, E., & Berglund, K. (2001, 09). The Power of Ordinary Moments. Child Care Information Exchange. https://www.exchangepress.com/library/5014152.pdf
G. F. Marcus and others, “Overregularization in Language Acquisition,” Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57, no. 4 (1992), Serial No. 228.
Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kuhl, P. K. (2001). The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind. HarperCollins.
Griffin, B. M. (n.d.). UNESCO : Building Peace through Education, Science and Culture, communication and information. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.unesco.org/en
Guernsey, L. (2012). Screen time: How electronic media–from baby videos to educational software–affects your young child. Basic Books.
H. Gardner, Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity. New York: Basic Books, 1982, 60.
Harms, T., Clifford, R. M., & Cryer, D. (2014). Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS-3). Teachers College Press.
Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2009). A Mandate for Playful Learning in Preschool: Applying the Scientific Evidence. Oxford University Press, USA.
Hirsh-Pasek, K., et al. (2015). Putting education in educational apps. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(1), 3-34.
Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy & Golinkoff, Roberta & Berk, L.E. & Singer, Dorothy. (2010). A Mandate for Playful Learning in Preschool: Presenting the Evidence. A Mandate for Playful Learning in Preschool: Presenting the Evidence. 1-138. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382716.001.0001.
Hyperactivity Disorder: Therapy Ball Versus Chairs,” American Journal of Occupational Therapy 57, no. 5 (2003): 534–41. 12. T. Hunter, “Some Thoughts About Sitting Still,” Young Children 55, no. 3 (2000): 50.
I. L. Beck, M. G. McKeown, and L. Kucan, Bringing Words to Life: Robust Vocabulary Instruction (New York: Guilford Press, 2002).
Integrated Nature of Learning – Child Development (CA Dept of Education). (n.d.). California Department of Education. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/documents/intnatureoflearning2016.pdf
J. A. Blackman, “Attention-Deficit/Hyper-activity Disorder in Preschoolers. Does It Exist and Should We Treat It?” Pediatric Clinics of North America 46, no. 5 (1999): 1011–25.
J. H. Davis, 2005, Framing Education as Art: The Octopus Has a Good Day. New York: Teachers College Press, 70.
Jones, E., & Reynolds, G. (2011). The Play’s the Thing: Teachers’ Roles in Children’s Play. Teachers College Press.
K. Wynn, “Addition and Subtraction by Human Infants,” Nature 358 (1992): 749– 50.
Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A., Murphy, L. A., Schmidt, M. E., & Anderson, D. R. (2009). The impact of background television on parent–child interaction. Child Development, 80(5), 1350–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01337.
L. Derman-Sparks and J. O. Edwards, Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves (Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2010), 2.
L. M. Justice and H. K. Ezell, “Print Referencing: An Emergent Literacy Enhancement Strategy and Its Clinical Applications,” Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 35, no. 2 (2004): 185–93.
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. J. (2007). Gradations in digital inclusion. New Media & Society, 9(4), 671-696.
Lockett, A. (2004). Continuous Curriculum: Planning for Spontaneous Play, Kirkless Children &Young People Service, Learning
MacNaughton, Glenda & Lawrence, Heather & Smith, Kylie & Australian Capital Territory & University of Melbourne. Centre for Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood. (2004). Hearing young children’s voices report [electronic resource] / Glenda MacNaughton, Kylie Smith and Heather Lawrence. Canberra, A.C.T. : Australian Capital Territory
Maguire-Fong, M. J. (2015). Teaching and Learning with Infants and Toddlers: Where Meaning-Making Begins. Teachers College Press.
McClure, E. R., Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., Barr, R., Holochwost, S. J., & Parrott, W. G. (2015). “FaceTime doesn’t count”: Video chat as an exception to media restrictions for infants and toddlers. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 6, 1–6.
N. L. Gallenstein, Creative Construction of Mathematics and Science Concepts in Early Childhood (Olney, MD: Association for Childhood Education International, 2003)
N. L. Stein, “The Development of Children’s Storytelling Skill,” in Child Language: A Reader, ed. M. Franklin and S. S. Barten (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 282–95.
NAEYC & Fred Rogers Center. (2012). Technology and interactive media as tools in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. NAEYC Position Statement.
National Center for Caregiver Literacy, Developing Early Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel (Jessup, MD: National Institute for Literacy, 2008).
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development. (2000). From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (J. P. Shonkoff, D. Phillips, & D. A. Phillips, Eds.). National Academies Press.
Nixon, D. (2005). Extending: Child Development from Five to Twelve Years (K. Gould, Ed.). Thomson.
P. Starkey, “The Early Development of Numerical Reasoning,” Cognition 43, no. 2 (1992): 93–126.
P. W. Jusczyk, The Discovery of Spoken Language (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1997).
Paley, V. G. (2004). A Child’s Work: The Importance of Fantasy Play. University of Chicago Press.
Parten, M. B. (1932). Social participation among pre-school children. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27(3), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074524
Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. International Universities Press.
R. S. Fink, “Role of Imaginative Play in Cognitive Development,” Psychological Reports 39 (1976): 895–906. As summarized in Critical Links: Learning in the Arts and Student Academic and Social Development. Edited by R. Deasy. Washington, DC: Arts Education Partnership, 2002.
R. S. Siegler, “The Perils of Averaging Data Over Strategies: An Example from Children’s Addition,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 116, no. 3 (1987): 250–64.
Radesky, J. S., et al. (2016). Mobile and interactive media use by young children. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.
S. Q. Cabell and others, “Strategic and Intentional Shared Storybook Reading,” in Achieving Excellence in Preschool Literacy Instruction, ed. L. M. Justice and C. Vukelich (New York: Guilford Press, 2008), 198–220.
Skinner, B.F. (n.d.). The Operational Analysis of Psychological Terms. The Selection of Behavior: The Operant Behaviorism of B.F. Skinner. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-98130-003
Start the Music Strategies. Reston, VA: National Association for Music Education, n.d.
Sylvia Chard: Project Learning. (n.d.). Edutopia. Retrieved June 22, 2025, from https://www.edutopia.org/chard.html
T. Hunter, “Some Thoughts About Sitting Still,” Young Children 55, no. 3 (2000): 50.
T. Schilling, and others, “Promoting Language Development Through Movement,” Teaching Elementary Physical Education 17, no. 6 (2006): 39–42.
Tharp, R.G., & Gallimore, R. (n.d.). The Instructional Conversation: Teaching and Learning in Social Activity. UC Berkeley: Center for Research on Education, Diversity and Excellence. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5th0939d
Vygotsky, L. S., & Cole, M. (1978). Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes (M. Cole, Ed.; M. Cole, Trans.). Harvard University Press.
W. B. Elley, “Vocabulary Acquisition From Listening to Stories,” Reading Research Quarterly 24 (1989): 174–87.
W. B. Strong and others, “Evidence-Based Physical Activity for School-Age Youth,” The Journal of Pediatrics 146, no. 6 (2005): 732–37.
Zigler, E. F., Singer, D. G., & Bishop-Josef, S. J. (Eds.). (2004). Children’s play: The roots of reading. ZERO TO THREE/National Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families.
Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2007). Associations between screen media use and language development. Journal of Pediatrics, 151(4), 364-368.
Feedback/Errata