Chapter 14 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this chapter you learned about the structure, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, you learned that:\r\n\r\n \t- The[pb_glossary id=\"5927\"] cardiovascular system[\/pb_glossary] is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The [pb_glossary id=\"4387\"]pulmonary circuit[\/pb_glossary] carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The [pb_glossary id=\"4393\"]systemic circuit[\/pb_glossary] carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The [pb_glossary id=\"2987\"]heart[\/pb_glossary] is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of [pb_glossary id=\"5925\"]cardiac muscle[\/pb_glossary]. It pumps [pb_glossary id=\"2702\"]blood[\/pb_glossary] through [pb_glossary id=\"5835\"]blood vessels[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0by repeated, rhythmic contractions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the [pb_glossary id=\"4191\"]myocardium[\/pb_glossary], is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper [pb_glossary id=\"4408\"]atrium[\/pb_glossary] and lower [pb_glossary id=\"4409\"]ventricle[\/pb_glossary] on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior [pb_glossary id=\"4410\"]vena cava[\/pb_glossary], respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two [pb_glossary id=\"4412\"]pulmonary arteries[\/pb_glossary]. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the [pb_glossary id=\"4413\"]aorta[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two [pb_glossary id=\"4422\"]coronary arteries[\/pb_glossary] that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The [pb_glossary id=\"4447\"]cardiac cycle[\/pb_glossary] refers to a single complete heartbeat. It includes [pb_glossary id=\"4442\"]diastole[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 when the atria contract \u2014 and [pb_glossary id=\"4443\"]systole[\/pb_glossary], when the ventricles contract.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called [pb_glossary id=\"4445\"]sinus rhythm[\/pb_glossary]. It is established by the heart\u2019s pacemaker cells in the [pb_glossary id=\"4195\"]sinoatrial node[\/pb_glossary]. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then, the signals travel to the [pb_glossary id=\"4448\"]atrioventricular node[\/pb_glossary], and from there to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibres, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the [pb_glossary id=\"5899\"]autonomic nervous system[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"5661\"]hormones[\/pb_glossary] from the [pb_glossary id=\"5985\"]endocrine system[\/pb_glossary] can also influence heartbeat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body. Major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- [pb_glossary id=\"4385\"]Arteries[\/pb_glossary] are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the [pb_glossary id=\"4413\"]aorta[\/pb_glossary], which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4386\"]Veins[\/pb_glossary] are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5923\"]Capillaries[\/pb_glossary] are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds where substances are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thickest in arteries, in which it contains [pb_glossary id=\"2982\"]smooth muscle[\/pb_glossary] tissue that controls the diameter of the vessels. The outer layer is thickest in veins and consists mainly of connective tissue. The walls of capillaries consist of little more than a single layer of epithelial cells.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4480\"]Blood pressure[\/pb_glossary] is a measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. It is expressed as a double number, with the higher number representing systolic pressure when the ventricles contract, and the lower number representing diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax. Normal blood pressure is generally defined as a pressure of 120\/80 mm Hg or less.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3942\"]Vasoconstriction[\/pb_glossary] (narrowing) and [pb_glossary id=\"2756\"]vasodilation[\/pb_glossary] (widening) of arteries can occur to help regulate blood pressure or body temperature or to change blood flow as part of the [pb_glossary id=\"6013\"]fight-or-flight response[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"2702\"]Blood[\/pb_glossary] is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps to keep the body\u2019s pH and temperature in homeostasis. Blood consists of a liquid part (called plasma) and cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Plasma makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4398\"]Erythrocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5623\"]Leukocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body\u2019s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4399\"]Thrombocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.<\/li>\r\n \t
- All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called [pb_glossary id=\"3961\"]hematopoiesis[\/pb_glossary]. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Disorders of the blood include [pb_glossary id=\"4498\"]leukemia[\/pb_glossary], which is [pb_glossary id=\"5605\"]cancer[\/pb_glossary] of the bone-forming cells; [pb_glossary id=\"4499\"]hemophilia[\/pb_glossary], which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; [pb_glossary id=\"4500\"]carbon monoxide poisoning[\/pb_glossary], which prevents erythrocytes from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; [pb_glossary id=\"4501\"]HIV[\/pb_glossary] infection, which destroys certain leukocytes and can cause [pb_glossary id=\"5615\"]AIDS[\/pb_glossary]; and [pb_glossary id=\"5541\"]anemia[\/pb_glossary], in which there are not enough erythrocytes to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4506\"]Cardiovascular disease[\/pb_glossary] is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and onset typically occurs about a decade earlier in males than in females. Other risk factors include smoking, [pb_glossary id=\"4243\"]obesity[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2969\"]diabetes[\/pb_glossary], high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are [pb_glossary id=\"4231\"]hypertension[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"4508\"]atherosclerosis[\/pb_glossary]. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140\/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are [pb_glossary id=\"4514\"]angina[\/pb_glossary] and myocardial infarction ([pb_glossary id=\"4368\"]heart attack[\/pb_glossary]). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart [pb_glossary id=\"4521\"]arrhythmias[\/pb_glossary], heart failure, or cardiac arrest.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3103\"]Stroke[\/pb_glossary] occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may\u00a0happen\u00a0when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn this chapter, you learned that the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to the cells of the body. Read the next chapter about the Digestive System to learn about how your body transforms your meals into the nutrients that cells need to function.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nChapter 14 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\n \t- [h5p id=\"617\"]<\/li>\r\n \t
- Alex goes to the doctor and learns that his blood pressure is 135\/90 mm Hg. Answer the following questions about his blood pressure:\r\n
\r\n \t- Is this a normal blood pressure? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Which number refers to the systolic pressure? Which number refers to the diastolic pressure?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe what the atria and ventricles of Alex\u2019s heart are doing when the pressure is at 135 mm Hg.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Alex\u2019s doctor would like him to lower his blood pressure. Why do you think he would like Alex to do this, and what are some ways in which he may be able to lower his blood pressure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are three functions of the cardiovascular system?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Which are the chambers of the heart that receive blood?\u00a0Which are the chambers of the heart that pump<\/li>\r\n \t
- Valves prevent blood from flowing backward in the cardiovascular system. Why do you think this is important?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Compare the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and arteries elsewhere in the body in terms of their target tissues (i.e. where they bring blood to) and whether they are carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Due to a reduction in the amount of oxygen that gets to the cells of the body, anemia causes weakness and fatigue. Explain how oxygen is transported to the cells of the body, and which blood cells are affected in anemia.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the two conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the main differences between the coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Define sinus rhythm.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Generally speaking, which is a more serious and immediately life-threatening condition: heart failure or cardiac arrest? Explain your answer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
Attribution<\/h2>\r\nFigure 14.7.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBlausen_0290_DeepVeinThrombosis<\/a> by BruceBlaus<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is used under a CC BY 3.0<\/a> (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0) license.\r\n\r\n\r\nReference<\/span>\r\nBlausen.com Staff. (2014). Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014. WikiJournal of Medicine 1<\/em> (2). DOI:10.15347\/wjm\/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.<\/p>","rendered":" <\/p>\n![\"14.7.1\"](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2019\/06\/Blausen_0290_DeepVeinThrombosis-2.png\")
Figure 14.7.1 Illustration of a blood clot in a deep vein in the leg, which is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\nCase Study Conclusion: Flight Risk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\nAt the beginning of this chapter, you learned about Malcolm and Willie, who met while sitting next to each other on a plane. During the flight, Willie got up to take frequent walks, and was doing leg exercises to try to avoid the medical condition depicted in Figure 14.7.1 \u2014 deep vein thrombosis<\/a> (DVT). DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It can be very dangerous \u2014 even deadly.<\/p>\nAs you learned in this chapter, a blood clot is an aggregation of thrombocytes and proteins. Blood clots are helpful for preventing blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged. In some situations, though, they can be extremely dangerous. Blood clots can cause heart attacks or strokes by blocking the flow of blood to the heart or brain, respectively.<\/p>\n
When DVT occurs, one of the major risks is pulmonary embolism<\/a> (PE). PE is when the blood clot breaks off, travels through the blood vessels, and lodges in a pulmonary artery.\u00a0 Recall what the pulmonary arteries do \u2014 they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide due to gas exchange between the capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs. Imagine what would happen if this flow of blood to the lungs was partially or completely blocked by a blood clot. Depending on the size of the blood clot and where it is lodged, a PE can cause a variety of serious consequences, ranging from lung damage to instant death, because of the disruption of the pulmonary circulation.<\/p>\nWillie has a higher risk of DVT and its consequences because he has heart failure. As you have learned, heart failure is a chronic condition in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. One reason that heart failure is thought to increase the risk of DVT is because the blood is not being pushed strongly enough through the cardiovascular system, allowing blood clots to form more easily.<\/p>\n
Willie needs to be particularly concerned about DVT while on a long plane flight. Why do you think this is? Think about how blood flows through arteries and veins. Blood is pushed through arteries mainly due to the pumping action of the heart. Veins, on the other hand, rely on the movement of the surrounding skeletal muscles to help push blood through them. Sitting still for long periods of time in cramped quarters (such as on a plane) can cause blood to pool in the deep veins of the legs, leading to the formation of a blood clot.<\/p>\n
Even people who are generally healthy and don\u2019t have heart disease can get DVT from sitting for too long on a long-distance flight, or in other situations when they are immobile for extended periods of time. Fortunately, walking periodically and doing some simple leg exercises can lower your risk of DVT by helping to push blood through your veins. If you are planning on taking a flight in the future, watch the short video below to learn some easy exercises that you can do right in your plane seat to help prevent DVT!<\/p>\n
\n\nChapter 14 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\nIn this chapter you learned about the structure, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, you learned that:<\/p>\n
\n- The cardiovascular system<\/a> is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.<\/li>\n
- The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The pulmonary circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The systemic circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.<\/li>\n
- The heart<\/a> is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of cardiac muscle<\/a>. It pumps blood<\/a> through blood vessels<\/a>\u00a0by repeated, rhythmic contractions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the myocardium<\/a>, is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.<\/li>\n
- The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper atrium<\/a> and lower ventricle<\/a> on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior vena cava<\/a>, respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two pulmonary arteries<\/a>. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two coronary arteries<\/a> that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.<\/li>\n
- The cardiac cycle<\/a> refers to a single complete heartbeat. It includes diastole<\/a> \u2014 when the atria contract \u2014 and systole<\/a>, when the ventricles contract.<\/li>\n
- The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called sinus rhythm<\/a>. It is established by the heart\u2019s pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node<\/a>. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then, the signals travel to the atrioventricular node<\/a>, and from there to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibres, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the autonomic nervous system<\/a> and hormones<\/a> from the endocrine system<\/a> can also influence heartbeat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body. Major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Arteries<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the aorta<\/a>, which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.<\/li>\n
- Veins<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.<\/li>\n
- Capillaries<\/a> are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds where substances are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues.<\/li>\n
- The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thickest in arteries, in which it contains smooth muscle<\/a> tissue that controls the diameter of the vessels. The outer layer is thickest in veins and consists mainly of connective tissue. The walls of capillaries consist of little more than a single layer of epithelial cells.<\/li>\n
- Blood pressure<\/a> is a measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. It is expressed as a double number, with the higher number representing systolic pressure when the ventricles contract, and the lower number representing diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax. Normal blood pressure is generally defined as a pressure of 120\/80 mm Hg or less.<\/li>\n
- Vasoconstriction<\/a> (narrowing) and vasodilation<\/a> (widening) of arteries can occur to help regulate blood pressure or body temperature or to change blood flow as part of the fight-or-flight response<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Blood<\/a> is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps to keep the body\u2019s pH and temperature in homeostasis. Blood consists of a liquid part (called plasma) and cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Plasma makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.<\/li>\n
- Erythrocytes<\/a>\u00a0are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.<\/li>\n
- Leukocytes<\/a>\u00a0are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body\u2019s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.<\/li>\n
- Thrombocytes<\/a>\u00a0are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.<\/li>\n
- All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis<\/a>. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.<\/li>\n
- Disorders of the blood include leukemia<\/a>, which is cancer<\/a> of the bone-forming cells; hemophilia<\/a>, which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; carbon monoxide poisoning<\/a>, which prevents erythrocytes from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; HIV<\/a> infection, which destroys certain leukocytes and can cause AIDS<\/a>; and anemia<\/a>, in which there are not enough erythrocytes to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cardiovascular disease<\/a> is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and onset typically occurs about a decade earlier in males than in females. Other risk factors include smoking, obesity<\/a>, diabetes<\/a>, high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are hypertension<\/a> and atherosclerosis<\/a>. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140\/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\n
- Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are angina<\/a> and myocardial infarction (heart attack<\/a>). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart arrhythmias<\/a>, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.<\/li>\n
- Stroke<\/a> occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may\u00a0happen\u00a0when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.<\/li>\n
- Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In this chapter, you learned that the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to the cells of the body. Read the next chapter about the Digestive System to learn about how your body transforms your meals into the nutrients that cells need to function.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\nChapter 14 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\n\n- \n\n
- \r\n \t
- The[pb_glossary id=\"5927\"] cardiovascular system[\/pb_glossary] is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The [pb_glossary id=\"4387\"]pulmonary circuit[\/pb_glossary] carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The [pb_glossary id=\"4393\"]systemic circuit[\/pb_glossary] carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The [pb_glossary id=\"2987\"]heart[\/pb_glossary] is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of [pb_glossary id=\"5925\"]cardiac muscle[\/pb_glossary]. It pumps [pb_glossary id=\"2702\"]blood[\/pb_glossary] through [pb_glossary id=\"5835\"]blood vessels[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0by repeated, rhythmic contractions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the [pb_glossary id=\"4191\"]myocardium[\/pb_glossary], is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper [pb_glossary id=\"4408\"]atrium[\/pb_glossary] and lower [pb_glossary id=\"4409\"]ventricle[\/pb_glossary] on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior [pb_glossary id=\"4410\"]vena cava[\/pb_glossary], respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two [pb_glossary id=\"4412\"]pulmonary arteries[\/pb_glossary]. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the [pb_glossary id=\"4413\"]aorta[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two [pb_glossary id=\"4422\"]coronary arteries[\/pb_glossary] that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The [pb_glossary id=\"4447\"]cardiac cycle[\/pb_glossary] refers to a single complete heartbeat. It includes [pb_glossary id=\"4442\"]diastole[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 when the atria contract \u2014 and [pb_glossary id=\"4443\"]systole[\/pb_glossary], when the ventricles contract.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called [pb_glossary id=\"4445\"]sinus rhythm[\/pb_glossary]. It is established by the heart\u2019s pacemaker cells in the [pb_glossary id=\"4195\"]sinoatrial node[\/pb_glossary]. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then, the signals travel to the [pb_glossary id=\"4448\"]atrioventricular node[\/pb_glossary], and from there to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibres, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the [pb_glossary id=\"5899\"]autonomic nervous system[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"5661\"]hormones[\/pb_glossary] from the [pb_glossary id=\"5985\"]endocrine system[\/pb_glossary] can also influence heartbeat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body. Major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4385\"]Arteries[\/pb_glossary] are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the [pb_glossary id=\"4413\"]aorta[\/pb_glossary], which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4386\"]Veins[\/pb_glossary] are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5923\"]Capillaries[\/pb_glossary] are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds where substances are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thickest in arteries, in which it contains [pb_glossary id=\"2982\"]smooth muscle[\/pb_glossary] tissue that controls the diameter of the vessels. The outer layer is thickest in veins and consists mainly of connective tissue. The walls of capillaries consist of little more than a single layer of epithelial cells.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4480\"]Blood pressure[\/pb_glossary] is a measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. It is expressed as a double number, with the higher number representing systolic pressure when the ventricles contract, and the lower number representing diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax. Normal blood pressure is generally defined as a pressure of 120\/80 mm Hg or less.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3942\"]Vasoconstriction[\/pb_glossary] (narrowing) and [pb_glossary id=\"2756\"]vasodilation[\/pb_glossary] (widening) of arteries can occur to help regulate blood pressure or body temperature or to change blood flow as part of the [pb_glossary id=\"6013\"]fight-or-flight response[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"2702\"]Blood[\/pb_glossary] is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps to keep the body\u2019s pH and temperature in homeostasis. Blood consists of a liquid part (called plasma) and cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- Plasma makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4398\"]Erythrocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5623\"]Leukocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body\u2019s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4399\"]Thrombocytes[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.<\/li>\r\n \t
- All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called [pb_glossary id=\"3961\"]hematopoiesis[\/pb_glossary]. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Disorders of the blood include [pb_glossary id=\"4498\"]leukemia[\/pb_glossary], which is [pb_glossary id=\"5605\"]cancer[\/pb_glossary] of the bone-forming cells; [pb_glossary id=\"4499\"]hemophilia[\/pb_glossary], which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; [pb_glossary id=\"4500\"]carbon monoxide poisoning[\/pb_glossary], which prevents erythrocytes from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; [pb_glossary id=\"4501\"]HIV[\/pb_glossary] infection, which destroys certain leukocytes and can cause [pb_glossary id=\"5615\"]AIDS[\/pb_glossary]; and [pb_glossary id=\"5541\"]anemia[\/pb_glossary], in which there are not enough erythrocytes to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"4506\"]Cardiovascular disease[\/pb_glossary] is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and onset typically occurs about a decade earlier in males than in females. Other risk factors include smoking, [pb_glossary id=\"4243\"]obesity[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"2969\"]diabetes[\/pb_glossary], high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are [pb_glossary id=\"4231\"]hypertension[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"4508\"]atherosclerosis[\/pb_glossary]. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140\/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are [pb_glossary id=\"4514\"]angina[\/pb_glossary] and myocardial infarction ([pb_glossary id=\"4368\"]heart attack[\/pb_glossary]). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart [pb_glossary id=\"4521\"]arrhythmias[\/pb_glossary], heart failure, or cardiac arrest.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3103\"]Stroke[\/pb_glossary] occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may\u00a0happen\u00a0when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn this chapter, you learned that the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to the cells of the body. Read the next chapter about the Digestive System to learn about how your body transforms your meals into the nutrients that cells need to function.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n Chapter 14 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
\r\n- \r\n \t
- [h5p id=\"617\"]<\/li>\r\n \t
- Alex goes to the doctor and learns that his blood pressure is 135\/90 mm Hg. Answer the following questions about his blood pressure:\r\n
- \r\n \t
- Is this a normal blood pressure? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Which number refers to the systolic pressure? Which number refers to the diastolic pressure?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe what the atria and ventricles of Alex\u2019s heart are doing when the pressure is at 135 mm Hg.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Alex\u2019s doctor would like him to lower his blood pressure. Why do you think he would like Alex to do this, and what are some ways in which he may be able to lower his blood pressure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are three functions of the cardiovascular system?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Which are the chambers of the heart that receive blood?\u00a0Which are the chambers of the heart that pump<\/li>\r\n \t
- Valves prevent blood from flowing backward in the cardiovascular system. Why do you think this is important?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Compare the coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries, and arteries elsewhere in the body in terms of their target tissues (i.e. where they bring blood to) and whether they are carrying oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Due to a reduction in the amount of oxygen that gets to the cells of the body, anemia causes weakness and fatigue. Explain how oxygen is transported to the cells of the body, and which blood cells are affected in anemia.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the two conditions that are precursors to virtually all cases of cardiovascular disease?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What are the main differences between the coronary circulation, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Define sinus rhythm.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Generally speaking, which is a more serious and immediately life-threatening condition: heart failure or cardiac arrest? Explain your answer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
Attribution<\/h2>\r\nFigure 14.7.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nBlausen_0290_DeepVeinThrombosis<\/a> by BruceBlaus<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is used under a CC BY 3.0<\/a> (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0) license.\r\n\r\n\r\nReference<\/span>\r\n
Blausen.com Staff. (2014). Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014. WikiJournal of Medicine 1<\/em> (2). DOI:10.15347\/wjm\/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.<\/p>","rendered":"
<\/p>\n
Figure 14.7.1 Illustration of a blood clot in a deep vein in the leg, which is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n \nCase Study Conclusion: Flight Risk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n
At the beginning of this chapter, you learned about Malcolm and Willie, who met while sitting next to each other on a plane. During the flight, Willie got up to take frequent walks, and was doing leg exercises to try to avoid the medical condition depicted in Figure 14.7.1 \u2014 deep vein thrombosis<\/a> (DVT). DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg. It can be very dangerous \u2014 even deadly.<\/p>\n
As you learned in this chapter, a blood clot is an aggregation of thrombocytes and proteins. Blood clots are helpful for preventing blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged. In some situations, though, they can be extremely dangerous. Blood clots can cause heart attacks or strokes by blocking the flow of blood to the heart or brain, respectively.<\/p>\n
When DVT occurs, one of the major risks is pulmonary embolism<\/a> (PE). PE is when the blood clot breaks off, travels through the blood vessels, and lodges in a pulmonary artery.\u00a0 Recall what the pulmonary arteries do \u2014 they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide due to gas exchange between the capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs. Imagine what would happen if this flow of blood to the lungs was partially or completely blocked by a blood clot. Depending on the size of the blood clot and where it is lodged, a PE can cause a variety of serious consequences, ranging from lung damage to instant death, because of the disruption of the pulmonary circulation.<\/p>\n
Willie has a higher risk of DVT and its consequences because he has heart failure. As you have learned, heart failure is a chronic condition in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired. One reason that heart failure is thought to increase the risk of DVT is because the blood is not being pushed strongly enough through the cardiovascular system, allowing blood clots to form more easily.<\/p>\n
Willie needs to be particularly concerned about DVT while on a long plane flight. Why do you think this is? Think about how blood flows through arteries and veins. Blood is pushed through arteries mainly due to the pumping action of the heart. Veins, on the other hand, rely on the movement of the surrounding skeletal muscles to help push blood through them. Sitting still for long periods of time in cramped quarters (such as on a plane) can cause blood to pool in the deep veins of the legs, leading to the formation of a blood clot.<\/p>\n
Even people who are generally healthy and don\u2019t have heart disease can get DVT from sitting for too long on a long-distance flight, or in other situations when they are immobile for extended periods of time. Fortunately, walking periodically and doing some simple leg exercises can lower your risk of DVT by helping to push blood through your veins. If you are planning on taking a flight in the future, watch the short video below to learn some easy exercises that you can do right in your plane seat to help prevent DVT!<\/p>\n
\n\n Chapter 14 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\nIn this chapter you learned about the structure, functions, and disorders of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, you learned that:<\/p>\n
- \n
- The cardiovascular system<\/a> is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.<\/li>\n
- The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The pulmonary circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The systemic circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.<\/li>\n
- The heart<\/a> is a muscular organ in the chest that consists mainly of cardiac muscle<\/a>. It pumps blood<\/a> through blood vessels<\/a>\u00a0by repeated, rhythmic contractions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the myocardium<\/a>, is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.<\/li>\n
- The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper atrium<\/a> and lower ventricle<\/a> on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior vena cava<\/a>, respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two pulmonary arteries<\/a>. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two coronary arteries<\/a> that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.<\/li>\n
- The cardiac cycle<\/a> refers to a single complete heartbeat. It includes diastole<\/a> \u2014 when the atria contract \u2014 and systole<\/a>, when the ventricles contract.<\/li>\n
- The normal, rhythmic beating of the heart is called sinus rhythm<\/a>. It is established by the heart\u2019s pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node<\/a>. Electrical signals from the pacemaker cells travel to the atria and cause them to contract. Then, the signals travel to the atrioventricular node<\/a>, and from there to the ventricles via the Purkinje fibres, causing them to contract. Electrical stimulation from the autonomic nervous system<\/a> and hormones<\/a> from the endocrine system<\/a> can also influence heartbeat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Blood vessels carry blood throughout the body. Major types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- Arteries<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the aorta<\/a>, which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.<\/li>\n
- Veins<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.<\/li>\n
- Capillaries<\/a> are the smallest blood vessels. They connect arterioles and venules. They form capillary beds where substances are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues.<\/li>\n
- The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thickest in arteries, in which it contains smooth muscle<\/a> tissue that controls the diameter of the vessels. The outer layer is thickest in veins and consists mainly of connective tissue. The walls of capillaries consist of little more than a single layer of epithelial cells.<\/li>\n
- Blood pressure<\/a> is a measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries. It is expressed as a double number, with the higher number representing systolic pressure when the ventricles contract, and the lower number representing diastolic pressure when the ventricles relax. Normal blood pressure is generally defined as a pressure of 120\/80 mm Hg or less.<\/li>\n
- Vasoconstriction<\/a> (narrowing) and vasodilation<\/a> (widening) of arteries can occur to help regulate blood pressure or body temperature or to change blood flow as part of the fight-or-flight response<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Blood<\/a> is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes their metabolic wastes. Blood helps defend the body from pathogens and other threats, transports hormones and other substances, and helps to keep the body\u2019s pH and temperature in homeostasis. Blood consists of a liquid part (called plasma) and cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- Plasma makes up more than half of blood by volume. It consists of water and many dissolved substances. It also contains blood cells.<\/li>\n
- Erythrocytes<\/a>\u00a0are the most numerous cells in blood. They consist mostly of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Red blood cells also carry antigens that determine blood types.<\/li>\n
- Leukocytes<\/a>\u00a0are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body\u2019s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.<\/li>\n
- Thrombocytes<\/a>\u00a0are cell fragments that play important roles in blood clotting, or coagulation. They stick together at breaks in blood vessels to form a clot and stimulate the production of fibrin, which strengthens the clot.<\/li>\n
- All blood cells form by proliferation of stem cells in red bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis<\/a>. When blood cells die, they are phagocytized by white blood cells and removed from the circulation.<\/li>\n
- Disorders of the blood include leukemia<\/a>, which is cancer<\/a> of the bone-forming cells; hemophilia<\/a>, which is any of several genetic blood-clotting disorders; carbon monoxide poisoning<\/a>, which prevents erythrocytes from binding with oxygen and causes suffocation; HIV<\/a> infection, which destroys certain leukocytes and can cause AIDS<\/a>; and anemia<\/a>, in which there are not enough erythrocytes to carry adequate oxygen to body tissues.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cardiovascular disease<\/a> is a class of diseases that involve the cardiovascular system. Worldwide, it is the leading cause of death. Most cases occur in people over age 60, and onset typically occurs about a decade earlier in males than in females. Other risk factors include smoking, obesity<\/a>, diabetes<\/a>, high blood cholesterol, and lack of exercise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are hypertension<\/a> and atherosclerosis<\/a>. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140\/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\n
- Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are angina<\/a> and myocardial infarction (heart attack<\/a>). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart arrhythmias<\/a>, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.<\/li>\n
- Stroke<\/a> occurs when blocked or broken arteries in the brain result in the death of brain cells. This may\u00a0happen\u00a0when an artery is blocked by a clot or plaque, or when an artery ruptures and bleeds in the brain. In both cases, part of the brain is damaged, and functions such as speech and controlled movements may be impaired, either temporarily or permanently.<\/li>\n
- Peripheral artery disease occurs when atherosclerosis narrows peripheral arteries, usually in the legs, often causing pain when walking. It is important to diagnose this disease so the underlying atherosclerosis can be treated before it causes a heart attack or stroke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In this chapter, you learned that the cardiovascular system carries nutrients to the cells of the body. Read the next chapter about the Digestive System to learn about how your body transforms your meals into the nutrients that cells need to function.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n Chapter 14 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n- \n
- \n\n
- Coronary artery disease is a group of diseases that result from atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Two of the most common are angina<\/a> and myocardial infarction (heart attack<\/a>). In angina, cardiac cells receive inadequate oxygen, which causes chest pain. In a heart attack, cardiac cells die because blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. A heart attack may cause death, or lead to heart arrhythmias<\/a>, heart failure, or cardiac arrest.<\/li>\n
- Two common conditions that lead to most cases of cardiovascular disease are hypertension<\/a> and atherosclerosis<\/a>. Hypertension is blood pressure that is persistently at or above 140\/90 mm Hg. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty, fibrous plaques in arteries that may reduce or block blood flow. Treating these conditions is important for preventing cardiovascular disease.<\/li>\n
- Leukocytes<\/a>\u00a0are less numerous than red blood cells and are part of the body\u2019s immune system. They protect the body from abnormal cells, microorganisms, and other harmful substances. There are several different types of white blood cells that differ in their specific immune functions.<\/li>\n
- Veins<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood. The largest veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. Blood moves through veins by the squeezing action of surrounding skeletal muscles. Valves in veins prevent backflow of blood.<\/li>\n
- Arteries<\/a> are blood vessels that usually carry blood away from the heart (except for coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The largest artery is the aorta<\/a>, which is connected to the heart and extends into the abdomen. Blood moves through arteries due to pressure from the beating of the heart.<\/li>\n
- The coronary circulation consists of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart muscle cells. There are two coronary arteries<\/a> that supply the two sides of the heart with oxygenated blood. Cardiac veins drain deoxygenated blood back into the heart.<\/li>\n
- Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through veins from the upper and lower body (superior and inferior vena cava<\/a>, respectively), and oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through four pulmonary veins from the lungs. Each atrium pumps the blood to the ventricle below it. From the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the two pulmonary arteries<\/a>. From the left ventricle, oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The interior of the heart consists of four chambers, with an upper atrium<\/a> and lower ventricle<\/a> on each side of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria, which pump it to the ventricles. Then, the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Four valves in the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction and prevent backflow.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- The wall of the heart consists of three layers. The middle layer, the myocardium<\/a>, is the thickest layer, and consists mainly of cardiac muscle.<\/li>\n
- The cardiovascular system has two interconnected circulations. The pulmonary circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and lungs, where blood is oxygenated. The systemic circuit<\/a> carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, where it delivers oxygen.<\/li>\n
- The cardiovascular system<\/a> is the organ system that transports materials to and from all the cells of the body. The main components of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and blood.<\/li>\n
- \r\n
- \r\n
- \r\n
- \r\n
- \r\n
![Blausen_0290_DeepVeinThrombosis<\/a> by](\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blausen_0290_DeepVeinThrombosis.png\"){kind=link}