Case Study Conclusion: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeve<\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAre you still wondering whether Ayko, who you read about in the beginning of this chapter, actually got a tattoo of his new girlfriend\u2019s name on his arm? Figure 10.8.1 is your answer! Let\u2019s hope his love for Larissa \u2014 and for the artwork \u2014 lasts as long as his tattoo. According to a poll conducted for Global TV by Ipsos Reid in 2012, 10% of Canadian<\/span>\u00a0and 11% of American adults regret getting a tattoo. Although laser tattoo removal is available, it does not always work fully, can cause pain and scarring, and is expensive and time-consuming. Some people who regret a tattoo opt instead (or additionally) to cover it with another tattoo, see Figure 10.8.2 below.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3940\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"653\"]![\"10.8](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/Tattoo-laser-and-cover-631211_1280-2.jpg\")
Figure 10.8.2 This man got his carrot tattoo partially removed using a laser, and then covered it with a new tattoo of flowers.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhy are tattoos essentially permanent? Tattoos are created by inserting a needle containing pigment through the [pb_glossary id=\"5991\"]epidermis[\/pb_glossary] and into the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary] of the skin. The pigment is injected into the dermal layer, creating the design. The pigment can remain in the dermal layer for a person\u2019s lifetime for a few reasons. One, unlike the thinner outer epidermal layer, the dermis is not continually shed and replaced, so the pigment generally stays put. Two, the pigments used in tattooing mainly consist of large particles. When you get a tattoo, the penetration of the skin and insertion of foreign particles causes an immune response in which white blood cells attempt to engulf and remove the pigment. Because most of the pigment particles are so large, however, they cannot be removed from the dermis by the immune cells, and the design remains.\r\n\r\nIn laser tattoo removal, pulses from a high-intensity laser are applied to the tattoo and absorbed by the pigments. This breaks up the large pigment particles into particles that are small enough to be removed by the immune system. The pigments may then be excreted out of the body, or moved to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes. Different wavelengths of laser energy are often required to remove different colours of pigments, because they absorb different wavelengths of light. Generally, blue and black are the easiest colours to remove. Green, red, and yellow tend to be the hardest to remove. It may take as many as six to ten laser treatments \u2014 with a few weeks of recovery time in between \u2014 to remove a tattoo. Some tattoos can never<\/em>\u00a0be completely removed.\r\n\r\nWhy are mehndi designs (like Ayko\u2019s trial \u201chenna tattoo\u201d) not permanent? Unlike real tattoos, henna paste is applied on the surface of the skin (shown below in Figure 10.8.3), and not injected into the skin with a needle. The dye molecules simply migrate from the paste into the top layer of the epidermis, the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3941\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"394\"]![\"10.8](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/henna-tattoo-abu-dhabi-2.jpg\")
Figure 10.8.3 Henna paste being applied to create a mehndi design.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you have learned, the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary] consists of dead, [pb_glossary id=\"3525\"]keratin[\/pb_glossary]-filled [pb_glossary id=\"3524\"]keratinocytes[\/pb_glossary], which are continually shed and replaced with new cells from the layers below.\u00a0As a result,\u00a0mehndi is not permanent. The design is lost as the cells that contain the dye are shed and replaced.\r\n\r\nAs you read in the beginning of this chapter, mehndi is often applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which generally results in a darker stain than other areas of the body. This is because the stratum corneum is thicker in these regions, so the dye penetrates through more layers of cells, making the design appear darker. What else is different about the epidermis of the palms and soles? You may recall that these regions are the only place where there is a fifth layer of epidermis \u2014 the [pb_glossary id=\"3548\"]stratum lucidum[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 making the skin in these areas even thicker and tougher.\r\n\r\nHopefully, Ayko thought carefully about the potential emotional and social implications of getting a tattoo \u2014 and learned how difficult they are to remove \u2014 before getting a real one. Health and safety should also be of utmost concern to anyone considering getting a tattoo. As you have learned in this chapter, the skin acts as a barrier against dangerous pathogens and substances. When you penetrate the skin using a needle, it can introduce harmful viruses and bacteria directly into the dermis, where the blood vessels are. Tattoo artists and shops need to take precautions to protect their clients against diseases that can be transmitted through blood (such as HIV and hepatitis), as well as bacterial infections. The tattoo artist should wear disposable gloves and a mask, use new and unopened needles and ink tubes, and properly sterilize other equipment. Even if the artist takes all the proper precautions, there is still a chance that the unopened ink could have been contaminated with [pb_glossary id=\"5799\"]pathogens[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0during the production process. The shop should be aware of any ink recalls. Anyone getting a tattoo should make sure their artist and shop strictly adhere to all local health and safety regulations.\r\n\r\nThe risk of disease is not the only risk from tattoos. The pigments in tattoos may contain heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances.\u00a0 Tattoo parlours are regulated by provincial guidelines in Canada, and these guidelines vary from province to province \u2014 but these guidelines are mainly concerned with sterilization of equipment and don't address anything about pigments.\u00a0 A recent study published in the scientific journal Nature<\/em> (Scientific Reports) <\/i>showed that pigments from tattoos may migrate from a person's tattoos into their lymph nodes.\u00a0 Among the substances that make up the tattoo ink that migrated were aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel and copper - all considered \"toxic\".\r\n\r\nAdditionally, people can sometimes have an allergic reaction to the pigments, or develop scarring or granulomas (small bumps of tissue due to an immune response) around the tattoo. Rarely, people can experience temporary swelling or burning of their tattoos when they get scanned in an MRI machine for a medical procedure. Clearly, people should think carefully about the potential health implications before getting a tattoo.\r\n\r\nFortunately, Ayko found a reputable and safe tattoo artist, and is not experiencing any ill effects from his tattoo. He is happy with his tattoo, at least for now. Tattoos \u2014 and other kinds of decoration of the [pb_glossary id=\"2905\"]integumentary system[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 are forms of artistic, personal, and cultural expression that have been used by many cultures over the course of human history. The system that protects us from the elements, helps us maintain [pb_glossary id=\"5761\"]homeostasis[\/pb_glossary], and mediates our interactions with the outside world also happens to be easily modifiable! Whether it is a haircut, makeup, beard style, nail polish, piercing or a tattoo, humans have a variety of ways of altering our integumentary system, which changes our outward appearance and what we communicate to others.\r\n\r\n\r\nChapter 10 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this chapter, you learned about the structures and functions of the organs of the [pb_glossary id=\"2905\"]integumentary system[\/pb_glossary]. Specifically, you learned that:\r\n\r\n \t- The integumentary system consists of the [pb_glossary id=\"3521\"]skin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]hair[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]nails[\/pb_glossary]. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain [pb_glossary id=\"5761\"]homeostasis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking [pb_glossary id=\"3537\"]UV light[\/pb_glossary], and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5991\"]epidermis[\/pb_glossary], and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called [pb_glossary id=\"3524\"]keratinocytes[\/pb_glossary], which produce [pb_glossary id=\"3525\"]keratin[\/pb_glossary]. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The dermis consists mainly of tough [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]connective tissues[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, [pb_glossary id=\"3006\"]sensory receptors[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary], and oil and [pb_glossary id=\"3566\"]sweat glands[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), [pb_glossary id=\"3526\"]melanocytes[\/pb_glossary] that produce [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]melanin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3540\"]Langerhans cells[\/pb_glossary] that fight pathogens in the skin, and [pb_glossary id=\"3527\"]Merkel cells[\/pb_glossary] that respond to light touch.<\/li>\r\n \t
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the [pb_glossary id=\"3542\"]stratum basale[\/pb_glossary], which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The next layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3546\"]stratum spinosum[\/pb_glossary], which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- This is followed by the [pb_glossary id=\"3547\"]stratum granulosum[\/pb_glossary], in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\r\n
\r\n \t- The [pb_glossary id=\"3548\"]stratum lucidum[\/pb_glossary] is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The outermost layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary], which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]Melanin[\/pb_glossary] is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments [pb_glossary id=\"5841\"]carotene[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3556\"]hemoglobin[\/pb_glossary] also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of [pb_glossary id=\"2588\"]bacteria[\/pb_glossary] representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 has two layers. The upper [pb_glossary id=\"5843\"]papillary layer[\/pb_glossary] has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower [pb_glossary id=\"5847\"]reticular layer[\/pb_glossary] has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary]. Glands in the dermis include [pb_glossary id=\"3568\"]eccrine[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3569\"]apocrine sweat glands[\/pb_glossary], as well as [pb_glossary id=\"3570\"]sebaceous glands[\/pb_glossary]. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by [pb_glossary id=\"2756\"]vasodilation[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3942\"]vasoconstriction[\/pb_glossary]. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]Hair[\/pb_glossary] is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the [pb_glossary id=\"5837\"]hair root[\/pb_glossary]. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A [pb_glossary id=\"5833\"]hair shaft[\/pb_glossary] has three zones: the outermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5831\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], the middle zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5829\"]cortex[\/pb_glossary], and the innermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5827\"]medulla[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin ([pb_glossary id=\"3894\"]eumelanin[\/pb_glossary] and\/or [pb_glossary id=\"3895\"]pheomelanin[\/pb_glossary]) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]Nails[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail has three main parts: the [pb_glossary id=\"3912\"]nail root[\/pb_glossary], which is under the epidermis; the [pb_glossary id=\"5613\"]nail plate[\/pb_glossary], which is the visible part of the nail; and the [pb_glossary id=\"3916\"]free margin[\/pb_glossary], which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the [pb_glossary id=\"3914\"]nail bed[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3917\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3915\"]nail fold[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Skin [pb_glossary id=\"5605\"]cancer[\/pb_glossary] is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\r\n \t
- There are three common types of skin cancer: [pb_glossary id=\"3927\"]basal cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3931\"]squamous cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3933\"]melanoma[\/pb_glossary]. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNow that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nChapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\n \t- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [h5p id=\"590\"]<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe two types of waterproofing used in the integumentary system. Include the types of molecules and where they are located.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why nails enhance touch sensations.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Why do you think light coloured skin is a risk factor for skin cancer?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the similarities between how the epidermis, hair, and nails all grow.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What does the whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of your nails (toward your hands) represent? What is its function?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What is one difference between human hair and the hair of non-human primates?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the relationship between skin and hair.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What kind of skin cancer is a cancer of a type of stem cell?<\/li>\r\n \t
- For the skin and hair, describe one way in which they each protect the body against pathogens.<\/li>\r\n \t
- If sweat glands are in the dermis, how is sweat released to the surface of the body?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why you think that physicians usually insist that patients remove any nail polish before having surgery.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe generally how the brain gets touch information from the skin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Attributions<\/h2>\r\nFigure 10.8.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLarissa Tattoo4039922685_46bf0bcfe5_c<\/a> by Micael Faccio<\/a> on Flickr<\/a> is used under a CC BY 2.0<\/a> (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/) license.\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.2<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTattoo laser and cover-631211_1280<\/a> [photo] by \u00a0Herco Roelofs <\/a>\u00a0on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nhenna-tattoo-abu-dhabi<\/a> by MarieFrance<\/a> on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nReferences<\/h2>\r\n
Global News Staff. (2017, September 15). Health: \u2018Toxic\u2019 tattoo ink particles can travel to your lymph nodes: study. Globalnews.ca. https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/3746925\/tattoo-ink-safety-lymph-nodes\/<\/p>\r\n
Ipsos Reid. (2012). \"Two in ten Canadians (22%), Americans (21%)\r\nhave a tattoo; One in ten tattooed Canadians (10%), Americans (11%) regret it\" [News release]. Ipsos.com. https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/2012-01\/5490.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Rideout, K. (2010, July). Comparison of guidelines and regulatory frameworks for personal services establishments. National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. https:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/PSE_Guidelines_Comparison_Table_July%202010.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Schreiver, I., Hesse, B., Seim, C.\u00a0et al.<\/i>\u00a0Synchrotron-based \u03bd-XRF mapping and \u03bc-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin.\u00a0Scientific Reports <\/em>7<\/em>,11395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11721-z<\/p>\r\n ","rendered":" <\/p>\n![\"10.8.1](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2019\/06\/Larissa-Tattoo4039922685_46bf0bcfe5_c-e1591310011303-2.jpg\")
Figure 10.8.1 Let’s hope this couple lasts as long as this tattoo.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\nCase Study Conclusion: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeve<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
Are you still wondering whether Ayko, who you read about in the beginning of this chapter, actually got a tattoo of his new girlfriend\u2019s name on his arm? Figure 10.8.1 is your answer! Let\u2019s hope his love for Larissa \u2014 and for the artwork \u2014 lasts as long as his tattoo. According to a poll conducted for Global TV by Ipsos Reid in 2012, 10% of Canadian<\/span>\u00a0and 11% of American adults regret getting a tattoo. Although laser tattoo removal is available, it does not always work fully, can cause pain and scarring, and is expensive and time-consuming. Some people who regret a tattoo opt instead (or additionally) to cover it with another tattoo, see Figure 10.8.2 below.<\/span><\/p>\nFigure 10.8.2 This man got his carrot tattoo partially removed using a laser, and then covered it with a new tattoo of flowers.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\nWhy are tattoos essentially permanent? Tattoos are created by inserting a needle containing pigment through the epidermis<\/a> and into the dermis<\/a> of the skin. The pigment is injected into the dermal layer, creating the design. The pigment can remain in the dermal layer for a person\u2019s lifetime for a few reasons. One, unlike the thinner outer epidermal layer, the dermis is not continually shed and replaced, so the pigment generally stays put. Two, the pigments used in tattooing mainly consist of large particles. When you get a tattoo, the penetration of the skin and insertion of foreign particles causes an immune response in which white blood cells attempt to engulf and remove the pigment. Because most of the pigment particles are so large, however, they cannot be removed from the dermis by the immune cells, and the design remains.<\/p>\nIn laser tattoo removal, pulses from a high-intensity laser are applied to the tattoo and absorbed by the pigments. This breaks up the large pigment particles into particles that are small enough to be removed by the immune system. The pigments may then be excreted out of the body, or moved to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes. Different wavelengths of laser energy are often required to remove different colours of pigments, because they absorb different wavelengths of light. Generally, blue and black are the easiest colours to remove. Green, red, and yellow tend to be the hardest to remove. It may take as many as six to ten laser treatments \u2014 with a few weeks of recovery time in between \u2014 to remove a tattoo. Some tattoos can never<\/em>\u00a0be completely removed.<\/p>\nWhy are mehndi designs (like Ayko\u2019s trial \u201chenna tattoo\u201d) not permanent? Unlike real tattoos, henna paste is applied on the surface of the skin (shown below in Figure 10.8.3), and not injected into the skin with a needle. The dye molecules simply migrate from the paste into the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum<\/a>.<\/p>\n\nFigure 10.8.3 Henna paste being applied to create a mehndi design.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\nAs you have learned, the stratum corneum<\/a> consists of dead, keratin<\/a>-filled keratinocytes<\/a>, which are continually shed and replaced with new cells from the layers below.\u00a0As a result,\u00a0mehndi is not permanent. The design is lost as the cells that contain the dye are shed and replaced.<\/p>\nAs you read in the beginning of this chapter, mehndi is often applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which generally results in a darker stain than other areas of the body. This is because the stratum corneum is thicker in these regions, so the dye penetrates through more layers of cells, making the design appear darker. What else is different about the epidermis of the palms and soles? You may recall that these regions are the only place where there is a fifth layer of epidermis \u2014 the stratum lucidum<\/a> \u2014 making the skin in these areas even thicker and tougher.<\/p>\nHopefully, Ayko thought carefully about the potential emotional and social implications of getting a tattoo \u2014 and learned how difficult they are to remove \u2014 before getting a real one. Health and safety should also be of utmost concern to anyone considering getting a tattoo. As you have learned in this chapter, the skin acts as a barrier against dangerous pathogens and substances. When you penetrate the skin using a needle, it can introduce harmful viruses and bacteria directly into the dermis, where the blood vessels are. Tattoo artists and shops need to take precautions to protect their clients against diseases that can be transmitted through blood (such as HIV and hepatitis), as well as bacterial infections. The tattoo artist should wear disposable gloves and a mask, use new and unopened needles and ink tubes, and properly sterilize other equipment. Even if the artist takes all the proper precautions, there is still a chance that the unopened ink could have been contaminated with pathogens<\/a>\u00a0during the production process. The shop should be aware of any ink recalls. Anyone getting a tattoo should make sure their artist and shop strictly adhere to all local health and safety regulations.<\/p>\nThe risk of disease is not the only risk from tattoos. The pigments in tattoos may contain heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances.\u00a0 Tattoo parlours are regulated by provincial guidelines in Canada, and these guidelines vary from province to province \u2014 but these guidelines are mainly concerned with sterilization of equipment and don’t address anything about pigments.\u00a0 A recent study published in the scientific journal Nature<\/em> (Scientific Reports) <\/i>showed that pigments from tattoos may migrate from a person’s tattoos into their lymph nodes.\u00a0 Among the substances that make up the tattoo ink that migrated were aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel and copper – all considered “toxic”.<\/p>\nAdditionally, people can sometimes have an allergic reaction to the pigments, or develop scarring or granulomas (small bumps of tissue due to an immune response) around the tattoo. Rarely, people can experience temporary swelling or burning of their tattoos when they get scanned in an MRI machine for a medical procedure. Clearly, people should think carefully about the potential health implications before getting a tattoo.<\/p>\n
Fortunately, Ayko found a reputable and safe tattoo artist, and is not experiencing any ill effects from his tattoo. He is happy with his tattoo, at least for now. Tattoos \u2014 and other kinds of decoration of the integumentary system<\/a> \u2014 are forms of artistic, personal, and cultural expression that have been used by many cultures over the course of human history. The system that protects us from the elements, helps us maintain homeostasis<\/a>, and mediates our interactions with the outside world also happens to be easily modifiable! Whether it is a haircut, makeup, beard style, nail polish, piercing or a tattoo, humans have a variety of ways of altering our integumentary system, which changes our outward appearance and what we communicate to others.<\/p>\n\n\n\nChapter 10 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\nIn this chapter, you learned about the structures and functions of the organs of the integumentary system<\/a>. Specifically, you learned that:<\/p>\n\n- The integumentary system consists of the skin<\/a>, hair<\/a>, and nails<\/a>. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain homeostasis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking UV light<\/a>, and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\n
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the epidermis<\/a>, and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the dermis<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called keratinocytes<\/a>, which produce keratin<\/a>. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\n
- The dermis consists mainly of tough connective tissues<\/a>\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, sensory receptors<\/a>, hair follicles<\/a>, and oil and sweat glands<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), melanocytes<\/a> that produce melanin<\/a>, Langerhans cells<\/a> that fight pathogens in the skin, and Merkel cells<\/a> that respond to light touch.<\/li>\n
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale<\/a>, which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- The next layer is the stratum spinosum<\/a>, which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- This is followed by the stratum granulosum<\/a>, in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\n
\n- The stratum lucidum<\/a> is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The outermost layer is the stratum corneum<\/a>, which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Melanin<\/a> is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments carotene<\/a> and hemoglobin<\/a> also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\n
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of bacteria<\/a> representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the dermis<\/a> \u2014 has two layers. The upper papillary layer<\/a> has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower reticular layer<\/a> has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and hair follicles<\/a>. Glands in the dermis include eccrine<\/a> and apocrine sweat glands<\/a>, as well as sebaceous glands<\/a>. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\n
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by vasodilation<\/a> or vasoconstriction<\/a>. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\n
- Hair<\/a> is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\n
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\n
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the hair root<\/a>. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- A hair shaft<\/a> has three zones: the outermost zone called the cuticle<\/a>, the middle zone called the cortex<\/a>, and the innermost zone called the medulla<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin (eumelanin<\/a> and\/or pheomelanin<\/a>) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\n
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\n
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\n
- Nails<\/a>\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\n
- A nail has three main parts: the nail root<\/a>, which is under the epidermis; the nail plate<\/a>, which is the visible part of the nail; and the free margin<\/a>, which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the nail bed<\/a>, cuticle<\/a>, and nail fold<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\n
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\n
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\n
- Skin cancer<\/a> is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\n
- There are three common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma<\/a>, squamous cell carcinoma<\/a>, and melanoma<\/a>. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\n
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Now that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\nChapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\n\n- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\n
- \n\n
Figure 10.8.3 Henna paste being applied to create a mehndi design.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you have learned, the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary] consists of dead, [pb_glossary id=\"3525\"]keratin[\/pb_glossary]-filled [pb_glossary id=\"3524\"]keratinocytes[\/pb_glossary], which are continually shed and replaced with new cells from the layers below.\u00a0As a result,\u00a0mehndi is not permanent. The design is lost as the cells that contain the dye are shed and replaced.\r\n\r\nAs you read in the beginning of this chapter, mehndi is often applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which generally results in a darker stain than other areas of the body. This is because the stratum corneum is thicker in these regions, so the dye penetrates through more layers of cells, making the design appear darker. What else is different about the epidermis of the palms and soles? You may recall that these regions are the only place where there is a fifth layer of epidermis \u2014 the [pb_glossary id=\"3548\"]stratum lucidum[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 making the skin in these areas even thicker and tougher.\r\n\r\nHopefully, Ayko thought carefully about the potential emotional and social implications of getting a tattoo \u2014 and learned how difficult they are to remove \u2014 before getting a real one. Health and safety should also be of utmost concern to anyone considering getting a tattoo. As you have learned in this chapter, the skin acts as a barrier against dangerous pathogens and substances. When you penetrate the skin using a needle, it can introduce harmful viruses and bacteria directly into the dermis, where the blood vessels are. Tattoo artists and shops need to take precautions to protect their clients against diseases that can be transmitted through blood (such as HIV and hepatitis), as well as bacterial infections. The tattoo artist should wear disposable gloves and a mask, use new and unopened needles and ink tubes, and properly sterilize other equipment. Even if the artist takes all the proper precautions, there is still a chance that the unopened ink could have been contaminated with [pb_glossary id=\"5799\"]pathogens[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0during the production process. The shop should be aware of any ink recalls. Anyone getting a tattoo should make sure their artist and shop strictly adhere to all local health and safety regulations.\r\n\r\nThe risk of disease is not the only risk from tattoos. The pigments in tattoos may contain heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances.\u00a0 Tattoo parlours are regulated by provincial guidelines in Canada, and these guidelines vary from province to province \u2014 but these guidelines are mainly concerned with sterilization of equipment and don't address anything about pigments.\u00a0 A recent study published in the scientific journal Nature<\/em> (Scientific Reports) <\/i>showed that pigments from tattoos may migrate from a person's tattoos into their lymph nodes.\u00a0 Among the substances that make up the tattoo ink that migrated were aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel and copper - all considered \"toxic\".\r\n\r\nAdditionally, people can sometimes have an allergic reaction to the pigments, or develop scarring or granulomas (small bumps of tissue due to an immune response) around the tattoo. Rarely, people can experience temporary swelling or burning of their tattoos when they get scanned in an MRI machine for a medical procedure. Clearly, people should think carefully about the potential health implications before getting a tattoo.\r\n\r\nFortunately, Ayko found a reputable and safe tattoo artist, and is not experiencing any ill effects from his tattoo. He is happy with his tattoo, at least for now. Tattoos \u2014 and other kinds of decoration of the [pb_glossary id=\"2905\"]integumentary system[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 are forms of artistic, personal, and cultural expression that have been used by many cultures over the course of human history. The system that protects us from the elements, helps us maintain [pb_glossary id=\"5761\"]homeostasis[\/pb_glossary], and mediates our interactions with the outside world also happens to be easily modifiable! Whether it is a haircut, makeup, beard style, nail polish, piercing or a tattoo, humans have a variety of ways of altering our integumentary system, which changes our outward appearance and what we communicate to others.\r\nChapter 10 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this chapter, you learned about the structures and functions of the organs of the [pb_glossary id=\"2905\"]integumentary system[\/pb_glossary]. Specifically, you learned that:\r\n\r\n \t- The integumentary system consists of the [pb_glossary id=\"3521\"]skin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]hair[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]nails[\/pb_glossary]. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain [pb_glossary id=\"5761\"]homeostasis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking [pb_glossary id=\"3537\"]UV light[\/pb_glossary], and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5991\"]epidermis[\/pb_glossary], and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called [pb_glossary id=\"3524\"]keratinocytes[\/pb_glossary], which produce [pb_glossary id=\"3525\"]keratin[\/pb_glossary]. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The dermis consists mainly of tough [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]connective tissues[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, [pb_glossary id=\"3006\"]sensory receptors[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary], and oil and [pb_glossary id=\"3566\"]sweat glands[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), [pb_glossary id=\"3526\"]melanocytes[\/pb_glossary] that produce [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]melanin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3540\"]Langerhans cells[\/pb_glossary] that fight pathogens in the skin, and [pb_glossary id=\"3527\"]Merkel cells[\/pb_glossary] that respond to light touch.<\/li>\r\n \t
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the [pb_glossary id=\"3542\"]stratum basale[\/pb_glossary], which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The next layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3546\"]stratum spinosum[\/pb_glossary], which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- This is followed by the [pb_glossary id=\"3547\"]stratum granulosum[\/pb_glossary], in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\r\n
\r\n \t- The [pb_glossary id=\"3548\"]stratum lucidum[\/pb_glossary] is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The outermost layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary], which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]Melanin[\/pb_glossary] is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments [pb_glossary id=\"5841\"]carotene[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3556\"]hemoglobin[\/pb_glossary] also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of [pb_glossary id=\"2588\"]bacteria[\/pb_glossary] representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 has two layers. The upper [pb_glossary id=\"5843\"]papillary layer[\/pb_glossary] has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower [pb_glossary id=\"5847\"]reticular layer[\/pb_glossary] has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary]. Glands in the dermis include [pb_glossary id=\"3568\"]eccrine[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3569\"]apocrine sweat glands[\/pb_glossary], as well as [pb_glossary id=\"3570\"]sebaceous glands[\/pb_glossary]. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by [pb_glossary id=\"2756\"]vasodilation[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3942\"]vasoconstriction[\/pb_glossary]. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]Hair[\/pb_glossary] is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the [pb_glossary id=\"5837\"]hair root[\/pb_glossary]. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
\r\n \t- \r\n
\r\n \t- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A [pb_glossary id=\"5833\"]hair shaft[\/pb_glossary] has three zones: the outermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5831\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], the middle zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5829\"]cortex[\/pb_glossary], and the innermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5827\"]medulla[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin ([pb_glossary id=\"3894\"]eumelanin[\/pb_glossary] and\/or [pb_glossary id=\"3895\"]pheomelanin[\/pb_glossary]) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]Nails[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail has three main parts: the [pb_glossary id=\"3912\"]nail root[\/pb_glossary], which is under the epidermis; the [pb_glossary id=\"5613\"]nail plate[\/pb_glossary], which is the visible part of the nail; and the [pb_glossary id=\"3916\"]free margin[\/pb_glossary], which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the [pb_glossary id=\"3914\"]nail bed[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3917\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3915\"]nail fold[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Skin [pb_glossary id=\"5605\"]cancer[\/pb_glossary] is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\r\n \t
- There are three common types of skin cancer: [pb_glossary id=\"3927\"]basal cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3931\"]squamous cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3933\"]melanoma[\/pb_glossary]. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNow that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\nChapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n\r\n \t- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [h5p id=\"590\"]<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe two types of waterproofing used in the integumentary system. Include the types of molecules and where they are located.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why nails enhance touch sensations.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Why do you think light coloured skin is a risk factor for skin cancer?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the similarities between how the epidermis, hair, and nails all grow.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What does the whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of your nails (toward your hands) represent? What is its function?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What is one difference between human hair and the hair of non-human primates?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the relationship between skin and hair.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What kind of skin cancer is a cancer of a type of stem cell?<\/li>\r\n \t
- For the skin and hair, describe one way in which they each protect the body against pathogens.<\/li>\r\n \t
- If sweat glands are in the dermis, how is sweat released to the surface of the body?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why you think that physicians usually insist that patients remove any nail polish before having surgery.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe generally how the brain gets touch information from the skin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Attributions<\/h2>\r\nFigure 10.8.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLarissa Tattoo4039922685_46bf0bcfe5_c<\/a> by Micael Faccio<\/a> on Flickr<\/a> is used under a CC BY 2.0<\/a> (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/) license.\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.2<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTattoo laser and cover-631211_1280<\/a> [photo] by \u00a0Herco Roelofs <\/a>\u00a0on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nhenna-tattoo-abu-dhabi<\/a> by MarieFrance<\/a> on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nReferences<\/h2>\r\n
Global News Staff. (2017, September 15). Health: \u2018Toxic\u2019 tattoo ink particles can travel to your lymph nodes: study. Globalnews.ca. https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/3746925\/tattoo-ink-safety-lymph-nodes\/<\/p>\r\n
Ipsos Reid. (2012). \"Two in ten Canadians (22%), Americans (21%)\r\nhave a tattoo; One in ten tattooed Canadians (10%), Americans (11%) regret it\" [News release]. Ipsos.com. https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/2012-01\/5490.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Rideout, K. (2010, July). Comparison of guidelines and regulatory frameworks for personal services establishments. National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. https:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/PSE_Guidelines_Comparison_Table_July%202010.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Schreiver, I., Hesse, B., Seim, C.\u00a0et al.<\/i>\u00a0Synchrotron-based \u03bd-XRF mapping and \u03bc-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin.\u00a0Scientific Reports <\/em>7<\/em>,11395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11721-z<\/p>\r\n ","rendered":" <\/p>\nFigure 10.8.1 Let’s hope this couple lasts as long as this tattoo.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\nCase Study Conclusion: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeve<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
Are you still wondering whether Ayko, who you read about in the beginning of this chapter, actually got a tattoo of his new girlfriend\u2019s name on his arm? Figure 10.8.1 is your answer! Let\u2019s hope his love for Larissa \u2014 and for the artwork \u2014 lasts as long as his tattoo. According to a poll conducted for Global TV by Ipsos Reid in 2012, 10% of Canadian<\/span>\u00a0and 11% of American adults regret getting a tattoo. Although laser tattoo removal is available, it does not always work fully, can cause pain and scarring, and is expensive and time-consuming. Some people who regret a tattoo opt instead (or additionally) to cover it with another tattoo, see Figure 10.8.2 below.<\/span><\/p>\nFigure 10.8.2 This man got his carrot tattoo partially removed using a laser, and then covered it with a new tattoo of flowers.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\nWhy are tattoos essentially permanent? Tattoos are created by inserting a needle containing pigment through the epidermis<\/a> and into the dermis<\/a> of the skin. The pigment is injected into the dermal layer, creating the design. The pigment can remain in the dermal layer for a person\u2019s lifetime for a few reasons. One, unlike the thinner outer epidermal layer, the dermis is not continually shed and replaced, so the pigment generally stays put. Two, the pigments used in tattooing mainly consist of large particles. When you get a tattoo, the penetration of the skin and insertion of foreign particles causes an immune response in which white blood cells attempt to engulf and remove the pigment. Because most of the pigment particles are so large, however, they cannot be removed from the dermis by the immune cells, and the design remains.<\/p>\nIn laser tattoo removal, pulses from a high-intensity laser are applied to the tattoo and absorbed by the pigments. This breaks up the large pigment particles into particles that are small enough to be removed by the immune system. The pigments may then be excreted out of the body, or moved to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes. Different wavelengths of laser energy are often required to remove different colours of pigments, because they absorb different wavelengths of light. Generally, blue and black are the easiest colours to remove. Green, red, and yellow tend to be the hardest to remove. It may take as many as six to ten laser treatments \u2014 with a few weeks of recovery time in between \u2014 to remove a tattoo. Some tattoos can never<\/em>\u00a0be completely removed.<\/p>\nWhy are mehndi designs (like Ayko\u2019s trial \u201chenna tattoo\u201d) not permanent? Unlike real tattoos, henna paste is applied on the surface of the skin (shown below in Figure 10.8.3), and not injected into the skin with a needle. The dye molecules simply migrate from the paste into the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum<\/a>.<\/p>\n\nFigure 10.8.3 Henna paste being applied to create a mehndi design.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\nAs you have learned, the stratum corneum<\/a> consists of dead, keratin<\/a>-filled keratinocytes<\/a>, which are continually shed and replaced with new cells from the layers below.\u00a0As a result,\u00a0mehndi is not permanent. The design is lost as the cells that contain the dye are shed and replaced.<\/p>\nAs you read in the beginning of this chapter, mehndi is often applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which generally results in a darker stain than other areas of the body. This is because the stratum corneum is thicker in these regions, so the dye penetrates through more layers of cells, making the design appear darker. What else is different about the epidermis of the palms and soles? You may recall that these regions are the only place where there is a fifth layer of epidermis \u2014 the stratum lucidum<\/a> \u2014 making the skin in these areas even thicker and tougher.<\/p>\nHopefully, Ayko thought carefully about the potential emotional and social implications of getting a tattoo \u2014 and learned how difficult they are to remove \u2014 before getting a real one. Health and safety should also be of utmost concern to anyone considering getting a tattoo. As you have learned in this chapter, the skin acts as a barrier against dangerous pathogens and substances. When you penetrate the skin using a needle, it can introduce harmful viruses and bacteria directly into the dermis, where the blood vessels are. Tattoo artists and shops need to take precautions to protect their clients against diseases that can be transmitted through blood (such as HIV and hepatitis), as well as bacterial infections. The tattoo artist should wear disposable gloves and a mask, use new and unopened needles and ink tubes, and properly sterilize other equipment. Even if the artist takes all the proper precautions, there is still a chance that the unopened ink could have been contaminated with pathogens<\/a>\u00a0during the production process. The shop should be aware of any ink recalls. Anyone getting a tattoo should make sure their artist and shop strictly adhere to all local health and safety regulations.<\/p>\nThe risk of disease is not the only risk from tattoos. The pigments in tattoos may contain heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances.\u00a0 Tattoo parlours are regulated by provincial guidelines in Canada, and these guidelines vary from province to province \u2014 but these guidelines are mainly concerned with sterilization of equipment and don’t address anything about pigments.\u00a0 A recent study published in the scientific journal Nature<\/em> (Scientific Reports) <\/i>showed that pigments from tattoos may migrate from a person’s tattoos into their lymph nodes.\u00a0 Among the substances that make up the tattoo ink that migrated were aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel and copper – all considered “toxic”.<\/p>\nAdditionally, people can sometimes have an allergic reaction to the pigments, or develop scarring or granulomas (small bumps of tissue due to an immune response) around the tattoo. Rarely, people can experience temporary swelling or burning of their tattoos when they get scanned in an MRI machine for a medical procedure. Clearly, people should think carefully about the potential health implications before getting a tattoo.<\/p>\n
Fortunately, Ayko found a reputable and safe tattoo artist, and is not experiencing any ill effects from his tattoo. He is happy with his tattoo, at least for now. Tattoos \u2014 and other kinds of decoration of the integumentary system<\/a> \u2014 are forms of artistic, personal, and cultural expression that have been used by many cultures over the course of human history. The system that protects us from the elements, helps us maintain homeostasis<\/a>, and mediates our interactions with the outside world also happens to be easily modifiable! Whether it is a haircut, makeup, beard style, nail polish, piercing or a tattoo, humans have a variety of ways of altering our integumentary system, which changes our outward appearance and what we communicate to others.<\/p>\n\n\n\nChapter 10 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\nIn this chapter, you learned about the structures and functions of the organs of the integumentary system<\/a>. Specifically, you learned that:<\/p>\n\n- The integumentary system consists of the skin<\/a>, hair<\/a>, and nails<\/a>. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain homeostasis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking UV light<\/a>, and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\n
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the epidermis<\/a>, and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the dermis<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called keratinocytes<\/a>, which produce keratin<\/a>. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\n
- The dermis consists mainly of tough connective tissues<\/a>\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, sensory receptors<\/a>, hair follicles<\/a>, and oil and sweat glands<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), melanocytes<\/a> that produce melanin<\/a>, Langerhans cells<\/a> that fight pathogens in the skin, and Merkel cells<\/a> that respond to light touch.<\/li>\n
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale<\/a>, which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- The next layer is the stratum spinosum<\/a>, which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- This is followed by the stratum granulosum<\/a>, in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\n
\n- The stratum lucidum<\/a> is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The outermost layer is the stratum corneum<\/a>, which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Melanin<\/a> is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments carotene<\/a> and hemoglobin<\/a> also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\n
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of bacteria<\/a> representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the dermis<\/a> \u2014 has two layers. The upper papillary layer<\/a> has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower reticular layer<\/a> has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and hair follicles<\/a>. Glands in the dermis include eccrine<\/a> and apocrine sweat glands<\/a>, as well as sebaceous glands<\/a>. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\n
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by vasodilation<\/a> or vasoconstriction<\/a>. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\n
- Hair<\/a> is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\n
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\n
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the hair root<\/a>. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
\n- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- A hair shaft<\/a> has three zones: the outermost zone called the cuticle<\/a>, the middle zone called the cortex<\/a>, and the innermost zone called the medulla<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin (eumelanin<\/a> and\/or pheomelanin<\/a>) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\n
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\n
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\n
- Nails<\/a>\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\n
- A nail has three main parts: the nail root<\/a>, which is under the epidermis; the nail plate<\/a>, which is the visible part of the nail; and the free margin<\/a>, which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the nail bed<\/a>, cuticle<\/a>, and nail fold<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\n
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\n
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\n
- Skin cancer<\/a> is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\n
- There are three common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma<\/a>, squamous cell carcinoma<\/a>, and melanoma<\/a>. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\n
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Now that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\nChapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n\n\n- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\n
- \n\n
- \r\n \t
- The integumentary system consists of the [pb_glossary id=\"3521\"]skin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]hair[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]nails[\/pb_glossary]. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain [pb_glossary id=\"5761\"]homeostasis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking [pb_glossary id=\"3537\"]UV light[\/pb_glossary], and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5991\"]epidermis[\/pb_glossary], and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called [pb_glossary id=\"3524\"]keratinocytes[\/pb_glossary], which produce [pb_glossary id=\"3525\"]keratin[\/pb_glossary]. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The dermis consists mainly of tough [pb_glossary id=\"2815\"]connective tissues[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, [pb_glossary id=\"3006\"]sensory receptors[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary], and oil and [pb_glossary id=\"3566\"]sweat glands[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), [pb_glossary id=\"3526\"]melanocytes[\/pb_glossary] that produce [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]melanin[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3540\"]Langerhans cells[\/pb_glossary] that fight pathogens in the skin, and [pb_glossary id=\"3527\"]Merkel cells[\/pb_glossary] that respond to light touch.<\/li>\r\n \t
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the [pb_glossary id=\"3542\"]stratum basale[\/pb_glossary], which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The next layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3546\"]stratum spinosum[\/pb_glossary], which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- This is followed by the [pb_glossary id=\"3547\"]stratum granulosum[\/pb_glossary], in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\r\n
- \r\n \t
- The [pb_glossary id=\"3548\"]stratum lucidum[\/pb_glossary] is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The outermost layer is the [pb_glossary id=\"3549\"]stratum corneum[\/pb_glossary], which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5845\"]Melanin[\/pb_glossary] is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments [pb_glossary id=\"5841\"]carotene[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3556\"]hemoglobin[\/pb_glossary] also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of [pb_glossary id=\"2588\"]bacteria[\/pb_glossary] representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the [pb_glossary id=\"5967\"]dermis[\/pb_glossary] \u2014 has two layers. The upper [pb_glossary id=\"5843\"]papillary layer[\/pb_glossary] has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower [pb_glossary id=\"5847\"]reticular layer[\/pb_glossary] has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and [pb_glossary id=\"3572\"]hair follicles[\/pb_glossary]. Glands in the dermis include [pb_glossary id=\"3568\"]eccrine[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"3569\"]apocrine sweat glands[\/pb_glossary], as well as [pb_glossary id=\"3570\"]sebaceous glands[\/pb_glossary]. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by [pb_glossary id=\"2756\"]vasodilation[\/pb_glossary] or [pb_glossary id=\"3942\"]vasoconstriction[\/pb_glossary]. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"3531\"]Hair[\/pb_glossary] is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the [pb_glossary id=\"5837\"]hair root[\/pb_glossary]. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
- \r\n \t
- \r\n
- \r\n \t
- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A [pb_glossary id=\"5833\"]hair shaft[\/pb_glossary] has three zones: the outermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5831\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], the middle zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5829\"]cortex[\/pb_glossary], and the innermost zone called the [pb_glossary id=\"5827\"]medulla[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin ([pb_glossary id=\"3894\"]eumelanin[\/pb_glossary] and\/or [pb_glossary id=\"3895\"]pheomelanin[\/pb_glossary]) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [pb_glossary id=\"5495\"]Nails[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail has three main parts: the [pb_glossary id=\"3912\"]nail root[\/pb_glossary], which is under the epidermis; the [pb_glossary id=\"5613\"]nail plate[\/pb_glossary], which is the visible part of the nail; and the [pb_glossary id=\"3916\"]free margin[\/pb_glossary], which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the [pb_glossary id=\"3914\"]nail bed[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3917\"]cuticle[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3915\"]nail fold[\/pb_glossary].<\/li>\r\n \t
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\r\n \t
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Skin [pb_glossary id=\"5605\"]cancer[\/pb_glossary] is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\r\n \t
- There are three common types of skin cancer: [pb_glossary id=\"3927\"]basal cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"3931\"]squamous cell carcinoma[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"3933\"]melanoma[\/pb_glossary]. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNow that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n Chapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n
\r\n- \r\n \t
- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\r\n \t
- [h5p id=\"590\"]<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe two types of waterproofing used in the integumentary system. Include the types of molecules and where they are located.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why nails enhance touch sensations.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Why do you think light coloured skin is a risk factor for skin cancer?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the similarities between how the epidermis, hair, and nails all grow.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What does the whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of your nails (toward your hands) represent? What is its function?<\/li>\r\n \t
- What is one difference between human hair and the hair of non-human primates?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe the relationship between skin and hair.<\/li>\r\n \t
- What kind of skin cancer is a cancer of a type of stem cell?<\/li>\r\n \t
- For the skin and hair, describe one way in which they each protect the body against pathogens.<\/li>\r\n \t
- If sweat glands are in the dermis, how is sweat released to the surface of the body?<\/li>\r\n \t
- Explain why you think that physicians usually insist that patients remove any nail polish before having surgery.<\/li>\r\n \t
- Describe generally how the brain gets touch information from the skin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Attributions<\/h2>\r\nFigure 10.8.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nLarissa Tattoo4039922685_46bf0bcfe5_c<\/a> by Micael Faccio<\/a> on Flickr<\/a> is used under a CC BY 2.0<\/a> (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/) license.\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.2<\/strong>\r\n\r\nTattoo laser and cover-631211_1280<\/a> [photo] by \u00a0Herco Roelofs <\/a>\u00a0on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\nFigure 10.8.3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nhenna-tattoo-abu-dhabi<\/a> by MarieFrance<\/a> on Pixabay<\/a> is used under the Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/ja\/service\/license\/).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
References<\/h2>\r\n
Global News Staff. (2017, September 15). Health: \u2018Toxic\u2019 tattoo ink particles can travel to your lymph nodes: study. Globalnews.ca. https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/3746925\/tattoo-ink-safety-lymph-nodes\/<\/p>\r\n
Ipsos Reid. (2012). \"Two in ten Canadians (22%), Americans (21%)\r\nhave a tattoo; One in ten tattooed Canadians (10%), Americans (11%) regret it\" [News release]. Ipsos.com. https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/2012-01\/5490.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Rideout, K. (2010, July). Comparison of guidelines and regulatory frameworks for personal services establishments. National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health. https:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/PSE_Guidelines_Comparison_Table_July%202010.pdf<\/p>\r\n
Schreiver, I., Hesse, B., Seim, C.\u00a0et al.<\/i>\u00a0Synchrotron-based \u03bd-XRF mapping and \u03bc-FTIR microscopy enable to look into the fate and effects of tattoo pigments in human skin.\u00a0Scientific Reports <\/em>7<\/em>,11395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11721-z<\/p>\r\n ","rendered":"
<\/p>\n
Figure 10.8.1 Let’s hope this couple lasts as long as this tattoo.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n \nCase Study Conclusion: Wearing His Heart on His Sleeve<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
Are you still wondering whether Ayko, who you read about in the beginning of this chapter, actually got a tattoo of his new girlfriend\u2019s name on his arm? Figure 10.8.1 is your answer! Let\u2019s hope his love for Larissa \u2014 and for the artwork \u2014 lasts as long as his tattoo. According to a poll conducted for Global TV by Ipsos Reid in 2012, 10% of Canadian<\/span>\u00a0and 11% of American adults regret getting a tattoo. Although laser tattoo removal is available, it does not always work fully, can cause pain and scarring, and is expensive and time-consuming. Some people who regret a tattoo opt instead (or additionally) to cover it with another tattoo, see Figure 10.8.2 below.<\/span><\/p>\n
Figure 10.8.2 This man got his carrot tattoo partially removed using a laser, and then covered it with a new tattoo of flowers.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Why are tattoos essentially permanent? Tattoos are created by inserting a needle containing pigment through the epidermis<\/a> and into the dermis<\/a> of the skin. The pigment is injected into the dermal layer, creating the design. The pigment can remain in the dermal layer for a person\u2019s lifetime for a few reasons. One, unlike the thinner outer epidermal layer, the dermis is not continually shed and replaced, so the pigment generally stays put. Two, the pigments used in tattooing mainly consist of large particles. When you get a tattoo, the penetration of the skin and insertion of foreign particles causes an immune response in which white blood cells attempt to engulf and remove the pigment. Because most of the pigment particles are so large, however, they cannot be removed from the dermis by the immune cells, and the design remains.<\/p>\n
In laser tattoo removal, pulses from a high-intensity laser are applied to the tattoo and absorbed by the pigments. This breaks up the large pigment particles into particles that are small enough to be removed by the immune system. The pigments may then be excreted out of the body, or moved to other areas of the body, such as the lymph nodes. Different wavelengths of laser energy are often required to remove different colours of pigments, because they absorb different wavelengths of light. Generally, blue and black are the easiest colours to remove. Green, red, and yellow tend to be the hardest to remove. It may take as many as six to ten laser treatments \u2014 with a few weeks of recovery time in between \u2014 to remove a tattoo. Some tattoos can never<\/em>\u00a0be completely removed.<\/p>\n
Why are mehndi designs (like Ayko\u2019s trial \u201chenna tattoo\u201d) not permanent? Unlike real tattoos, henna paste is applied on the surface of the skin (shown below in Figure 10.8.3), and not injected into the skin with a needle. The dye molecules simply migrate from the paste into the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\nFigure 10.8.3 Henna paste being applied to create a mehndi design.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n As you have learned, the stratum corneum<\/a> consists of dead, keratin<\/a>-filled keratinocytes<\/a>, which are continually shed and replaced with new cells from the layers below.\u00a0As a result,\u00a0mehndi is not permanent. The design is lost as the cells that contain the dye are shed and replaced.<\/p>\n
As you read in the beginning of this chapter, mehndi is often applied to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which generally results in a darker stain than other areas of the body. This is because the stratum corneum is thicker in these regions, so the dye penetrates through more layers of cells, making the design appear darker. What else is different about the epidermis of the palms and soles? You may recall that these regions are the only place where there is a fifth layer of epidermis \u2014 the stratum lucidum<\/a> \u2014 making the skin in these areas even thicker and tougher.<\/p>\n
Hopefully, Ayko thought carefully about the potential emotional and social implications of getting a tattoo \u2014 and learned how difficult they are to remove \u2014 before getting a real one. Health and safety should also be of utmost concern to anyone considering getting a tattoo. As you have learned in this chapter, the skin acts as a barrier against dangerous pathogens and substances. When you penetrate the skin using a needle, it can introduce harmful viruses and bacteria directly into the dermis, where the blood vessels are. Tattoo artists and shops need to take precautions to protect their clients against diseases that can be transmitted through blood (such as HIV and hepatitis), as well as bacterial infections. The tattoo artist should wear disposable gloves and a mask, use new and unopened needles and ink tubes, and properly sterilize other equipment. Even if the artist takes all the proper precautions, there is still a chance that the unopened ink could have been contaminated with pathogens<\/a>\u00a0during the production process. The shop should be aware of any ink recalls. Anyone getting a tattoo should make sure their artist and shop strictly adhere to all local health and safety regulations.<\/p>\n
The risk of disease is not the only risk from tattoos. The pigments in tattoos may contain heavy metals and other potentially toxic substances.\u00a0 Tattoo parlours are regulated by provincial guidelines in Canada, and these guidelines vary from province to province \u2014 but these guidelines are mainly concerned with sterilization of equipment and don’t address anything about pigments.\u00a0 A recent study published in the scientific journal Nature<\/em> (Scientific Reports) <\/i>showed that pigments from tattoos may migrate from a person’s tattoos into their lymph nodes.\u00a0 Among the substances that make up the tattoo ink that migrated were aluminum, chromium, iron, nickel and copper – all considered “toxic”.<\/p>\n
Additionally, people can sometimes have an allergic reaction to the pigments, or develop scarring or granulomas (small bumps of tissue due to an immune response) around the tattoo. Rarely, people can experience temporary swelling or burning of their tattoos when they get scanned in an MRI machine for a medical procedure. Clearly, people should think carefully about the potential health implications before getting a tattoo.<\/p>\n
Fortunately, Ayko found a reputable and safe tattoo artist, and is not experiencing any ill effects from his tattoo. He is happy with his tattoo, at least for now. Tattoos \u2014 and other kinds of decoration of the integumentary system<\/a> \u2014 are forms of artistic, personal, and cultural expression that have been used by many cultures over the course of human history. The system that protects us from the elements, helps us maintain homeostasis<\/a>, and mediates our interactions with the outside world also happens to be easily modifiable! Whether it is a haircut, makeup, beard style, nail polish, piercing or a tattoo, humans have a variety of ways of altering our integumentary system, which changes our outward appearance and what we communicate to others.<\/p>\n
\n\n\n Chapter 10 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\nIn this chapter, you learned about the structures and functions of the organs of the integumentary system<\/a>. Specifically, you learned that:<\/p>\n
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- The integumentary system consists of the skin<\/a>, hair<\/a>, and nails<\/a>. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain homeostasis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking UV light<\/a>, and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\n
- The skin consists of two distinct layers: a thinner outer layer called the epidermis<\/a>, and a thicker\u00a0inner layer called the dermis<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called keratinocytes<\/a>, which produce keratin<\/a>. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\n
- The dermis consists mainly of tough connective tissues<\/a>\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, sensory receptors<\/a>, hair follicles<\/a>, and oil and sweat glands<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Cell types in the epidermis include keratinocytes (which make up 90 per cent of epidermal cells), melanocytes<\/a> that produce melanin<\/a>, Langerhans cells<\/a> that fight pathogens in the skin, and Merkel cells<\/a> that respond to light touch.<\/li>\n
- In most parts of the body, the epidermis consists of four distinct layers. A fifth layer occurs only in the epidermis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale<\/a>, which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- The next layer is the stratum spinosum<\/a>, which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- This is followed by the stratum granulosum<\/a>, in which keratinocytes are filling with keratin and\u00a0beginning\u00a0to die.\n
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- The stratum lucidum<\/a> is next, but only on the palms and soles. It consists of translucent dead keratinocytes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The outermost layer is the stratum corneum<\/a>, which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- The\u00a0epidermis\u00a0protects\u00a0underlying tissues from physical damage and pathogens. Melanin in the epidermis absorbs and protects underlying tissues from UV light. The epidermis also prevents loss of water from the body and synthesizes vitamin D.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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- Melanin<\/a> is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments carotene<\/a> and hemoglobin<\/a> also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\n
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of bacteria<\/a> representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The thicker inner layer of the skin \u2014 the dermis<\/a> \u2014 has two layers. The upper papillary layer<\/a> has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower reticular layer<\/a> has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and hair follicles<\/a>. Glands in the dermis include eccrine<\/a> and apocrine sweat glands<\/a>, as well as sebaceous glands<\/a>. Hair follicles are structures where hairs originate.<\/li>\n
- Functions of the dermis include cushioning subcutaneous tissues, regulating body temperature, sensing the environment, and excreting wastes. The dense connective tissues of the dermis provide cushioning. The dermis regulates body temperature mainly by sweating and by vasodilation<\/a> or vasoconstriction<\/a>. The many tactile sensory receptors in the dermis make it the main organ for the sense of touch. Wastes excreted in sweat include excess water, electrolytes, and certain metabolic wastes.<\/li>\n
- Hair<\/a> is a filament that grows from a hair follicle in the dermis of the skin. It consists mainly of tightly packed, dead keratinocytes that are filled with keratin. The human body is almost completely covered with hair follicles.<\/li>\n
- Hair helps prevent heat loss from the head and protects its skin from UV light. Hair in the nose filters incoming air, and the eyelashes and eyebrows keep harmful substances out of the eyes. Hair all over the body provides tactile sensory input. The eyebrows also play a role in nonverbal communication.<\/li>\n
- The part of a hair that is within the follicle is the hair root<\/a>. This is the only living part of a hair. The part of a hair that is visible above the skin surface is the hair shaft. It consists of dead cells.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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- Hair growth begins inside a follicle when stem cells within the follicle divide to produce new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- A hair shaft<\/a> has three zones: the outermost zone called the cuticle<\/a>, the middle zone called the cortex<\/a>, and the innermost zone called the medulla<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin (eumelanin<\/a> and\/or pheomelanin<\/a>) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\n
- Among mammals, humans are nearly unique in having undergone significant loss of body hair during their evolution, probably because sweat evaporates more quickly from less hairy skin. Curly hair also is thought to have evolved at some point during human evolution, perhaps because it provided better protection from UV light.<\/li>\n
- Hair has social significance for human beings, being an indicator of biological sex, age, and ethnic ancestry. Human hair also has cultural significance. For example, hairstyle may be an indicator of social group membership.<\/li>\n
- Nails<\/a>\u00a0consist of sheets of dead, keratin-filled keratinocytes. The keratin in nails makes them hard but flexible. They help protect the ends of the fingers and toes, enhance the sense of touch in the fingertips, and may be used as tools.<\/li>\n
- A nail has three main parts: the nail root<\/a>, which is under the epidermis; the nail plate<\/a>, which is the visible part of the nail; and the free margin<\/a>, which is the distal edge of the nail. Other structures under or around a nail include the nail bed<\/a>, cuticle<\/a>, and nail fold<\/a>.<\/li>\n
- A nail grows from a deep layer of living epidermal tissues, called the nail matrix, at the proximal end of the nail. Stem cells in the nail matrix keep dividing to allow nail growth, forming first the nail root and then the nail plate as the nail continues to grow longer and emerges from the epidermis.<\/li>\n
- Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Actual rates of growth depend on many factors, such as age, sex, and season.<\/li>\n
- The colour of the nail bed can be used to quickly assess oxygen and blood flow in a patient. How the nail plate grows out can reflect recent health problems, such as illness or nutrient deficiency. Nails \u2014 and especially toenails \u2014 are prone to fungus infections. Nails are more permeable than skin and can absorb several harmful substances, such as herbicides.<\/li>\n
- Skin cancer<\/a> is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light, which damages DNA.<\/li>\n
- There are three common types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma<\/a>, squamous cell carcinoma<\/a>, and melanoma<\/a>. Carcinomas are more common and unlikely to metastasize. Melanoma is rare and likely to metastasize. It causes most skin cancer deaths.<\/li>\n
- Besides exposure to UV light, risk factors for skin cancer include having light coloured skin, having many moles, and a family history of skin cancer, among several others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Now that you have learned about the organs on surface of the body, read the next chapter to travel inside and learn about the skeletal system, which protects and supports us internally, among other functions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n Chapter 10 Review<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n
\n- \n
- Describe one way in which the integumentary system works with another organ system to carry out a particular function.<\/li>\n
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- Genetically controlled, visible characteristics of hair include hair colour, hair texture, and the extent of balding in adult males. Melanin (eumelanin<\/a> and\/or pheomelanin<\/a>) is the pigment that gives hair its colour. Aspects of hair texture include curl pattern, thickness, and consistency.<\/li>\n
- The surface of healthy skin normally is covered by vast numbers of bacteria<\/a> representing about one thousand\u00a0species from 19 phyla. Different areas of the body provide diverse habitats for skin microorganisms. Usually, microorganisms on the skin keep each other in check unless their balance is disturbed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Melanin<\/a> is the main pigment that determines the colour of human skin. However, the pigments carotene<\/a> and hemoglobin<\/a> also contribute to skin colour, especially in skin with low levels of melanin.<\/li>\n
- The outermost layer is the stratum corneum<\/a>, which consists of flat, dead, tightly packed keratinocytes that form a tough, waterproof barrier for the rest of the epidermis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
- The next layer is the stratum spinosum<\/a>, which is the\u00a0thickest layer, and contains Langerhans cells and spiny keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- The innermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale<\/a>, which contains stem cells that divide to form new keratinocytes.<\/li>\n
- The dermis consists mainly of tough connective tissues<\/a>\u00a0that provide strength and stretch, as well as almost all skin structures, including blood vessels, sensory receptors<\/a>, hair follicles<\/a>, and oil and sweat glands<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- The epidermis consists mainly of epithelial cells called keratinocytes<\/a>, which produce keratin<\/a>. New keratinocytes form at the bottom of the epidermis. They become filled with keratin and die as they move upward toward the surface of the skin, where they form a protective, waterproof layer.<\/li>\n
- The skin\u2019s main functions include preventing water loss from the body, serving as a barrier to the entry of microorganisms, synthesizing vitamin D, blocking UV light<\/a>, and helping to regulate body temperature.<\/li>\n
- The integumentary system consists of the skin<\/a>, hair<\/a>, and nails<\/a>. Functions of the integumentary system include providing a protective covering for the body, sensing the environment, and helping the body maintain homeostasis<\/a>.<\/li>\n
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