{"id":4303,"date":"2019-06-17T17:50:11","date_gmt":"2019-06-17T17:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/chapter\/2-4-diversity-of-life-3\/"},"modified":"2023-11-30T17:47:45","modified_gmt":"2023-11-30T17:47:45","slug":"2-4-diversity-of-life-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/chapter\/2-4-diversity-of-life-3\/","title":{"raw":"2.4 Diversity of Life","rendered":"2.4 Diversity of Life"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 style=\"margin-top: 2.14286em; margin-bottom: 1.42857em; line-height: 1.28571em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;\">So Many Species!<\/span><\/h1>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_237\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-237 size-medium\" style=\"color: #373d3f; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2019\/06\/6-Kingdoms-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/> <em>Figure 2.4.1 The classification of species from each of the six kingdoms.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe collage shows a single\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5815\"]species[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0in each of the six kingdoms into which all of Earth's living things are commonly classified. How many species are there in each\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5769\"]kingdom[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>? In a word:\u00a0<em>millions<\/em>. A total of almost two million living\u00a0species\u00a0have already been identified, and new species are being discovered all the time. Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 30 million\u00a0unique\u00a0species alive on Earth today! Clearly, there is a tremendous variety of life on Earth.\r\n<h1>What Is\u00a0Biodiversity?<\/h1>\r\nBiological diversity, or\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5719\"]biodiversity[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0refers to all of the variety of life that exists on Earth. Biodiversity can be described and measured at three different levels: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Species diversity\u00a0refers to the number of different species in an ecosystem or on Earth as a whole. This is the\u00a0most common\u00a0way to measure biodiversity.\u00a0Current\u00a0estimates for Earth's total number of living species range from 5 to 30 million species.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Genetic diversity\u00a0refers to the variation in genes within all of these species.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ecosystem diversity\u00a0refers to the variety of\u00a0ecosystems\u00a0on Earth. An\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5743\"]ecosystem[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0is a system formed by populations of many different species interacting with each other and their environment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Why is Biodiversity So Important? - Kim Preshoff, TEDEd, 2015<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Defining\u00a0a\u00a0Species<\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\nBiodiversity is most often measured by counting species, but what is a species? The answer to that question is not as straightforward as you might think.\u00a0Formally, a\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5815\"]species[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0is defined as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms. This means that members of the same species are similar enough to each other to produce fertile offspring together. By this definition of species, all human beings alive today belong to one species,\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens.<\/em>\u00a0All humans can potentially interbreed with each other, but not with members of any other species.\r\n\r\nIn the real world, it isn't always possible to make the observations necessary to determine whether or not different organisms can interbreed. For one thing, many species reproduce asexually, so individuals never interbreed \u2014 even with members of their own species. When studying extinct species represented by fossils, it is usually impossible to know if different organisms could interbreed. Keep in mind that 99 per cent of all species that have ever existed are now extinct! In practice, many biologists and virtually\u00a0<em>all<\/em>\u00a0paleontologists generally define species on the basis of morphology, rather than breeding behavior.\u00a0Morphology\u00a0refers to the form and structure of organisms. For classification purposes, it generally refers to relatively obvious physical traits. Typically, the more similar to one another different organisms\u00a0<em>appear<\/em>, the greater the chance that they will be classified in the same species.\r\n<div>\r\n<h1>Classifying Living Things<\/h1>\r\n<\/div>\r\nPeople have been trying to classify the tremendous\u00a0diversity of life\u00a0on Earth for more than two thousand years. The science of classifying organisms is called\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5817\"]taxonomy[\/pb_glossary].<\/strong>\u00a0Classification is an important step in understanding the present diversity and past evolutionary\u00a0history of life\u00a0on Earth. It helps us make sense of the overwhelming diversity of living things.\r\n<h2>Linnaean Classification<\/h2>\r\nAll modern classification systems have their\u00a0roots\u00a0in the Linnaean classification system, which was developed by Swedish botanist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carolus Linnaeus<\/a> in the 1700s. He tried to classify all living things known in his time by grouping together organisms that s\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_187\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"117\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-187\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg_-2.png\" alt=\"A diagram of the levels of classification of living things. In order: Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species\" width=\"117\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 2.4.2 Classification of life.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nhared obvious morphological traits, such as number of legs or shape of leaves. For his contribution, Linnaeus is known as the \u201cfather of taxonomy.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called\u00a0taxa\u00a0(singular, taxon). \u00a0In the original system, taxa ranged from the\u00a0kingdom\u00a0to the species. The[pb_glossary id=\"5769\"]\u00a0<strong>kingdom<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0(ex. plant kingdom, animal kingdom) is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. Ideally, it consists of organisms that are similar enough to interbreed, as discussed above. Similar species are classified together in the same genus (plural, genera), then similar genera are classified together in the same family, and so on, all the way up to the kingdom.\r\n\r\nA phrase to help you remember the order of the groupings is shown below.\u00a0\u00a0The first letter of each word is the first letter of the level of classification.\r\n\r\n<strong>D<\/strong>ad <strong>K<\/strong>eeps\u00a0<strong>P<\/strong>ots\u00a0<strong>C<\/strong>lean <strong>O<\/strong>r <strong>F<\/strong>amily <strong>G<\/strong>ets <strong>S<\/strong>ick\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe hierarchy of taxa in the original Linnaean system of taxonomy included taxa from the species to the kingdom. The domain was added later.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Binomial Nomenclature<\/h2>\r\nPerhaps the single greatest contribution Linnaeus made to science was his method of naming species. This method, called\u00a0binomial nomenclature,\u00a0gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name\u00a0followed by\u00a0a specific species identifier. An example is\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens,<\/em>\u00a0the two-word Latin name for humans. It literally means \u201cwise human.\u201d This is a reference to our big brains.\r\n\r\nWhy is having two names so important? It is similar to people having a first and a last name. You may know several people with the first name Michael, but adding Michael\u2019s last name usually pins down exactly\u00a0<em>which\u00a0<\/em>Michael you mean. In the same way, having two names for a species helps to uniquely identify it.\r\n<h2>Revisions in the Linnaean Classification<\/h2>\r\nLinnaeus published his classification system in the 1700s. Since then, many new species have been discovered. Scientists can also now classify organisms on the basis of their biochemical and genetic similarities and differences, and not just their outward morphology. These changes have led to revisions in the original Linnaean system of classification.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_190\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"423\"]<img class=\"wp-image-190\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/3-domains-2.png\" alt=\"A diagram showing the three domains of life and major groups within each of the domains.\" width=\"423\" height=\"423\" \/> <em>Figure 2.4.3 The three domains of life and major groups within.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA major change to the Linnaean system is the addition of a new taxon called the\u00a0domain. The\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5739\"]domain[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0is a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom, as shown in the figure\u00a0above. Most biologists agree that there are three domains of life on Earth:\u00a0Bacteria,\u00a0Archaea, and Eukarya . Both the\u00a0Bacteria\u00a0and the\u00a0Archaea domains consist of single-celled organisms that lack a\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"5797\"]<strong>nucleus<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary]. This means that their genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane inside the cell. The Eukarya\u00a0domain, in contrast, consists of all organisms whose\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"5665\"]<strong>cells<\/strong>\u00a0[\/pb_glossary]<em>do\u00a0<\/em>have a\u00a0nucleus, so that their genetic material is enclosed within a membrane inside the cell. The Eukarya\u00a0domain is made up of both single-celled and multicellular organisms. This domain includes several kingdoms, including the animal, plant, fungus, and protist kingdoms.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nThe three domains of life, as well as how they are related to each other and to a common ancestor.\u00a0 There are several theories about how the three domains are related and which arose first, or from another.\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;\">Phylogenetic Classification<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\nLinnaeus classified organisms based on morphology. Basically, organisms were grouped together if they looked alike. After\u00a0Darwin\u00a0published his\u00a0theory of evolution\u00a0in the 1800s, scientists looked for a way to classify organisms that\u00a0accounted for\u00a0phylogeny.\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5595\"]Phylogeny[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms. It is represented by a phylogenetic tree, or some other tree-like diagram, like the one shown\u00a0above\u00a0to illustrate the three domains. A\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"5803\"]phylogenetic tree[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0shows how closely related different groups of organisms are to one another. \u00a0Each branching point represents a common ancestor of the branching groups.\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Biodiversity refers to the variety of life that exists on Earth. It includes species diversity, genetic diversity (within species), and ecosystem diversity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The formal biological definition of species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms. Our own species,\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens,<\/em>is an example. In reality, organisms are often classified into species on the basis of morphology.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A system for classifying living things was introduced by Linnaeus in the 1700s. It includes taxa from the species (least inclusive) to the kingdom (most inclusive). Linnaeus also introduced a system of naming species, which is called binomial nomenclature.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The domain \u2014 a taxon higher than the kingdom \u2014 was later added to the Linnaean system. Living things are generally grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The human species and other animal species are placed in the Eukarya\u00a0domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Modern systems of classification\u00a0take into account\u00a0phylogenies, or evolutionary histories of related organisms, rather than just morphological similarities and differences. These relationships are often represented by phylogenetic trees or other tree-like diagrams<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What is biodiversity? Identify three ways that biodiversity may be measured.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define biological species. Why is this definition often difficult to apply?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why it is important to classify living things, and outline the Linnaean system of classification.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[h5p id=\"450\"]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Contrast the Linnaean and phylogenetic systems of classification.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the taxon called the domain, and compare the three widely recognized domains of living things.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Based on the phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life above, explain whether you think Bacteria are more closely related to Archaea or Eukarya.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A scientist discovers a new single-celled organism. Answer the following questions about this discovery.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>If this is all you know, can you place the organism into a particular domain? If so, what is the domain? If not, why not?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is one type of information that could help the scientist classify the organism?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define morphology. Give an example of a morphological trait in humans.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which type of biodiversity is represented in the differences between humans?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why do you think it is important to the definition of a species that members of a species can produce\u00a0<em>fertile\u00a0<\/em>offspring?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to the A-Z Animals\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/a-z-animals.com\/reference\/animal-classification\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Animal Classification Page<\/a>. In the search box, put in your favorite animal and write out it's classification.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Explore More<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/DVouQRAKxYo\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Classification, Amoeba Sisters, 2013.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Figure 2.4.1 (6 Kingdoms collage)<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg\">Salmonella<\/a>, by unknown\/ <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www3.niaid.nih.gov\/topics\/BiodefenseRelated\/Biodefense\/PublicMedia\/image_library.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">NIAID<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1407537\">Fern<\/a> from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/\">pxhere<\/a>, is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">CC0 1.0<\/a> universal public domain dedication license (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/oJW6cBoCHfo\">Photo [<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/oJW6cBoCHfo\">squirrel] <\/a>, by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@erprekurat\">Radoslaw Prekurat<\/a> on <a href=\"http:\/\/unsplash.com\">Unsplash<\/a> is used under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\">Unsplash License<\/a> (https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/blood-milk-mushroom-mushrooms-231816\/\">Blood Milk Mushroom<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/hans-2\/\">Hans<\/a> on <a href=\"http:\/\/pixabay.com\">Pixabay<\/a> is used under the <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/service\/license\/\">Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/de\/service\/license\/).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/sT_vNkvZQWM\">Fungi<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@sjwright\">Ste Wright<\/a>\u00a0on <a href=\"http:\/\/unsplash.com\">Unsplash<\/a> is used under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\">Unsplash License<\/a> (https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license).<\/li>\r\n \t<li id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg\">EscherichiaColi NIAID<\/a> [adapted], by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/\">Rocky Mountain Laboratories,\u00a0<\/a><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"ca:NIAID\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIAID\">ca:NIAID<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/\">,\u00a0<\/a><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"ca:NIH\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIH\">ca:NIH<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Figure 2.4.2<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg\">Biological classification<\/a>, by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Pengo\">Pengo [Peter Halasz]<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).\r\n\r\n<strong>Figure 2.4.3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe three domains of life and major groups within, by C. Miller, 2019, is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Amoeba Sisters. (2017, March 8). Classification. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DVouQRAKxYo&amp;feature=youtu.be<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">A-Z Animals. (2008, December 1). Animal classification. https:\/\/a-z-animals.com\/reference\/animal-classification\/<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">TED-Ed. (2015, April 20). <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Why is biodiversity so important? - Kim Preshoff. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">Wikipedia contributors. (2020, June 21). Carl Linnaeus. <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">Wikipedia. <\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Carl_Linnaeus&amp;oldid=963767022<\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<h1 style=\"margin-top: 2.14286em; margin-bottom: 1.42857em; line-height: 1.28571em;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;\">So Many Species!<\/span><\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_237\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-237\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-237 size-medium\" style=\"color: #373d3f; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em;\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2019\/06\/6-Kingdoms-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-237\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Figure 2.4.1 The classification of species from each of the six kingdoms.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The collage shows a single\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5815\">species<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0in each of the six kingdoms into which all of Earth&#8217;s living things are commonly classified. How many species are there in each\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5769\">kingdom<\/a><\/strong>? In a word:\u00a0<em>millions<\/em>. A total of almost two million living\u00a0species\u00a0have already been identified, and new species are being discovered all the time. Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 30 million\u00a0unique\u00a0species alive on Earth today! Clearly, there is a tremendous variety of life on Earth.<\/p>\n<h1>What Is\u00a0Biodiversity?<\/h1>\n<p>Biological diversity, or\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5719\">biodiversity<\/a><\/strong><strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0refers to all of the variety of life that exists on Earth. Biodiversity can be described and measured at three different levels: species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Species diversity\u00a0refers to the number of different species in an ecosystem or on Earth as a whole. This is the\u00a0most common\u00a0way to measure biodiversity.\u00a0Current\u00a0estimates for Earth&#8217;s total number of living species range from 5 to 30 million species.<\/li>\n<li>Genetic diversity\u00a0refers to the variation in genes within all of these species.<\/li>\n<li>Ecosystem diversity\u00a0refers to the variety of\u00a0ecosystems\u00a0on Earth. An\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5743\">ecosystem<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0is a system formed by populations of many different species interacting with each other and their environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Why is biodiversity so important? - Kim Preshoff\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GK_vRtHJZu4?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Why is Biodiversity So Important? &#8211; Kim Preshoff, TEDEd, 2015<\/p>\n<h1>Defining\u00a0a\u00a0Species<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<p>Biodiversity is most often measured by counting species, but what is a species? The answer to that question is not as straightforward as you might think.\u00a0Formally, a\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5815\">species<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0is defined as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms. This means that members of the same species are similar enough to each other to produce fertile offspring together. By this definition of species, all human beings alive today belong to one species,\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens.<\/em>\u00a0All humans can potentially interbreed with each other, but not with members of any other species.<\/p>\n<p>In the real world, it isn&#8217;t always possible to make the observations necessary to determine whether or not different organisms can interbreed. For one thing, many species reproduce asexually, so individuals never interbreed \u2014 even with members of their own species. When studying extinct species represented by fossils, it is usually impossible to know if different organisms could interbreed. Keep in mind that 99 per cent of all species that have ever existed are now extinct! In practice, many biologists and virtually\u00a0<em>all<\/em>\u00a0paleontologists generally define species on the basis of morphology, rather than breeding behavior.\u00a0Morphology\u00a0refers to the form and structure of organisms. For classification purposes, it generally refers to relatively obvious physical traits. Typically, the more similar to one another different organisms\u00a0<em>appear<\/em>, the greater the chance that they will be classified in the same species.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h1>Classifying Living Things<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<p>People have been trying to classify the tremendous\u00a0diversity of life\u00a0on Earth for more than two thousand years. The science of classifying organisms is called\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5817\">taxonomy<\/a>.<\/strong>\u00a0Classification is an important step in understanding the present diversity and past evolutionary\u00a0history of life\u00a0on Earth. It helps us make sense of the overwhelming diversity of living things.<\/p>\n<h2>Linnaean Classification<\/h2>\n<p>All modern classification systems have their\u00a0roots\u00a0in the Linnaean classification system, which was developed by Swedish botanist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Linnaeus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carolus Linnaeus<\/a> in the 1700s. He tried to classify all living things known in his time by grouping together organisms that s<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_187\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-187\" style=\"width: 117px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-187\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg_-2.png\" alt=\"A diagram of the levels of classification of living things. In order: Life, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species\" width=\"117\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-187\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2.4.2 Classification of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>hared obvious morphological traits, such as number of legs or shape of leaves. For his contribution, Linnaeus is known as the \u201cfather of taxonomy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Linnaean system of classification consists of a hierarchy of groupings, called\u00a0taxa\u00a0(singular, taxon). \u00a0In the original system, taxa ranged from the\u00a0kingdom\u00a0to the species. The<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5769\">\u00a0<strong>kingdom<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(ex. plant kingdom, animal kingdom) is the largest and most inclusive grouping. It consists of organisms that share just a few basic similarities. The species is the smallest and most exclusive grouping. Ideally, it consists of organisms that are similar enough to interbreed, as discussed above. Similar species are classified together in the same genus (plural, genera), then similar genera are classified together in the same family, and so on, all the way up to the kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>A phrase to help you remember the order of the groupings is shown below.\u00a0\u00a0The first letter of each word is the first letter of the level of classification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D<\/strong>ad <strong>K<\/strong>eeps\u00a0<strong>P<\/strong>ots\u00a0<strong>C<\/strong>lean <strong>O<\/strong>r <strong>F<\/strong>amily <strong>G<\/strong>ets <strong>S<\/strong>ick<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The hierarchy of taxa in the original Linnaean system of taxonomy included taxa from the species to the kingdom. The domain was added later.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Binomial Nomenclature<\/h2>\n<p>Perhaps the single greatest contribution Linnaeus made to science was his method of naming species. This method, called\u00a0binomial nomenclature,\u00a0gives each species a unique, two-word Latin name consisting of the genus name\u00a0followed by\u00a0a specific species identifier. An example is\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens,<\/em>\u00a0the two-word Latin name for humans. It literally means \u201cwise human.\u201d This is a reference to our big brains.<\/p>\n<p>Why is having two names so important? It is similar to people having a first and a last name. You may know several people with the first name Michael, but adding Michael\u2019s last name usually pins down exactly\u00a0<em>which\u00a0<\/em>Michael you mean. In the same way, having two names for a species helps to uniquely identify it.<\/p>\n<h2>Revisions in the Linnaean Classification<\/h2>\n<p>Linnaeus published his classification system in the 1700s. Since then, many new species have been discovered. Scientists can also now classify organisms on the basis of their biochemical and genetic similarities and differences, and not just their outward morphology. These changes have led to revisions in the original Linnaean system of classification.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_190\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-190\" style=\"width: 423px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-190\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/152\/2023\/10\/3-domains-2.png\" alt=\"A diagram showing the three domains of life and major groups within each of the domains.\" width=\"423\" height=\"423\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-190\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Figure 2.4.3 The three domains of life and major groups within.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A major change to the Linnaean system is the addition of a new taxon called the\u00a0domain. The\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5739\">domain<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0is a taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom, as shown in the figure\u00a0above. Most biologists agree that there are three domains of life on Earth:\u00a0Bacteria,\u00a0Archaea, and Eukarya . Both the\u00a0Bacteria\u00a0and the\u00a0Archaea domains consist of single-celled organisms that lack a\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5797\"><strong>nucleus<\/strong><\/a>. This means that their genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane inside the cell. The Eukarya\u00a0domain, in contrast, consists of all organisms whose\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5665\"><strong>cells<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a><em>do\u00a0<\/em>have a\u00a0nucleus, so that their genetic material is enclosed within a membrane inside the cell. The Eukarya\u00a0domain is made up of both single-celled and multicellular organisms. This domain includes several kingdoms, including the animal, plant, fungus, and protist kingdoms.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>The three domains of life, as well as how they are related to each other and to a common ancestor.\u00a0 There are several theories about how the three domains are related and which arose first, or from another.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 1.424em;\">Phylogenetic Classification<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Linnaeus classified organisms based on morphology. Basically, organisms were grouped together if they looked alike. After\u00a0Darwin\u00a0published his\u00a0theory of evolution\u00a0in the 1800s, scientists looked for a way to classify organisms that\u00a0accounted for\u00a0phylogeny.\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5595\">Phylogeny<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms. It is represented by a phylogenetic tree, or some other tree-like diagram, like the one shown\u00a0above\u00a0to illustrate the three domains. A\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_4303_5803\">phylogenetic tree<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0shows how closely related different groups of organisms are to one another. \u00a0Each branching point represents a common ancestor of the branching groups.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Summary<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Biodiversity refers to the variety of life that exists on Earth. It includes species diversity, genetic diversity (within species), and ecosystem diversity.<\/li>\n<li>The formal biological definition of species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms. Our own species,\u00a0<em>Homo sapiens,<\/em>is an example. In reality, organisms are often classified into species on the basis of morphology.<\/li>\n<li>A system for classifying living things was introduced by Linnaeus in the 1700s. It includes taxa from the species (least inclusive) to the kingdom (most inclusive). Linnaeus also introduced a system of naming species, which is called binomial nomenclature.<\/li>\n<li>The domain \u2014 a taxon higher than the kingdom \u2014 was later added to the Linnaean system. Living things are generally grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The human species and other animal species are placed in the Eukarya\u00a0domain.<\/li>\n<li>Modern systems of classification\u00a0take into account\u00a0phylogenies, or evolutionary histories of related organisms, rather than just morphological similarities and differences. These relationships are often represented by phylogenetic trees or other tree-like diagrams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Review Questions<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>What is biodiversity? Identify three ways that biodiversity may be measured.<\/li>\n<li>Define biological species. Why is this definition often difficult to apply?<\/li>\n<li>Explain why it is important to classify living things, and outline the Linnaean system of classification.<\/li>\n<li>What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example.<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"h5p-450\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-450\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"450\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Diversity of Life\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Contrast the Linnaean and phylogenetic systems of classification.<\/li>\n<li>Describe the taxon called the domain, and compare the three widely recognized domains of living things.<\/li>\n<li>Based on the phylogenetic tree for the three domains of life above, explain whether you think Bacteria are more closely related to Archaea or Eukarya.<\/li>\n<li>A scientist discovers a new single-celled organism. Answer the following questions about this discovery.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>If this is all you know, can you place the organism into a particular domain? If so, what is the domain? If not, why not?<\/li>\n<li>What is one type of information that could help the scientist classify the organism?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Define morphology. Give an example of a morphological trait in humans.<\/li>\n<li>Which type of biodiversity is represented in the differences between humans?<\/li>\n<li>Why do you think it is important to the definition of a species that members of a species can produce\u00a0<em>fertile\u00a0<\/em>offspring?<\/li>\n<li>Go to the A-Z Animals\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/a-z-animals.com\/reference\/animal-classification\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Animal Classification Page<\/a>. In the search box, put in your favorite animal and write out it&#8217;s classification.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">2.4 Explore More<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Classification\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DVouQRAKxYo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Classification, Amoeba Sisters, 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Figure 2.4.1 (6 Kingdoms collage)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg\">Salmonella<\/a>, by unknown\/ <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www3.niaid.nih.gov\/topics\/BiodefenseRelated\/Biodefense\/PublicMedia\/image_library.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">NIAID<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1407537\">Fern<\/a> from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/\">pxhere<\/a>, is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">CC0 1.0<\/a> universal public domain dedication license (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/oJW6cBoCHfo\">Photo [<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/oJW6cBoCHfo\">squirrel] <\/a>, by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@erprekurat\">Radoslaw Prekurat<\/a> on <a href=\"http:\/\/unsplash.com\">Unsplash<\/a> is used under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\">Unsplash License<\/a> (https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/blood-milk-mushroom-mushrooms-231816\/\">Blood Milk Mushroom<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/hans-2\/\">Hans<\/a> on <a href=\"http:\/\/pixabay.com\">Pixabay<\/a> is used under the <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/service\/license\/\">Pixabay License<\/a> (https:\/\/pixabay.com\/de\/service\/license\/).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/sT_vNkvZQWM\">Fungi<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@sjwright\">Ste Wright<\/a>\u00a0on <a href=\"http:\/\/unsplash.com\">Unsplash<\/a> is used under the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license\">Unsplash License<\/a> (https:\/\/unsplash.com\/license).<\/li>\n<li id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg\">EscherichiaColi NIAID<\/a> [adapted], by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/\">Rocky Mountain Laboratories,\u00a0<\/a><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"ca:NIAID\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIAID\">ca:NIAID<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/\">,\u00a0<\/a><a class=\"extiw\" title=\"ca:NIH\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NIH\">ca:NIH<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Figure 2.4.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg\">Biological classification<\/a>, by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:Pengo\">Pengo [Peter Halasz]<\/a> on Wikimedia Commons is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2.4.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The three domains of life and major groups within, by C. Miller, 2019, is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">public domain<\/a> (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain).<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Amoeba Sisters. (2017, March 8). Classification. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DVouQRAKxYo&amp;feature=youtu.be<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">A-Z Animals. (2008, December 1). Animal classification. https:\/\/a-z-animals.com\/reference\/animal-classification\/<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">TED-Ed. (2015, April 20). <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Why is biodiversity so important? &#8211; Kim Preshoff. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GK_vRtHJZu4<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">Wikipedia contributors. (2020, June 21). Carl Linnaeus. <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">Wikipedia. <\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial; text-indent: -1em; font-size: 1em;\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Carl_Linnaeus&amp;oldid=963767022<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_4303_5815\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5815\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A population of similar organisms able to breed with one another.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5769\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5769\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A major category in the classification of living things.  It ranks below domain and above phylum.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5719\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5719\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The variety of life in the world, ecosystem, or in a particular habitat.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5743\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5743\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A community of livings things interrelated with their physical and chemical environment.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5817\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5817\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The science of classifying organisms.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5739\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5739\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A taxon that is larger and more inclusive than the kingdom.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5797\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5797\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A central organelle containing   hereditary material.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5665\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5665\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The smallest unit of life, consisting of at least a membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5595\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5595\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The evolutionary development and history of a species or trait of a species or of a higher taxonomic grouping of organisms.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_4303_5803\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_4303_5803\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A tree diagram used to show the hypothesized evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":32,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[55],"class_list":["post-4303","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":4283,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4303","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6362,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4303\/revisions\/6362"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/4283"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4303\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4303"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4303"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchumanbio\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}