{"id":196,"date":"2020-03-11T23:40:30","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T23:40:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/chapter\/obstetrics\/"},"modified":"2025-03-04T21:13:01","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T21:13:01","slug":"obstetrics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/chapter\/obstetrics\/","title":{"raw":"Obstetrics","rendered":"Obstetrics"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Learning Objectives<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>Identify the processes involved in human reproduction and childbirth<\/li>\n \t<li>Evaluate the specialty of obstetrics<\/li>\n \t<li>Differentiate the medical terms used in obstetrics and use correct abbreviations<\/li>\n \t<li>Recognize the medical specialties associated with obstetrics<\/li>\n \t<li>Discover common complications and procedures related to obstetrics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Obstetrics Word Parts<\/h2>\nClick on prefixes, combining forms, and suffixes to reveal a list of word parts to memorize related to obstetrics.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[h5p id=\"122\"]\n<h2>Introduction to Obstetrics<\/h2>\nObstetrics is a specialty that is concerned with the mother and fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and the immediate postpartum period. Obstetricians study obstetrics and gynecology and are referred to as OB\/GYN, Obstetrics and Gynecology.\n<h3>Watch this video:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BtsSbZ85yiQ[\/embed]\n\n<em>Media 18.1. R<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ\">eproductive System, Part 4 - Pregnancy &amp; Development: Crash Course A&amp;P #43<\/a> [Online video]. Copyright 2015 by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/crashcourse\/about\">CrashCourse<\/a>.<\/em>\n\n<\/div>\n<h2>Practice Medical Terms Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<div>[h5p id=\"123\"]<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2>Fertilization<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id2337833\"><strong>Fertilization<\/strong> occurs when [pb_glossary id=\"564\"]sperm[\/pb_glossary] and an [pb_glossary id=\"567\"]oocyte[\/pb_glossary] combine. Because each of these reproductive cells is a haploid cell containing half of the genetic material needed to form a human being, their combination forms a diploid cell. This new single cell is called a [pb_glossary id=\"621\"]zygote[\/pb_glossary].<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1632458\">Most of the time, a woman releases a single egg during an ovulation cycle.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li>In approximately 1% pof ovulation cycles, two eggs are released and both are fertilized.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Two zygotes form, implant, and develop, resulting in the birth of <strong>dizygotic (or fraternal) twins<\/strong>. Because dizygotic twins develop from two eggs fertilized by two sperm, they are no more identical than siblings born at different times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Less common, one zygote can divide into two separate offspring during early development. This results in the birth of <strong>monozygotic (or identical) twins<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A full-term pregnancy lasts approximately 270 days (approximately 38.5 weeks) from conception to birth. Because it is easier to remember the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) than to estimate the date of conception, obstetricians set the due date as 284 days (approximately 40.5 weeks) from the LMP. This assumes that conception occurred on day 14 of the woman's cycle, which is usually a good approximation. The 40 weeks of an average pregnancy are usually discussed in terms of three trimesters, each approximately 13 weeks. During the second and third trimesters, the pre-pregnancy uterus is about the size of a fist and grows dramatically to contain the fetus, causing a number of anatomical changes in the mother.<\/span>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-weight: bold\">Stages of<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\"> Ch<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\">ildbirth<\/span><\/h2>\n<section id=\"fs-id1206701\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1350358\">The process of childbirth can be divided into three stages (see <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch29_04_04\">Figure 18.1<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li>cervical dilation<\/li>\n \t<li>expulsion of the newborn<\/li>\n \t<li>after birth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For vaginal birth to occur, the cervix must dilate fully to 10 cm in diameter, wide enough to deliver the newborn's head. The dilation stage is the longest stage of labor and typically takes 6 to 12 hours. However, it varies widely and may take minutes, hours, or days, depending in part on whether the mother has given birth before. In each subsequent labor, this stage tends to be shorter.<\/span>\n\n<section id=\"fs-id2362592\">\n<figure id=\"fig-ch29_04_04\">[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"420\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2016\/03\/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"2958\"> <a id=\"Figure18.1\" href=\"\"><\/a>Figure 18.1 Stages of Childbirth. The stages of childbirth include Stage 1, early cervical dilation; Stage 2, full dilation and expulsion of the newborn; and Stage 3, delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes. (The position of the newborn's shoulder is described relative to the mother). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0.<\/a> <a href=\"#Figure18.1id\">[Image description.]<\/a>[\/caption]<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Concept Check<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>How is a <strong>due date<\/strong> determined?<\/li>\n \t<li>Explain the difference between a <strong>monozygotic pregnancy<\/strong> and a <strong>dizygotic pregnancy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"fs-id2230252\">Homeostasis in the Newborn: Apgar Score<\/h2>\nIn the minutes following birth, a newborn must undergo dramatic systemic changes to be able to survive outside the womb. An obstetrician, midwife, or nurse can estimate how well a newborn is doing by obtaining an <strong>Apgar score<\/strong>. The Apgar score was introduced in 1952 by the anesthesiologist Dr. Virginia Apgar as a method to assess the effects on the newborn of anesthesia given to the laboring mother. Healthcare providers now use it to assess the general well-being of the newborn, whether or not analgesics or anesthetics were used.\n<p id=\"fs-id2293668\">The five criteria, skin color, heart rate, reflex, muscle tone, and respiration, are assessed and each criterion is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2. Scores are taken one minute after birth and again five minutes after birth. Each time scores are taken, the five scores are added together. High scores (out of a possible 10) indicate the baby has made the transition from the womb well, whereas lower scores indicate that the baby may be in distress.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1549196\">The technique for determining an Apgar score is quick and easy, painless for the newborn, and does not require any instruments except for a stethoscope. A convenient way to remember the five scoring criteria is to apply the mnemonic APGAR:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li><strong>A<\/strong>ppearance (skin color)<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>P<\/strong>ulse (heart rate)<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>G<\/strong>rimace (reflex)<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>A<\/strong>ctivity (muscle tone)<\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><strong>R<\/strong>espiration <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fs-id2131868\">Of the five Apgar criteria, heart rate and respiration are the most critical. Poor scores for either of these measurements may indicate the need for immediate medical attention to resuscitate or stabilize the newborn. In general, any score lower than 7 at the 5-minute mark indicates that medical assistance may be needed. A total score below 5 indicates an emergency. Normally, a newborn will get an intermediate score of 1 for some of the Apgar criteria and will progress to a 2 by the five-minute assessment. Scores of 8 or above are normal.<\/p>\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Did you know?<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><span class=\"tight\">The Apgar score was introduced in 1952 by Dr. Virginia Apgar to assess the effect of anesthesia on newborns and mothers in labor.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Practice Terms Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>[h5p id=\"124\"]<\/div>\n<h2>Common Abbreviations for Obstetrics<\/h2>\nMany terms and phrases related to obstetrics are abbreviated. Learn these common abbreviations by expanding the list below.\n\n&nbsp;\n<div>[h5p id=\"125\"]<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Medical Terms in Context<\/h2>\n[h5p id=\"126\"]\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Diseases and Disorders Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<h3>Preeclampsia and Eclampsia<\/h3>\nPreeclampsia and eclampsia refer to hypertensive disorders that occur during pregnancy among women without a history of high blood pressure. Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include blood pressure at or greater than 140\/90 mmHg at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy, [pb_glossary id=\"238\"]edema[\/pb_glossary], and protein in the urine. Women with preeclampsia are at risk of preterm birth. If the condition is severe enough to cause seizures or a coma, it is referred to as eclampsia. If not treated, preeclampsia and eclampsia can be fatal (Office of Communications, n.d.).\n<h3>Ectopic Pregnancy<\/h3>\nAn ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Risk factors include older age, smoking, the use of an intrauterine device, in vitro fertilization, and prior pelvic infections, including chlamydia. Signs and symptoms include pain in the abdomen or shoulder, vaginal bleeding, and dizziness. Treatment may involve surgery or the use of medication to stop the growth of ectopic tissue (Mummert &amp; Gnugnoli, 2021; MedlinePlus, 2021a).\n<h3>Miscarriage<\/h3>\nMiscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, refers to the loss of pregnancy before the 20th week. It is the most common form of pregnancy loss. Risk factors include older maternal age, a history of miscarriages, disorders of the uterus or cervix, and chronic diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Signs and symptoms include vaginal spotting, abdominal pain, and cramping. However, these symptoms can be confused with symptoms of an ectopic or normal pregnancy. Treatment is generally not required in women who miscarry early in their pregnancy. If tissue remains in the uterus after miscarriage, treatment includes the use of medication to aid expulsion or a surgical procedure called <strong>dilation and curettage (D&amp;C) <\/strong>(Dugas &amp; Slane, 2021; MedlinePlus, 2021b).\n\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\">Medical Procedures Related to Obstetrics<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3 id=\"fs-id2131868\">In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)<\/h3>\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">IVF, which stands for [pb_glossary id=\"623\"]in vitro fertilization[\/pb_glossary], is an assisted reproductive technology. In vitro, which in Latin translates to in glass, refers to a procedure that takes place outside of the body. There are many different indications for IVF. For example, a woman may produce normal eggs, but the eggs cannot reach the uterus because the uterine tubes are blocked or otherwise compromised. A man may have a low sperm count, low sperm motility, sperm with an unusually high percentage of morphological abnormalities, or sperm that are incapable of penetrating the zona pellucida of an egg. <\/span><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"#fig-ch29_01_02\">Figure 18.2<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> illustrates the steps involved in IVF.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2147698\" class=\"note anatomy homeostatic\">\n<div>\n<figure id=\"fig-ch29_01_02\">[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"420\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2016\/03\/2902_IVF-02.jpg\" alt=\"Stages of IVF. Image description available.\" width=\"420\" height=\"2879\"> <a id=\"Figure18.2\" href=\"\"><\/a>Figure 18.2 IVF. In vitro fertilization involves egg collection from the ovaries, fertilization in a petri dish, and the transfer of embryos into the uterus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0.<\/a> <a href=\"#Figure18.2id\">[Image description.]<\/a>[\/caption]<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Did you know?<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n<span class=\"tight\">According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.-a), 6% of married women aged 15 to 44 years in the U.S. experience infertility.<\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Testing<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Approximately 3% of babies born in the United States are born with a congenital anomaly. The most common anomalies include structural heart defects, brain\/spine defects, cleft lip\/palate, or anomalies like Down syndrome. Prenatal testing may include blood work, ultrasound, [pb_glossary id=\"624\"]chorionic villus sampling[\/pb_glossary] (CVS) and [pb_glossary id=\"267\"]amniocentesis[\/pb_glossary] (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-b, n.d.-c). <\/span><\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id1206701\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2147698\" class=\"note anatomy homeostatic\">\n<h2>Obstetrics Vocabulary<\/h2>\n<strong>Abortion<\/strong>\n\nIntentional removal of a fetus from the uterus.\n\n<strong>Alpha-fetoprotein test<\/strong>\n\nAlpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is produced during fetal development. The AFP test is an analysis of the mother's blood serum to determine whether the level of AFP denotes a risk of a birth defect.\n\n<strong>Amenorrhea<\/strong>\n\nAbsence of menstruation.\n\n<strong>Amniocentesis<\/strong>\n\nA procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid.\n\n<strong>Amniotomy<\/strong>\n\nIncision into the amnion to induce labor.\n\n<strong>Apgar score<\/strong>\n\nA technique used to assess the general wellbeing of a newborn. The newborn is assessed one minute after birth and again five minutes after birth.\n\n<strong>Artificial insemination<\/strong>\n\nA process where the semen is introduced into the vagina by mechanical means.\n\n<strong>Breech<\/strong>\n\nThe position of the fetus is feet first. Ideally, the position of the fetus should be headfirst for a safer delivery.\n\n<b>Cesarean<\/b><strong> section<\/strong>\n\nDelivery of the fetus through an abdominal incision.\n\n<strong>Cephalopelvic disproportion<\/strong>\n\nA condition where the infant\u2019s head is larger than the mother's pelvis.\n\n<strong>Cerclage<\/strong>\n\nA suture inserted into the cervix to prevent dilation and prevention miscarriage.\n\n<strong>Chorioamnionitis<\/strong>\n\nInflammation of the chorion and amnion.\n\n<strong>Choriocarcinoma<\/strong>\n\nA malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta).\n\n<strong>Chorionic villus sampling<\/strong>\n\nA procedure in which tissue from the placenta is tested for fetal chromosomal disorders.\n\n<strong>Colostrum<\/strong>\n\nA thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother\u2019s breasts in the first postpartum days.\n\n<strong>Dilation and curettage (D&amp;C)<\/strong>\n\nA procedure to scrape and remove tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (made larger) and a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. The procedure is used to test tissue for signs of disease, after a miscarriage, or to treat certain conditions.\n\n<strong>Dystocia<\/strong>\n\nSlow or difficult labor.\n\n<strong>Eclampsia<\/strong>\n\nA very serious condition in pregnant women with hypertension; patients are at high risk of coma, convulsions, and even death.\n\n<strong>Ectopic pregnancy<\/strong>\n\nA pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall.\n\n<strong>Episiotomy<\/strong>\n\nIncision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth.\n\n<strong>Fetal<\/strong>\n\nPertaining to the fetus.\n\n<strong>Gestation<\/strong>\n\nThe period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy.\n\n<strong>Gestational diabetes<\/strong>\n\nDiabetes mellitus that occurs during pregnancy but resolves by the end of pregnancy in women without a history of diabetes.\n\n<strong>Gestational hypertension<\/strong>\n\nElevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in pregnant women.\n\n<strong>Gravidity<\/strong>\n\nThe number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a woman.\n\n<strong>Hyperemesis gravidarum<\/strong>\n\nExcessive vomiting during pregnancy. Hyperemesis can occur with any pregnant woman, even a woman who miscarried. Often these women may require hospitalization for fluid and electrolyte intake.\n\n<strong>Induction<\/strong>\n\nThe process of bringing on or starting labor through artificial means.\n\n<strong>In vitro fertilization\u00a0<\/strong>\n\nA process where the ova is fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus.\n\n<strong>Lactic acid<\/strong>\n\nA substance produced by the body, such as during strenuous exercise, that aids in various chemical processes in the body.\n\n<strong>Meconium<\/strong>\n\nFetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile.\n\n<strong>Microcephaly<\/strong>\n\nA congenital abnormality where the head is small.\n\n<strong>Midwifery<\/strong>\n\nPractice of assisting in childbirth.\n\n<strong>Natal<\/strong>\n\nPertaining to being born or birth.\n\n<strong>Neonatal<\/strong>\n\nPertaining to the newborn's first thirty days of life outside of the uterus.\n\n<strong>Neonate<\/strong>\n\nAn infant during the first 28 days after birth.\n\n<strong>Neonatologist<\/strong>\n\nPhysician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn.\n\n<strong>Neonatology<\/strong>\n\nA subspecialty of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn.\n\n<strong>Obstetrician<\/strong>\n\nA doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy and childbirth.\n\n<strong>Obstetrics and gynecology<\/strong>\n\nA branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive organs; also called OB\/GYN.\n\n<strong>Oligohydramnios<\/strong>\n\nA condition of abnormally low amniotic fluid volume.\n\n<strong>Oocyte<\/strong>\n\nImmature egg cell.\n\n<strong>Parturition<\/strong>\n\nChildbirth.\n\n<strong>Placenta abruptio<\/strong>\n\nOccurs when the placenta prematurely becomes detached from the uterine wall, resulting in uterine bleeding, fetal distress, or fetal death; also known as abruptio placenta.\n\n<strong>Placenta previa<\/strong>\n\nLow placement of fetus within the uterus, which causes the placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows.\n\n<strong>Polyhydramnios<\/strong>\n\nA condition where there is excessive amniotic fluid in the placenta.\n\n<strong>Postnatal<\/strong>\n\nPertaining to after birth.\n\n<strong>Postpartum<\/strong>\n\nThe period of approximately 6 weeks immediately following childbirth.\n\n<strong>Preeclampsia<\/strong>\n\nThe abnormal condition in pregnancy where the patient experiences hypertension, edema, and proteinuria.\n\n<strong>Prenatal<\/strong>\n\nHaving to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called antenatal.\n\n<strong>Primigravida<\/strong>\n\nFirst pregnancy.\n\n<strong>Pseudocyesis<\/strong>\n\nFalse pregnancy.\n\n<strong>Puerperal<\/strong>\n\nPertaining to immediately after childbirth.\n\n<strong>Puerperium<\/strong>\n\nTime directly after childbirth (6 to 8 weeks after giving birth).\n\n<strong>Sperm<\/strong>\n\nMale gamete (spermatozoon).\n\n<strong>Stillbirth<\/strong>\n\nAn infant who is born dead.\n\n<strong>Teratogen<\/strong>\n\nAn agent capable of producing malformations in a developing embryo.\n\n<strong>Teratology<\/strong>\n\nA branch of embryology for the study of congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities.\n\n<strong>Vaginal birth following a C-section<\/strong>\n\nDelivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section.\n\n<strong>Zygote<\/strong>\n\nA single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm; also called the fertilized egg.\n<h2>Test Yourself<\/h2>\n[h5p id=\"127\"]\n<h2>References<\/h2>\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-a). <em>Infertility FAQs<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/infertility\/index.htm\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/infertility\/index.htm<\/a>\n\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). <em>Data &amp; statistics on birth defects<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/data.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/data.html<\/a>\n\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-c). <em>Diagnosis of birth defects<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/diagnosis.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/diagnosis.html<\/a>\n\nCrashCourse. (2019, November 23). <em>Reproductive System, Part 4 - Pregnancy &amp; Development: Crash Course A&amp;P #43<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ<\/a>\n\nDugas, C., &amp; Slane, V. H. (2021). Miscarriage. In <em>StatPearls [Internet]<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532992\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532992\/<\/a>\n\nMedlinePlus. (2021a). <em>Ectopic pregnancy<\/em>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ectopicpregnancy.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ectopicpregnancy.html<\/a>\n\nMedlinePlus. (2021b). <em>Miscarriage<\/em>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/miscarriage.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/miscarriage.html<\/a>\n\nMummert, T., &amp; Gnugnoli, D. M. (2021). Ectopic pregnancy. In <em>StatPearls [Internet<\/em><em>]<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539860\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539860\/<\/a>\n\nOffice of Communications. (n.d.). <em>About preeclampsia and eclampsia<\/em>. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preeclampsia\/conditioninfo\">https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preeclampsia\/conditioninfo<\/a>\n<h2>Image Descriptions<\/h2>\n<a id=\"Figure18.1id\" href=\"\"><\/a><strong>Figure 18.1 image description:<\/strong> This multi-part figure shows the different stages of childbirth. The top panel shows dilation of the cervix (undilated vs fully dilated), the middle panel shows birth (presentation of the head, rotation and delivery of anterior shoulder, delivery of posterior shoulder, delivery of lower body, and umbilical cord), and the bottom panel shows afterbirth delivery. <a href=\"#Figure18.1\">[Return to Figure 18.1].<\/a>\n\n<a id=\"Figure18.2id\" href=\"\"><\/a><strong>Figure 18.2 image description:<\/strong> This multi-part figure shows the different steps in in vitro fertilization. The top panel shows how the oocytes and the sperm are collected and prepared (text reads: 1a) eggs are collected after ovulation or directly from the follicles. Sperm is collected and concentrated. 1b) Sperm sample is collected and concentrated by removing seminal fluid). The next panel shows the sperm and oocytes being mixed in a petri dish (text labels read: 2) both the collected eggs and the sperm sample are mixed in a petri dish, allowing fertilization to occur). The panel below shows the fertilized zygote being prepared for implantation (text labels read: 3a) the fertilized zygote is then removed from the petri dish for implantation. 3b) fertilized zygote). The last panel shows the fertilized zygote being implanted into the uterus (text label reads: 4) The zygote is then surgically implanted into the endometrium of the uterus. After successful implantation, the zygote should develop normally, as if it had been fertilized in the female's oviducts). <a href=\"#Figure18.2\">[Return to Figure 18.2].<\/a>\n\n<section id=\"fs-id1206701\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Unless otherwise indicated, this chapter contains material adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\"><em>Anatomy and Physiology<\/em><\/a> (on <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\">OpenStax<\/a>), by Betts et al. and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 international license<\/a>. Download and access this book for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>.<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/section><\/div>\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Learning Objectives<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identify the processes involved in human reproduction and childbirth<\/li>\n<li>Evaluate the specialty of obstetrics<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate the medical terms used in obstetrics and use correct abbreviations<\/li>\n<li>Recognize the medical specialties associated with obstetrics<\/li>\n<li>Discover common complications and procedures related to obstetrics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Obstetrics Word Parts<\/h2>\n<p>Click on prefixes, combining forms, and suffixes to reveal a list of word parts to memorize related to obstetrics.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-122\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-122\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"122\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Word Parts\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Introduction to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<p>Obstetrics is a specialty that is concerned with the mother and fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and the immediate postpartum period. Obstetricians study obstetrics and gynecology and are referred to as OB\/GYN, Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/p>\n<h3>Watch this video:<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Reproductive System, Part 4 - Pregnancy &amp; Development: Crash Course Anatomy &amp; Physiology #43\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BtsSbZ85yiQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><em>Media 18.1. R<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ\">eproductive System, Part 4 &#8211; Pregnancy &amp; Development: Crash Course A&amp;P #43<\/a> [Online video]. Copyright 2015 by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/crashcourse\/about\">CrashCourse<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Practice Medical Terms Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<div>\n<div id=\"h5p-123\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-123\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"123\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Medical Terms\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h2>Fertilization<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id2337833\"><strong>Fertilization<\/strong> occurs when <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_564\">sperm<\/a> and an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_567\">oocyte<\/a> combine. Because each of these reproductive cells is a haploid cell containing half of the genetic material needed to form a human being, their combination forms a diploid cell. This new single cell is called a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_621\">zygote<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1632458\">Most of the time, a woman releases a single egg during an ovulation cycle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In approximately 1% pof ovulation cycles, two eggs are released and both are fertilized.\n<ul>\n<li>Two zygotes form, implant, and develop, resulting in the birth of <strong>dizygotic (or fraternal) twins<\/strong>. Because dizygotic twins develop from two eggs fertilized by two sperm, they are no more identical than siblings born at different times.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Less common, one zygote can divide into two separate offspring during early development. This results in the birth of <strong>monozygotic (or identical) twins<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">A full-term pregnancy lasts approximately 270 days (approximately 38.5 weeks) from conception to birth. Because it is easier to remember the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) than to estimate the date of conception, obstetricians set the due date as 284 days (approximately 40.5 weeks) from the LMP. This assumes that conception occurred on day 14 of the woman&#8217;s cycle, which is usually a good approximation. The 40 weeks of an average pregnancy are usually discussed in terms of three trimesters, each approximately 13 weeks. During the second and third trimesters, the pre-pregnancy uterus is about the size of a fist and grows dramatically to contain the fetus, causing a number of anatomical changes in the mother.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-weight: bold\">Stages of<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\"> Ch<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\">ildbirth<\/span><\/h2>\n<section id=\"fs-id1206701\">\n<p id=\"fs-id1350358\">The process of childbirth can be divided into three stages (see <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch29_04_04\">Figure 18.1<\/a>):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>cervical dilation<\/li>\n<li>expulsion of the newborn<\/li>\n<li>after birth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">For vaginal birth to occur, the cervix must dilate fully to 10 cm in diameter, wide enough to deliver the newborn&#8217;s head. The dilation stage is the longest stage of labor and typically takes 6 to 12 hours. However, it varies widely and may take minutes, hours, or days, depending in part on whether the mother has given birth before. In each subsequent labor, this stage tends to be shorter.<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id2362592\">\n<figure id=\"fig-ch29_04_04\">\n<figure style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2016\/03\/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"2958\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a id=\"Figure18.1\" href=\"\"><\/a>Figure 18.1 Stages of Childbirth. The stages of childbirth include Stage 1, early cervical dilation; Stage 2, full dilation and expulsion of the newborn; and Stage 3, delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes. (The position of the newborn&#8217;s shoulder is described relative to the mother). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0.<\/a> <a href=\"#Figure18.1id\">[Image description.]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\">Concept Check<\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>How is a <strong>due date<\/strong> determined?<\/li>\n<li>Explain the difference between a <strong>monozygotic pregnancy<\/strong> and a <strong>dizygotic pregnancy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"fs-id2230252\">Homeostasis in the Newborn: Apgar Score<\/h2>\n<p>In the minutes following birth, a newborn must undergo dramatic systemic changes to be able to survive outside the womb. An obstetrician, midwife, or nurse can estimate how well a newborn is doing by obtaining an <strong>Apgar score<\/strong>. The Apgar score was introduced in 1952 by the anesthesiologist Dr. Virginia Apgar as a method to assess the effects on the newborn of anesthesia given to the laboring mother. Healthcare providers now use it to assess the general well-being of the newborn, whether or not analgesics or anesthetics were used.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2293668\">The five criteria, skin color, heart rate, reflex, muscle tone, and respiration, are assessed and each criterion is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2. Scores are taken one minute after birth and again five minutes after birth. Each time scores are taken, the five scores are added together. High scores (out of a possible 10) indicate the baby has made the transition from the womb well, whereas lower scores indicate that the baby may be in distress.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1549196\">The technique for determining an Apgar score is quick and easy, painless for the newborn, and does not require any instruments except for a stethoscope. A convenient way to remember the five scoring criteria is to apply the mnemonic APGAR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A<\/strong>ppearance (skin color)<\/li>\n<li><strong>P<\/strong>ulse (heart rate)<\/li>\n<li><strong>G<\/strong>rimace (reflex)<\/li>\n<li><strong>A<\/strong>ctivity (muscle tone)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><strong>R<\/strong>espiration <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fs-id2131868\">Of the five Apgar criteria, heart rate and respiration are the most critical. Poor scores for either of these measurements may indicate the need for immediate medical attention to resuscitate or stabilize the newborn. In general, any score lower than 7 at the 5-minute mark indicates that medical assistance may be needed. A total score below 5 indicates an emergency. Normally, a newborn will get an intermediate score of 1 for some of the Apgar criteria and will progress to a 2 by the five-minute assessment. Scores of 8 or above are normal.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Did you know?<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><span class=\"tight\">The Apgar score was introduced in 1952 by Dr. Virginia Apgar to assess the effect of anesthesia on newborns and mothers in labor.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Practice Terms Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"h5p-124\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-124\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"124\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Terms not easily broken down into word parts\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Common Abbreviations for Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<p>Many terms and phrases related to obstetrics are abbreviated. Learn these common abbreviations by expanding the list below.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"h5p-125\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-125\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"125\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Abbreviations\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Medical Terms in Context<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-126\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-126\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"126\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Pathology Report\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Diseases and Disorders Related to Obstetrics<\/h2>\n<h3>Preeclampsia and Eclampsia<\/h3>\n<p>Preeclampsia and eclampsia refer to hypertensive disorders that occur during pregnancy among women without a history of high blood pressure. Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include blood pressure at or greater than 140\/90 mmHg at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_238\">edema<\/a>, and protein in the urine. Women with preeclampsia are at risk of preterm birth. If the condition is severe enough to cause seizures or a coma, it is referred to as eclampsia. If not treated, preeclampsia and eclampsia can be fatal (Office of Communications, n.d.).<\/p>\n<h3>Ectopic Pregnancy<\/h3>\n<p>An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Risk factors include older age, smoking, the use of an intrauterine device, in vitro fertilization, and prior pelvic infections, including chlamydia. Signs and symptoms include pain in the abdomen or shoulder, vaginal bleeding, and dizziness. Treatment may involve surgery or the use of medication to stop the growth of ectopic tissue (Mummert &amp; Gnugnoli, 2021; MedlinePlus, 2021a).<\/p>\n<h3>Miscarriage<\/h3>\n<p>Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion, refers to the loss of pregnancy before the 20th week. It is the most common form of pregnancy loss. Risk factors include older maternal age, a history of miscarriages, disorders of the uterus or cervix, and chronic diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Signs and symptoms include vaginal spotting, abdominal pain, and cramping. However, these symptoms can be confused with symptoms of an ectopic or normal pregnancy. Treatment is generally not required in women who miscarry early in their pregnancy. If tissue remains in the uterus after miscarriage, treatment includes the use of medication to aid expulsion or a surgical procedure called <strong>dilation and curettage (D&amp;C) <\/strong>(Dugas &amp; Slane, 2021; MedlinePlus, 2021b).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif\">Medical Procedures Related to Obstetrics<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">IVF, which stands for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_623\">in vitro fertilization<\/a>, is an assisted reproductive technology. In vitro, which in Latin translates to in glass, refers to a procedure that takes place outside of the body. There are many different indications for IVF. For example, a woman may produce normal eggs, but the eggs cannot reach the uterus because the uterine tubes are blocked or otherwise compromised. A man may have a low sperm count, low sperm motility, sperm with an unusually high percentage of morphological abnormalities, or sperm that are incapable of penetrating the zona pellucida of an egg. <\/span><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" href=\"#fig-ch29_01_02\">Figure 18.2<\/a><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> illustrates the steps involved in IVF.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2147698\" class=\"note anatomy homeostatic\">\n<div>\n<figure id=\"fig-ch29_01_02\">\n<figure style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/142\/2016\/03\/2902_IVF-02.jpg\" alt=\"Stages of IVF. Image description available.\" width=\"420\" height=\"2879\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a id=\"Figure18.2\" href=\"\"><\/a>Figure 18.2 IVF. In vitro fertilization involves egg collection from the ovaries, fertilization in a petri dish, and the transfer of embryos into the uterus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0.<\/a> <a href=\"#Figure18.2id\">[Image description.]<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h3 class=\"textbox__title\"><em>Did you know?<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span class=\"tight\">According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n.d.-a), 6% of married women aged 15 to 44 years in the U.S. experience infertility.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Prenatal Screening and Diagnostic Testing<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Approximately 3% of babies born in the United States are born with a congenital anomaly. The most common anomalies include structural heart defects, brain\/spine defects, cleft lip\/palate, or anomalies like Down syndrome. Prenatal testing may include blood work, ultrasound, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_624\">chorionic villus sampling<\/a> (CVS) and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_196_267\">amniocentesis<\/a> (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.-b, n.d.-c). <\/span><\/div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"note anatomy homeostatic\">\n<h2>Obstetrics Vocabulary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Abortion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Alpha-fetoprotein test<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is produced during fetal development. The AFP test is an analysis of the mother&#8217;s blood serum to determine whether the level of AFP denotes a risk of a birth defect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Amenorrhea<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Absence of menstruation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Amniocentesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Amniotomy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Incision into the amnion to induce labor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Apgar score<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A technique used to assess the general wellbeing of a newborn. The newborn is assessed one minute after birth and again five minutes after birth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Artificial insemination<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A process where the semen is introduced into the vagina by mechanical means.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Breech<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The position of the fetus is feet first. Ideally, the position of the fetus should be headfirst for a safer delivery.<\/p>\n<p><b>Cesarean<\/b><strong> section<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Delivery of the fetus through an abdominal incision.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cephalopelvic disproportion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A condition where the infant\u2019s head is larger than the mother&#8217;s pelvis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cerclage<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A suture inserted into the cervix to prevent dilation and prevention miscarriage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chorioamnionitis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Inflammation of the chorion and amnion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Choriocarcinoma<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A malignant, fast-growing tumor that develops from trophoblastic cells (cells that help an embryo attach to the uterus and help form the placenta).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chorionic villus sampling<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A procedure in which tissue from the placenta is tested for fetal chromosomal disorders.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Colostrum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A thick, yellowish substance secreted from a mother\u2019s breasts in the first postpartum days.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dilation and curettage (D&amp;C)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A procedure to scrape and remove tissue from the inner lining of the uterus. The cervix is dilated (made larger) and a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) is inserted into the uterus to remove tissue. The procedure is used to test tissue for signs of disease, after a miscarriage, or to treat certain conditions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dystocia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Slow or difficult labor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eclampsia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A very serious condition in pregnant women with hypertension; patients are at high risk of coma, convulsions, and even death.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ectopic pregnancy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Episiotomy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Incision made in the posterior vaginal wall and perineum that facilitates vaginal birth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fetal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pertaining to the fetus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gestation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The period required for embryonic and fetal development in utero; pregnancy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gestational diabetes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Diabetes mellitus that occurs during pregnancy but resolves by the end of pregnancy in women without a history of diabetes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gestational hypertension<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in pregnant women.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gravidity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The number of pregnancies, complete or incomplete, experienced by a woman.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hyperemesis gravidarum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Excessive vomiting during pregnancy. Hyperemesis can occur with any pregnant woman, even a woman who miscarried. Often these women may require hospitalization for fluid and electrolyte intake.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Induction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The process of bringing on or starting labor through artificial means.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In vitro fertilization\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A process where the ova is fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lactic acid<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A substance produced by the body, such as during strenuous exercise, that aids in various chemical processes in the body.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meconium<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fetal wastes consisting of ingested amniotic fluid, cellular debris, mucus, and bile.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Microcephaly<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A congenital abnormality where the head is small.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Midwifery<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Practice of assisting in childbirth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Natal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pertaining to being born or birth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neonatal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pertaining to the newborn&#8217;s first thirty days of life outside of the uterus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neonate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An infant during the first 28 days after birth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neonatologist<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Physician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neonatology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A subspecialty of pediatric medicine concerned with the newborn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Obstetrician<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A doctor who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy and childbirth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Obstetrics and gynecology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A branch of medicine that specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth and in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive organs; also called OB\/GYN.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oligohydramnios<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A condition of abnormally low amniotic fluid volume.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oocyte<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Immature egg cell.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Parturition<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Childbirth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Placenta abruptio<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Occurs when the placenta prematurely becomes detached from the uterine wall, resulting in uterine bleeding, fetal distress, or fetal death; also known as abruptio placenta.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Placenta previa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Low placement of fetus within the uterus, which causes the placenta to partially or completely cover the opening of the cervix as it grows.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Polyhydramnios<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A condition where there is excessive amniotic fluid in the placenta.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Postnatal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pertaining to after birth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Postpartum<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The period of approximately 6 weeks immediately following childbirth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Preeclampsia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The abnormal condition in pregnancy where the patient experiences hypertension, edema, and proteinuria.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Prenatal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Having to do with the time a female is pregnant, before birth occurs; also called antenatal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Primigravida<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>First pregnancy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pseudocyesis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>False pregnancy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Puerperal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pertaining to immediately after childbirth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Puerperium<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Time directly after childbirth (6 to 8 weeks after giving birth).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sperm<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Male gamete (spermatozoon).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stillbirth<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An infant who is born dead.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Teratogen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An agent capable of producing malformations in a developing embryo.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Teratology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A branch of embryology for the study of congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vaginal birth following a C-section<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zygote<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm; also called the fertilized egg.<\/p>\n<h2>Test Yourself<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-127\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-127\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"127\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Obstetrics: Test Yourself\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-a). <em>Infertility FAQs<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/infertility\/index.htm\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/infertility\/index.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-b). <em>Data &amp; statistics on birth defects<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/data.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/data.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.-c). <em>Diagnosis of birth defects<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/diagnosis.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/diagnosis.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CrashCourse. (2019, November 23). <em>Reproductive System, Part 4 &#8211; Pregnancy &amp; Development: Crash Course A&amp;P #43<\/em> [Video]. YouTube. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/BtsSbZ85yiQ<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Dugas, C., &amp; Slane, V. H. (2021). Miscarriage. In <em>StatPearls [Internet]<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532992\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532992\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>MedlinePlus. (2021a). <em>Ectopic pregnancy<\/em>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ectopicpregnancy.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ectopicpregnancy.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>MedlinePlus. (2021b). <em>Miscarriage<\/em>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/miscarriage.html\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/miscarriage.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Mummert, T., &amp; Gnugnoli, D. M. (2021). Ectopic pregnancy. In <em>StatPearls [Internet<\/em><em>]<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539860\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539860\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Office of Communications. (n.d.). <em>About preeclampsia and eclampsia<\/em>. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preeclampsia\/conditioninfo\">https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preeclampsia\/conditioninfo<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Image Descriptions<\/h2>\n<p><a id=\"Figure18.1id\" href=\"\"><\/a><strong>Figure 18.1 image description:<\/strong> This multi-part figure shows the different stages of childbirth. The top panel shows dilation of the cervix (undilated vs fully dilated), the middle panel shows birth (presentation of the head, rotation and delivery of anterior shoulder, delivery of posterior shoulder, delivery of lower body, and umbilical cord), and the bottom panel shows afterbirth delivery. <a href=\"#Figure18.1\">[Return to Figure 18.1].<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"Figure18.2id\" href=\"\"><\/a><strong>Figure 18.2 image description:<\/strong> This multi-part figure shows the different steps in in vitro fertilization. The top panel shows how the oocytes and the sperm are collected and prepared (text reads: 1a) eggs are collected after ovulation or directly from the follicles. Sperm is collected and concentrated. 1b) Sperm sample is collected and concentrated by removing seminal fluid). The next panel shows the sperm and oocytes being mixed in a petri dish (text labels read: 2) both the collected eggs and the sperm sample are mixed in a petri dish, allowing fertilization to occur). The panel below shows the fertilized zygote being prepared for implantation (text labels read: 3a) the fertilized zygote is then removed from the petri dish for implantation. 3b) fertilized zygote). The last panel shows the fertilized zygote being implanted into the uterus (text label reads: 4) The zygote is then surgically implanted into the endometrium of the uterus. After successful implantation, the zygote should develop normally, as if it had been fertilized in the female&#8217;s oviducts). <a href=\"#Figure18.2\">[Return to Figure 18.2].<\/a><\/p>\n<section>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Unless otherwise indicated, this chapter contains material adapted from <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\"><em>Anatomy and Physiology<\/em><\/a> (on <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\">OpenStax<\/a>), by Betts et al. and is used under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY 4.0 international license<\/a>. Download and access this book for free at <a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/1-introduction<\/a>.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_196_564\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_564\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Male gamete (spermatozoon) (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_567\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_567\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Immature egg cell (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_621\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_621\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A single cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm; also called the fertilized egg (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_238\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_238\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Swelling due to excessive liquid in the tissues (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_623\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_623\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A process where the ova is fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_624\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_624\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A procedure in which tissue from the placenta is tested for fetal chromosomal disorders (Betts et al., 2013)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_196_267\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_196_267\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A procedure for obtaining amniotic fluid (National Library of Medicine, 2021)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":32,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-196","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1511,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/196\/revisions\/1511"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/196\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=196"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=196"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/acchpr1040\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}