{"id":212,"date":"2021-11-02T20:56:24","date_gmt":"2021-11-02T20:56:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/chapter\/chapter-ten-children-with-special-health-care-needs\/"},"modified":"2023-10-20T20:25:02","modified_gmt":"2023-10-20T20:25:02","slug":"chapter-ten-children-with-special-health-care-needs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/chapter\/chapter-ten-children-with-special-health-care-needs\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter Ten: Children with Special Health Care Needs","rendered":"Chapter Ten: Children with Special Health Care Needs"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Learning Objectives<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Relate family-centered care and individualized planning and care.<\/li>\n \t<li>Explain what individualized health planning is and who it is appropriate for.<\/li>\n \t<li>Describe some chronic health conditions that children in early care and education programs may have.<\/li>\n \t<li>Discuss what inclusion is and why it is beneficial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\nChildren with special health care needs are defined as \u201c. . . those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally\u201d (McPherson, 1998).\n\nAny child who meets these criteria in an early care and education setting should have an up-to-date care plan, completed by their primary health care provider with input from parents\/guardians, included in their on-site health record and readily accessible to those caring for the child.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\n<h2>Individualized Planning for Health<\/h2>\nWhat does it take to care for children with chronic conditions in an early care and education program? There's no single recipe for all situations. What it takes\u2014more than any policy, list of services, or staffing plan\u2014is a commitment to communication, collaboration, and creative problem-solving, and a determination to make it work. The essential principles that should guide the care of children with chronic conditions in early childhood education are: care should be family-centered, individualized, safe, and legal.\n<h4>Family-Centered Care<\/h4>\nOver the last 15 years, children's health care and the relationship between families and health professionals have changed significantly. The role of parents\/caregivers has shifted from being patients to partners with the health care provider; and the \"good patient\" has changed from unquestioningly following advice to being a good partner\u00a0who actively participates in decisions and advocates for services for their child.\n\n\"Family-centered care\" involves providing the family health care and other services based on the family's needs, priorities, and convenience rather than those of the service providers or the child alone. Family-centered services are evidence of a program\u2019s commitment to family partnerships and supporting child and family development.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-194\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"Parents, teacher and child sitting on the floor watching the child play\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\"> 10.1 \u2013 Family centered care relies on respect and collaboration. [2][\/caption]Services are family-centered when:\n<ul>\n \t<li>The family is recognized as the child's most constant and important caregiver.<\/li>\n \t<li>The family and professionals collaborate as partners.<\/li>\n \t<li>Communication is open and honest, in both directions, between the family and professionals.<\/li>\n \t<li>Individual strengths and differences are respected among families.<\/li>\n \t<li>Services are flexible and responsive to the family's needs.<\/li>\n \t<li>Family-to-family support is encouraged.<\/li>\n \t<li>Children with chronic conditions and their families are treated like other children and families, and not defined by their condition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Individualizing Care<\/h4>\nIndividualizing means recognizing the characteristics that make each child unique and planning a program that responds to these differences. Individualizing allows families and staff to respond to each child's built-in time clock for development, as well as culture, family, home language, life experiences, strengths, needs, skills, and abilities.\n\nEarly care and education programs can best meet the needs of children with chronic conditions by following a systematic process of Individualized Health Planning. For children who are eligible for an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), the IEP or IFSP may or may not include planning for the child's health care needs. In addition, many children with special health needs who are not eligible for an IEP or IFSP would, in fact, benefit from individualized health planning.\n\nIndividualized health planning for children with chronic conditions involves close communication and collaboration among families, the early care and education program staff, and health care and service providers. It is a process of collecting all the necessary information from screening and evaluations, developing plans for the child's routine and emergency care, conducting ongoing assessment, and revising the plans as needed. The plan should be documented in writing to serve as a clear guide for staff, families, and health care providers on meeting the child's health needs.\n<h6>Who Should Have an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\nChildren who would benefit from an Individualized Health Plan include any child who:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Requires adaptations in daily activities because of a medical condition; daily activities to be considered include feeding, playing, sleeping, toileting<\/li>\n \t<li>Needs medication regularly<\/li>\n \t<li>Requires a specialized emergency plan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe decision to develop an Individualized Health Plan for a child should be made collaboratively by the family, health specialists, and classroom teacher.\n<h6>What are the Benefits of an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Health Promotion and Prevention of Complications:\u00a0Children with chronic conditions remain healthiest when all possible measures are taken to promote their general health and manage the chronic condition closely.<\/li>\n \t<li>Communication and Collaboration:\u00a0Optimal health care for children with chronic conditions requires close communication and coordination among families, Head Start, and health care providers.<\/li>\n \t<li>Training and Skills:\u00a0An Individualized Health Plan identifies the specific procedures needed to care for a child with chronic conditions.<\/li>\n \t<li>Confidence:\u00a0 With an Individualized Health Plan, families and program staff can feel confident that they are doing everything possible to keep the child healthy on a routine and daily basis. Also, if health problems or emergencies occur, they can feel confident that they are prepared to manage them in the best way possible. Children with special medical needs feel more secure and able to learn when their caregivers know what to do.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-195\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Six adults sitting at a table to discuss the health care needs of a child with special needs\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\"> Figure 10.2 \u2013 Families, health care and service providers, and early care and education programs can work together to make sure children with special health needs get the care they need. [3][\/caption]\n<h6>What should be Included in an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\nCaring for children with chronic conditions is a serious responsibility. Staff are commonly concerned about meeting the child's daily care needs: \"How can I be sure to give him his medicine at the right time? Do we have enough staff to do his tracheostomy care while also supervising the other children? Will I have all his asthma supplies on the field trip?\" Staff are also commonly concerned about emergencies: \"What if I give her the wrong amount of medicine? What if she stops breathing? What if I can't reach her father on the phone?\" The Individualized Health Plan should include the information necessary to respond to the most likely \"what-ifs.\"\n\nMany people are afraid to care for children with chronic conditions. It can raise anxieties to discuss and plan for the \"what-if\" situations. It is important to remember\u00a0that anticipating and planning for a situation doesn't make it happen; it just allows you to be prepared if it does.\n\nAt minimum, an Individualized Health Plan should be a guide to:\n<ul>\n \t<li>What accommodations in daily programming are needed, including meals and snacks, playing, sleeping, and toileting<\/li>\n \t<li>When and how to give medication, and who may give it<\/li>\n \t<li>When and how to perform any required medical procedures, and who may perform them<\/li>\n \t<li>What procedures to follow in the event of a medical emergency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe Individualized Health Plan should be developed with the participation of families, medical professionals, classroom staff, and any other program that may be involved in providing care. All parties should sign the form as an indication of agreement with and commitment to plan.<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> See the example of a health plan in Appendix M.\n<h2>Who are Children with Special Needs?<\/h2>\nAccording to Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health and shown in Figure 10.3, in 2017 over 20% of children 0-5 years, and over 40% of children 6-11 years, have one or more of the following current or lifelong health conditions:\n<ul>\n \t<li>allergies (food, drug, insect or other)<\/li>\n \t<li>arthritis<\/li>\n \t<li>asthma<\/li>\n \t<li>blood disorders (such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or hemophilia)<\/li>\n \t<li>brain injury\/concussion\/head injury<\/li>\n \t<li>cerebral palsy<\/li>\n \t<li>cystic fibrosis<\/li>\n \t<li>diabetes<\/li>\n \t<li>Down Syndrome<\/li>\n \t<li>epilepsy or seizure disorder<\/li>\n \t<li>genetic or inherited condition<\/li>\n \t<li>heart condition<\/li>\n \t<li>frequent or severe headaches including migraine (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>Tourette Syndrome (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>anxiety problems (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>depression (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>behavioral and conduct problem (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>substance use disorder (6-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>developmental delay (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>intellectual disability (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>speech or other language disorder (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>learning disability (also known as mental retardation) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>other mental health condition (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD or ADHD) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n \t<li>hearing problems<\/li>\n \t<li>vision problems.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"size-large wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-1024x576.png\" alt=\"7% of children under 5 have 2 or more health conditions, 14.5% have one health condition and 78.5% have no current health conditions.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\"> Figure 10.3 \u2013 Prevalence of current or lifelong health conditions in children 0-17 years in U.S. [6][\/caption]\n<h2>Introduction to Chronic Health Conditions<\/h2>\nAlthough no summary in a textbook will replace the knowledge families and their health care and service providers can provide about a child who has a chronic health condition, it can be helpful to have some familiarity with different conditions. Here is some introductory information on some of the chronic health conditions children in early care and education programs may have.\n<h3>Allergies<\/h3>\nAn allergy is a reaction by the immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are\n<ul>\n \t<li>Pollen<\/li>\n \t<li>Dust mites<\/li>\n \t<li>Mold spores<\/li>\n \t<li>Pet dander<\/li>\n \t<li>Food<\/li>\n \t<li>Insect stings<\/li>\n \t<li>Medicines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nNormally, the immune system fights germs. It is the body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm. Genes and the environment probably both play a role.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"259\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-197\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.4.jpg\" alt=\"Young boy laying his head down on a table.\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\"> Figure 10.4 \u2013 This child suffers from allergies. [7][\/caption]Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching,\u00a0rashes, swelling, or\u00a0asthma. Allergies can range from minor to severe.\u00a0Anaphylaxis\u00a0is a severe reaction that can be life-threatening. Doctors use skin and blood tests to diagnose allergies. Treatments include medicines, allergy shots, and avoiding the substances that cause the reactions.<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n<strong>Anaphylaxis<\/strong>\n\nAnaphylaxis is a serious\u00a0allergic reaction. It can begin very quickly, and symptoms may be life-threatening. The most common causes are reactions to\u00a0foods\u00a0(especially peanuts),\u00a0medications, and\u00a0stinging insects. Other causes include exercise and\u00a0exposure to latex. Sometimes no cause can be found.\n\nIt can affect many organs:\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skin - itching, hives, redness, swelling<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nose - sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mouth - itching, swelling of the lips or tongue<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Throat - itching, tightness, trouble swallowing, swelling of the back of the throat<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chest - shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest pain or tightness<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Heart - weak pulse, passing out, shock<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gastrointestinal tract - vomiting, diarrhea, cramps<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nervous system - dizziness or fainting<\/p>\nIf child is having a serious allergic reaction, 911 should be called. If an auto-injector is available, give the injection right away.<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Arthritis<\/h4>\nArthritis in children is called childhood arthritis or juvenile arthritis. The most common type of childhood arthritis is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.\n\nChildhood arthritis can cause permanent physical damage to joints. This damage can make it hard for the child to do everyday things like walking or dressing and can result in disability.\n\nSymptoms may come and go over time. There may be times when symptoms get worse, known as flares, and times when symptoms get better, known as remission. Signs and symptoms include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Joint pain.<\/li>\n \t<li>Swelling.<\/li>\n \t<li>Fever.<\/li>\n \t<li>Stiffness.<\/li>\n \t<li>Rash.<\/li>\n \t<li>Fatigue (tiredness).<\/li>\n \t<li>Loss of appetite.<\/li>\n \t<li>Inflammation of the eye.<\/li>\n \t<li>Difficulty with daily living activities such as walking, dressing, and playing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe exact cause of childhood arthritis is unknown. In childhood arthritis, the immune system may not work right which causes the inflammation in the joints and other body systems. Although there is no cure, some children with arthritis achieve permanent remission, which means the disease is no longer active. Any physical damage to the joint will remain.<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\n<h4>Asthma<\/h4>\nAsthma is a disease that affects the lungs. In the United States, about 20 million people have\u00a0asthma. Nearly 9 million of them are children. Children have smaller airways than adults, which makes asthma especially serious for them.<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0It causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing at night or early in the morning. If a person has asthma, they have it all the time, but they will have asthma attacks only when something bothers their lungs.\n\nAn asthma attack may include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. The attack happens in the body\u2019s airways, which are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the air moves through the lungs, the airways become smaller, like the branches of a tree are smaller than the tree trunk. During an asthma attack, the sides of the airways in the lungs swell and the airways shrink. Less air gets in and out of the lungs, and mucous that the body makes clogs up the airways.\n\nAn asthma attack can happen when the person is exposed to asthma triggers. Your asthma triggers can be very different from someone else\u2019s asthma triggers. It\u2019s important for teacher to know about the triggers for any child in their care that has asthma, so they can help the child avoid them and watch for an attack when you can\u2019t. <a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0 Triggers include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Allergens - mold, pollen, animals<\/li>\n \t<li>Irritants - cigarette smoke, air pollution<\/li>\n \t<li>Weather - cold air, changes in weather<\/li>\n \t<li>Exercise<\/li>\n \t<li>Infections - flu, common cold<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nAsthma is treated with medication. There are quick-relief and long-term medications. Some are taken orally and some may be breathed it. It\u2019s important to have accurate information in the health plan and in the child\u2019s records about a child with asthma\u2019s medication.<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-198\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A child using an inhaler to control asthma. \" width=\"300\" height=\"200\"> Figure 10.5 \u2013 A child using an inhaler to control asthma. [15][\/caption]\n<h4>Blood Disorders<\/h4>\nThere are several blood disorders that children in early care and education programs may have. Here is an introduction to hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.\n<h6>Hemophilia<\/h6>\nHemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spontaneous bleeding as well as bleeding following injuries or surgery.\u00a0Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that can help to stop bleeding. People with hemophilia have low levels of either factor VIII (8) or factor IX (9). The severity of hemophilia that a person has is determined by the amount of factor in the blood. The lower the amount of the factor, the more likely it is that bleeding will occur which can lead to serious health problems.\n\nHemophilia is caused by a\u00a0mutation\u00a0or change, in one of the genes, that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins needed to form a blood clot. This change or mutation can prevent the clotting protein from working properly or to be missing altogether. Hemophilia occurs in about 1 of every 5,000 male births. Females can also have hemophilia, but this is much rarer (and more often they are carriers). Hemophilia affects people from all racial and ethnic groups.\n\nThe best way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is done by infusing (administering through a vein) commercially prepared factor concentrates.<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u00a0Hemophilia is a complex disorder. Good quality medical care from doctors and nurses who know a lot about the disorder can help people with hemophilia prevent some serious problems.<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>\n<h6>Sickle Cell Disease<\/h6>\nSCD is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Healthy red blood cells are round, and they move through small blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. In someone who has SCD, the red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a \u201csickle\u201d. The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells. Also, when they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the blood flow. This can cause pain and other serious problems such infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-199\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-300x300.png\" alt=\"Healthy red blood cells are round\/oval and sickle cells are sickle shaped (like a C)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\"> Figure 10.6 \u2013 Normal vs. sickle cell anemia blood cells. [18][\/caption]SCD is a genetic condition that is present at birth. It is inherited when a child receives two sickle cell genes\u2014one from each parent. People with SCD start to have signs of the disease during the first year of life, usually around 5 months of age. Symptoms and complications of SCD are different for each person and can range from mild to severe.\n\nThere is no single best treatment for all people with SCD. Treatment options are different for each person depending on the symptoms. The only cure for SCD is bone marrow or stem cell transplant.<a href=\"#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>\n<h6>Thalassemia<\/h6>\nThalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn\u2019t make enough of a protein called hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells. When there isn\u2019t enough hemoglobin, the body\u2019s red blood cells don\u2019t function properly and they last shorter periods of time, so there are fewer healthy red blood cells traveling in the bloodstream.\n\nRed blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells of the body. Oxygen is a sort of food that cells use to function. When there are not enough healthy red blood cells, there is also not enough oxygen delivered to all the other cells of the body, which may cause a person to feel tired, weak or short of breath. This is a condition called anemia.\n\nPeople with thalassemia may have mild or severe anemia. Severe anemia can damage organs and lead to death. People with moderate and severe forms of thalassemia usually find out about their condition in childhood, since they have symptoms of severe anemia early in life.<a href=\"#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Symptoms of anemia include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Dizziness<\/li>\n \t<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n \t<li>A fast heart beat<\/li>\n \t<li>Headache<\/li>\n \t<li>Leg cramps<\/li>\n \t<li>Difficulty concentrating<\/li>\n \t<li>Pale skin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\nThe type of treatment a person receives depends on how severe the thalassemia is. The more severe the thalassemia, the less hemoglobin the body has, and the more severe the anemia may be. One way to treat anemia is to provide the body with more red blood cells to carry oxygen. This can be done through a blood transfusion, a safe, common procedure in which the person receives blood through a small plastic tube inserted into one of their blood vessels.<a href=\"#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\n<h4>Cerebral Palsy<\/h4>\nCerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person\u2019s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood.\u00a0<em>Cerebral<\/em>\u00a0means having to do with the brain.\u00a0<em>Palsy<\/em>\u00a0means weakness or problems with using the muscles. CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person\u2019s ability to control his or her muscles.\n\nThe symptoms of CP vary from person to person. A child with severe CP might need to use special equipment to be able to walk, or might not be able to walk at all and might need lifelong care. A child with mild CP, on the other hand, might walk a little awkwardly, but might not need any special help. CP does not get worse over time, though the exact symptoms can change over a person\u2019s lifetime.\n\nAll people with CP have problems with movement and posture. Many also have related conditions such as\u00a0intellectual disability; seizures; problems with\u00a0vision, hearing, or speech; changes in the spine (such as\u00a0scoliosis); or joint problems (such as\u00a0contractures).\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-200\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Three children and a teacher in a classroom, one child is lying on a mat.\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\"> Figure 10.7 \u2013 Children with cerebral palsy can be part of early care and education programs. [22][\/caption]Doctors classify CP according to the main type of movement disorder involved. Depending on which areas of the brain are affected, one or more of the following movement disorders can occur:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Stiff muscles (spasticity)<\/li>\n \t<li>Uncontrollable movements (dyskinesia)<\/li>\n \t<li>Poor balance and coordination (ataxia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThere is no cure for CP, but treatment can improve the lives of those who have the condition. It is important to begin a treatment program as early as possible.\n\nAfter a CP diagnosis is made, a team of health professionals works with the child and family to develop a plan to help the child reach his or her full potential. Common treatments include medicines; surgery; braces; and physical, occupational, and speech therapy. No single treatment is the best one for all children with CP.<a href=\"#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>\n<h4>Cystic Fibrosis<\/h4>\nCystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands. It affects mostly the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. CF causes mucus to be thick and sticky. The mucus clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow. This can lead to repeated lung infections and lung damage.<a href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-201\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl holding a breathing mask on her mouth and nose\" width=\"300\" height=\"227\"> Figure 10.8 \u2013 Cystic fibrosis treatment. [25][\/caption]The symptoms and severity of CF can vary. Some people have serious problems from birth. Others have a milder version of the disease that doesn't show up until they are teens or young adults.\n\nCF is diagnosed through various tests, such as gene, blood, and sweat tests. There is no cure for CF, but treatments have improved greatly in recent years. In the past, most deaths from CF were in children and teenagers. Today, with improved treatments, some people who have CF are living into their forties, fifties, or older. Treatments may include chest physical therapy, nutritional and\u00a0respiratory therapies, medicines, and exercise.<a href=\"#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>\n<h4>Diabetes<\/h4>\nUntil recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was\u00a0type 1. It was called juvenile diabetes. With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose, or sugar, get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much\u00a0sugar\u00a0stays in the blood.\n\nNow younger people are also getting\u00a0type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But now it is becoming more common in children and teens, due to more\u00a0obesity. With Type 2 diabetes, the body does not make or use insulin well.\n\nChildren have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active. Children who are African American, Hispanic, Native American\/Alaska Native, Asian American, or Pacific Islander also have a higher risk. To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children\n<ul>\n \t<li>Have them maintain a healthy weight<\/li>\n \t<li>Be sure they are physically active<\/li>\n \t<li>Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods<\/li>\n \t<li>Limit time with the TV, computer, and video<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nChildren and teens with type 1 diabetes may need to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and\u00a0exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral\u00a0diabetes medicines\u00a0or insulin.<a href=\"#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-202\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9.png\" alt=\"Insulin can be delivered with a syringe, pen, jet injector or insulin pump\" width=\"800\" height=\"267\"> Figure 10.9 \u2013 Insulin can be delivered via different methods. [28][\/caption]When a child in an early care and education program has type 1 diabetes, staff will be involved in diabetes care on a day-to-day basis, from serving healthy foods to giving insulin injections to watching for and treating hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). <a href=\"#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Hypoglycemia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nHypoglycemia\u00a0(low blood sugar) can happen quickly and needs to be\u00a0treated\u00a0immediately. It\u2019s most often caused by too much insulin, waiting too long for a meal or snack, not eating enough, or getting extra physical activity. Hypoglycemia symptoms are different from person to person; make sure you know your specific symptoms, which could include:\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shakiness\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nervousness or anxiety\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sweating, chills, or clamminess\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Irritability or impatience\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dizziness and difficulty concentrating\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hunger or nausea\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Blurred vision\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Weakness or fatigue\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anger, stubbornness, or sadness<a href=\"#_ftn30\">[30]<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.26562em\">Down Syndrome<\/span><\/h4>\nDown syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small \u201cpackages\u201d of genes in the body. They determine how a baby\u2019s body forms during pregnancy and how the baby\u2019s body functions as it grows in the womb and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is \u2018trisomy.\u2019 Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby\u2019s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.\n\nEven though people with Down syndrome might act and look similar, each person has different abilities. People with Down syndrome usually have an IQ (a measure of intelligence) in the mildly-to-moderately low range and are slower to speak than other children.\n\nSome common physical features of Down syndrome include:\n<ul>\n \t<li>A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose<\/li>\n \t<li>Almond-shaped eyes that slant up<\/li>\n \t<li>A short neck<\/li>\n \t<li>Small ears<\/li>\n \t<li>A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth<\/li>\n \t<li>Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye<\/li>\n \t<li>Small hands and feet<\/li>\n \t<li>A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease)<\/li>\n \t<li>Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb<\/li>\n \t<li>Poor muscle tone or loose joints<\/li>\n \t<li>Shorter in height as children and adults<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nMany people with Down syndrome have the common facial features and no other major birth defects. However, some people with Down syndrome might have one or more major birth defects or other medical problems. Some of the more common health problems among children with Down syndrome are listed below.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Hearing loss<\/li>\n \t<li>Obstructive sleep apnea, which is a condition where the person\u2019s breathing temporarily stops while asleep<\/li>\n \t<li>Ear infections<\/li>\n \t<li>Eye diseases<\/li>\n \t<li>Heart defects\u00a0present at birth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"268\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-203\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.10.jpg\" alt=\"Two children, one with Down syndrome, cutting paper for an art project. \" width=\"268\" height=\"294\"> Figure 10.10 \u2013 Two children, one with Down syndrome, working on an art project. [31][\/caption]Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. Services early in life will often help babies and children with Down syndrome to improve their physical and intellectual abilities. Most of these services focus on helping children with Down syndrome develop to their full potential. These services include speech, occupational, and physical therapy, and they are typically offered through early intervention programs in each state. Children with Down syndrome may also need extra help or attention in early care and education programs and school, although many children are included in classrooms with children that do not have special needs.<a href=\"#_ftn32\">[32]<\/a>\n<h4>Epilepsy (Seizure disorders)<\/h4>\nEpilepsy is a broad term used for a brain disorder that causes seizures. There are many different types of epilepsy. There are also different kinds of seizures.<a href=\"#_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> A\u00a0seizure\u00a0is a short change in normal brain activity. Seizures are the main sign of epilepsy. Some seizures can look like staring spells. Other seizures cause a person to fall, shake, and lose awareness of what\u2019s going on around them. <a href=\"#_ftn34\">[34]<\/a>\n\nMost seizures end in a few minutes. If a child has a seizure the teacher should:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Stay with the child until the seizure ends and he or she is fully awake. Once they are alert and able to communicate, tell them what happened in very simple terms.<\/li>\n \t<li>Comfort the person and speak calmly.<\/li>\n \t<li>Keep yourself and other people calm.<\/li>\n \t<li>Follow the directions in the Health Care Plan (which likely will include calling the family)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTeacher should never do any of the following things:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Do\u00a0nothold the child down or try to stop their movements.<\/li>\n \t<li>Do\u00a0notput anything in the child\u2019s mouth. This can injure teeth or the jaw. A person having a seizure cannot swallow his or her tongue.<\/li>\n \t<li>Do\u00a0nottry to give mouth-to-mouth breaths (like CPR). People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure.<\/li>\n \t<li>Do\u00a0notoffer the person water or food until he or she is fully alert.<a href=\"#_ftn35\">[35]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-204\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl sitting on the floor with an adult and a toy car\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\"> Figure 10.11 \u2013 This girl has Dravet syndrome, a rare form of epilepsy. [36][\/caption]Nationwide, about 470,000 children have epilepsy. For many children, epilepsy is easily controlled with medicine. These children can do what other kids can do, and perform as well in school. For others, it can be more challenging.<a href=\"#_ftn37\">[37]<\/a>\n<h4>Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)<\/h4>\nADHD is one of the most common\u00a0neurodevelopmenta<em>l<\/em>\u00a0disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.\n\nIt is normal for children to have trouble focusing and behaving at one time or another. However, children with ADHD do not just grow out of these behaviors. The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends.\n\nA child with ADHD might:\n<ul>\n \t<li>daydream a lot<\/li>\n \t<li>forget or lose things a lot<\/li>\n \t<li>squirm or fidget<\/li>\n \t<li>talk too much<\/li>\n \t<li>make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks<\/li>\n \t<li>have a hard time resisting temptation<\/li>\n \t<li>have trouble taking turns<\/li>\n \t<li>have difficulty getting along with others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-205\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-300x212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\"> Figure 10.12 \u2013 Brain scans of showing difference in brain activity in children with and without ADHD. [38][\/caption]&nbsp;\n\nThere are three different types of ADHD, depending on which types of symptoms are strongest in the individual. Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.\n\n<strong>Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0It is hard for the individual to organize or finish a task, to pay attention to details, or to follow instructions or conversations. The person is easily distracted or forgets details of daily routines.\n\n<strong>Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0The person fidgets and talks a lot. It is hard to sit still for long (e.g., for a meal or while doing homework). Smaller children may run, jump or climb constantly. The individual feels restless and has trouble with impulsivity. Someone who is impulsive may interrupt others a lot, grab things from people, or speak at inappropriate times. It is hard for the person to wait their turn or listen to directions. A person with impulsiveness may have more accidents and injuries than others.\n\n<strong>Combined Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0Symptoms of the above two types are equally present in the person.\n\nThe cause(s) and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that genetics plays an important role. Recent studies of twins link genes with ADHD. In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors including:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Brain injury<\/li>\n \t<li>Exposure to environmental (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age<\/li>\n \t<li>Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy<\/li>\n \t<li>Premature delivery<\/li>\n \t<li>Low birth weight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nResearch does not support the popularly held views that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, watching too much television, parenting, or social and environmental factors such as poverty or family chaos.\n\nFor preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried. What works best can depend on the child and family. Good treatment plans will include close monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.<a href=\"#_ftn39\">[39]<\/a>\n<h4>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)<\/h4>\nAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a\u00a0developmental disability\u00a0that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. There is often nothing about how people with ASD look that sets them apart from other people, but people with ASD may communicate, interact, behave, and learn in ways that are different from most other people. A diagnosis of ASD now includes several conditions that used to be diagnosed separately: autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger syndrome. These conditions are now all called autism spectrum disorder.\n\nThe learning, thinking, and problem-solving abilities of people with ASD can range from gifted to severely challenged. Some people with ASD need a lot of help in their daily lives; others need less. People with ASD might repeat certain behaviors and might not want change in their daily activities. Many people with ASD also have different ways of learning, paying attention, or reacting to things. Signs of ASD begin during early childhood and typically last throughout a person\u2019s life.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-206 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Two boys in a backyard, one with autism is holding a small basketball\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\"> Figure 10.13 \u2013 This three-year-old boy was diagnosed with ASD. [40][\/caption]Children or adults with ASD might:\n<ul>\n \t<li>not point at objects to show interest (for example, not point at an airplane flying over)<\/li>\n \t<li>not look at objects when another person points at them<\/li>\n \t<li>have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all<\/li>\n \t<li>avoid eye contact and want to be alone<\/li>\n \t<li>have trouble understanding other people\u2019s feelings or talking about their own feelings<\/li>\n \t<li>prefer not to be held or cuddled, or might cuddle only when they want to<\/li>\n \t<li>appear to be unaware when people talk to them, but respond to other sounds<\/li>\n \t<li>be very interested in people, but not know how to talk, play, or relate to them<\/li>\n \t<li>repeat or echo words or phrases said to them, or repeat words or phrases in place of normal language<\/li>\n \t<li>have trouble expressing their needs using typical words or motions<\/li>\n \t<li>not play \u201cpretend\u201d games (for example, not pretend to \u201cfeed\u201d a doll)<\/li>\n \t<li>repeat actions over and over again<\/li>\n \t<li>have trouble adapting when a routine changes<\/li>\n \t<li>have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound<\/li>\n \t<li>lose skills they once had (for example, stop saying words they were using)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWe do not know all of the causes of ASD. However, we have learned that there are likely many causes for multiple types of ASD. There may be many different factors that make a child more likely to have an ASD, including environmental, biologic and genetic factors. ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but is about 4 times more common among boys than among girls.\n\nResearch shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child\u2019s development.\u00a0Services can help the child meet developmental milestones and interact with others.\u00a0There is no cure for ASD.<a href=\"#_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> But not everyone believes that autism is a condition or disorder or that it needs to be cured.\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Neurodiversity<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u201cNeurodiversity is a concept that\u2019s been around for a while. In a nutshell, it means that brain differences are just that: differences. So conditions like\u00a0ADHD and [ASD]\u00a0aren\u2019t \u201cabnormal.\u201d They\u2019re simply variations of the human brain.\n\nFor kids with learning and thinking differences, the idea of neurodiversity has real benefits. It can help kids (and their parents) frame their challenges as differences, rather than as deficits. It can also shed light on instructional approaches that might help to highlight particular\u00a0strengths kids have.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn42\">[42]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.26562em\">Hearing Problems<\/span><\/h4>\nHearing loss can happen when any part of the ear is not working in the usual way. This includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, hearing (acoustic) nerve, and\u00a0auditory system.\n<ul>\n \t<li>The outer ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>the part we see on the sides of our heads, known as pinna<\/li>\n \t<li>the ear canal<\/li>\n \t<li>the eardrum, sometimes called the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer and middle ear<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li>The middle ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>the eardrum<\/li>\n \t<li>three small bones called ossicles that send the movement of the eardrum to the inner ear<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li>The inner ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>the snail shaped organ for hearing known as the cochlea<\/li>\n \t<li>the semicircular canals that help with balance<\/li>\n \t<li>the nerves that go to the brain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li>The auditory (ear) nerve sends sound information from the ear to the brain.<\/li>\n \t<li>The auditory (hearing) system processes sound information as it travels from the ear to the brain so that our brain pathways are part of our hearing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-207\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-300x163.png\" alt=\"Diagram of the ear; outer, middle, and inner\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\"> Figure 10.14 \u2013 The outer, middle, and inner ear. [43][\/caption]There are four types of hearing loss:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Conductive Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by something that stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated with medicine or surgery.<\/li>\n \t<li>Sensorineural Hearing Loss : Hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works.<\/li>\n \t<li>Mixed Hearing Loss: Hearing loss that includes both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss.<\/li>\n \t<li>Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: Hearing loss that occurs when sound enters the ear normally, but because of damage to the inner ear or the hearing nerve, sound isn\u2019t organized in a way that the brain can understand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe degree of hearing loss can range from mild to profound:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Mild Hearing Loss: A person with a mild hearing loss may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard to hear.<\/li>\n \t<li>Moderate Hearing Loss: A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level.<\/li>\n \t<li>Severe Hearing Loss: A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds.<\/li>\n \t<li>Profound Hearing Loss: A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds. <a href=\"#_ftn44\">[44]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHearing loss can happen any time during life \u2013 from before birth to adulthood. Following are some of the things that can increase the chance that a child will have hearing loss:\n<ul>\n \t<li>A genetic cause: About 1 out of 2 cases of hearing loss in babies is due to genetic causes.<\/li>\n \t<li>1 out of 4 cases of hearing loss in babies is due to maternal infections during pregnancy, complications after birth, and head trauma.<\/li>\n \t<li>For about 1 out of 4 babies born with hearing loss, the cause is unknown.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\nHearing loss can affect a child\u2019s ability to develop speech, language, and social skills. The earlier children with hearing loss start getting services, the more likely they are to reach their full potential.<a href=\"#_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> Screening for hearing loss was covered in Chapter 7.\n<h2>Vision Problems<\/h2>\nIn the United States, the most prevalent disabling childhood conditions are vision disorders including amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive errors. Early detection increases the likelihood of effective treatment; however, less than 15% of all preschool children receive an eye exam, and less than 22% of preschool children receive some type of vision screening. <a href=\"#_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> Vision screening was also addressed in Chapter 7.\n<h4>Amblyopia<\/h4>\nAmblyopia, also referred to as \u201clazy eye,\u201d is the most common cause of vision impairment in children. Amblyopia is the medical term used when the vision in one of the eyes is reduced because the eye and the brain are not working together properly. The eye itself looks normal, but it is not being used normally because the brain is favoring the other eye. Conditions leading to amblyopia include strabismus, an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes, being more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely, other eye conditions, such as cataracts.\n\nUnless it is successfully treated in early childhood amblyopia usually persists into adulthood, and is the most common cause of permanent one-eye vision impairment among children and young and middle-aged adults. An estimated 2%\u20133% of the population suffer from amblyopia.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-208\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Little girl with glasses and a patch over her right eye\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"> Figure 10.15 \u2013 Patching the dominant eye is one way of treating amblyopia. [47][\/caption]\n<h4>Strabismus<\/h4>\nStrabismus involves an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes. Strabismus can cause the eyes to cross in (esotropia) or turn out (exotropia). Strabismus is caused by a lack of coordination between the eyes. As a result, the eyes look in different directions and do not focus simultaneously on a single point. In most cases of strabismus in children, the cause is unknown. In more than half of these cases, the problem is present at or shortly after birth (congenital strabismus). When the two eyes fail to focus on the same image, there is reduced or absent depth perception and the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, causing permanent vision loss in that eye (one type of amblyopia).\n<h4>Refractive Errors<\/h4>\nRefractive errors in children include myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism (distorted vision at all distances), can be corrected by eyeglasses, contact lenses, or in some cases surgery.<a href=\"#_ftn48\">[48]<\/a>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-209\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Two young boys sitting at a table. One boy is wearing glasses\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\"> Figure 10.16 \u2013 Children with refractive errors may wear glasses. [49][\/caption]\n<h4>Other Eye Diseases<\/h4>\nOther eye diseases affecting this age group include retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), congenital defects, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and cancers such as retinoblastoma.<a href=\"#_ftn50\">[50]<\/a>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Pause to Reflect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5%\"><img class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-89\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/P2R-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.5%\">Do you have experiences with any of the special needs discussed in this section? How does this affect how you feel about that particular need?\n\nDid you find yourself feeling more concerned about potentially caring for a child with any of these? If so, why? What can you do to address those concerns?\n\n&nbsp;\n\nAre there any you feel more comfortable and\/or qualified to handle? Why or why not?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.42425em;font-style: italic\">Children with Special Needs<\/span><\/h2>\nChildren in early care and education programs may have special needs that are not directly related to their health. The number of children enrolled in Special Education according to the California Department of Education, in the 2018-2019 academic year is provided by disability in Table 10.1.\n\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Table 10.1 Special Education Enrollment by Age and Disability <\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn51\">[51]<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"grid landscape\" style=\"height: 182px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 47px\"><strong>Age <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 47px\"><strong>ID<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>HH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>Deaf<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>SLI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>VI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 47px\"><b>ED<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>OI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>OHI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>SLD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 47px\"><strong>DB<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>MD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 47px\"><strong>ASD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 47px\"><strong>TBI<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">334<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">62<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">288<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">115<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">605<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">93<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">178<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">72<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">171<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">764<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">79<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">134<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">589<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">89<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">860<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">97<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">137<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1091<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">112<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">805<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">419<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">136<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">13028<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">67<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">351<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">997<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">252<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">6100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1016<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">414<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">114<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">18404<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">96<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">443<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1274<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">51<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">270<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">7976<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1362<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">418<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">148<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">20533<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">110<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">430<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1742<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">524<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">321<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">8437<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1777<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">167<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">167<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">23784<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">140<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">265<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">526<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">3075<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">2339<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">349<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">9078<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1924<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">22053<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">160<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">580<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">549<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">4676<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">7174<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">9024<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">2228<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">17871<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">191<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">879<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">879<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">6035<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">14717<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">394<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">8685-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<strong>CODE:<\/strong> ID = Intellectual Disability, HH = Hard of Hearing, SLI = Speech or Language Impairment, VI = Visual Impairment, ED = Emotional Disturbance, OI = Orthopedic Impairment, OHI = Other Health Impairment, SLD = Specific Learning Disability, DB = Deaf\/Blind, MD = Multiple Disabilities, ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder, TBI = Traumatic Brain Injury\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nThese children and their families need a partnership with early care and education staff and other service providers as early as possible because it creates a solid foundation to support optimal development and can reduce the prevalence of ongoing and future challenges.<a href=\"#_ftn52\">[52]<\/a>\n\nThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the federal law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible\u00a0children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.\n\nThe IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities.<a href=\"#_ftn53\">[53]<\/a>\n\nFor children birth to 3 years, Part C of IDEA Provides early intervention services to children from birth to 3 with special needs. And Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) is a written document outlining:\n<ul>\n \t<li>The early intervention services a child and family will receive<\/li>\n \t<li>The child's needs; the family's strengths and choices; and the Early Intervention team's recommendations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nOnce children turn 3, Part B of IDEA (Section 619), provides special education services through the public school system. An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written plan that describes:\n<ul>\n \t<li>The child's educational goals<\/li>\n \t<li>Services and supports in a school setting<a href=\"#_ftn54\">[54]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"199\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-210\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Three children and a teacher, child with cerebral palsy is strapped into a special chair that helps her stay upright and safe\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\"> Figure 10.17 \u2013 This child with cerebral palsy has a special chair that allows\u00a0her to participate in her inclusive early care and education program\u00a0 [55][\/caption]\n<h2>Inclusion<\/h2>\nIn IDEA, the word appropriate, refers to providing that educational experience in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE requires a continuum of placement options be available to best meet the diverse needs of children with disabilities, and presumes that the first placement option considered for each child with a disability is the regular classroom the child would attend if he or she did not have a disability.<a href=\"#_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> The full and active participation of children with disabilities or other special needs in community activities, services, and programs designed for children without disabilities, including child care, is referred to as inclusion. In an inclusive program, if support, accommodations, or modifications are needed to ensure the child\u2019s full, active participation, they are provided appropriately. The participation results in an authentic sense of belonging for the child and family.\n\nTeachers may be reassured to know that:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Child care providers can successfully include children with disabilities or other special needs in the program while promoting belonging for all children.<\/li>\n \t<li>Major modifications to their program or facility probably will not be needed in order to include children with disabilities or other special needs.<\/li>\n \t<li>Assistance and support for more significant changes in their program or facility may be available.<\/li>\n \t<li>An inclusive child care program is rewarding for all the children, families, and staff in child care programs.<a href=\"#_ftn57\">[57]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Individualizing Care and Education<\/h2>\nWhen serving an individual child, the provider should focus on the child\u2019s needs, not the disability or its label. Working with the family and the service providers, teachers can provide individualized care and education for the child\u2019s unique needs and strengths, just as they should be doing for each and every child in their classroom.\n\nAs each child is unique, so is each child care program. There is no magic formula for making inclusion work beyond the creativity, energy, and interest that most child care providers already bring to their work. Their uniqueness notwithstanding, every program is able to successfully include children with disabilities. And each makes it work child by child, day by day.\n\nSome children need small changes to the curriculum or minor supports in order to get the most out of certain activities. These sorts of things may consist of fairly simple accommodations, such as providing a special place or quiet activity for a child who is unable to participate in large-group activities or making available a special snack for a child who needs to eat more frequently than the typical meal or snack schedule. Other children may require more specific adaptations that might not be readily apparent. A variety of community resources can be helpful in determining what those might be. The family, for example, is always the first and most important guide for what a child might need; after that, an area specialist or a local workshop might be. Beyond the immediate community, a world of literature in books, periodicals, and Web sites devoted to disabilities and inclusion can inform a child care provider about appropriate adaptations for a child with a particular condition or need.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_211\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"249\"]<img class=\"wp-image-211 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.18.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching holding a young girl and a puppet on her lap\" width=\"249\" height=\"299\"> Figure 10.18 \u2013 All programs can successfully include children with disabilities. [58][\/caption]Programs that begin with a high-quality, developmentally appropriate foundation; a positive attitude on the part of the care provider; appropriate adult\u2013child ratios; supportive administrators; and adequate training for the provider will be in a good position to creatively solve problems for a child with disabilities or other special needs, exactly as it does for children who are typically developing. If a child already has an established diagnosis, trained intervention personnel may be available to assist in this process.\n\nOne of the biggest roles for a care provider is to facilitate a sense of belonging and inclusion. Several helpful strategies are as follows:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Start with the assumption that all children are competent.<\/li>\n \t<li>Adapt the environment so that it is developmentally appropriate, challenging, and fits the needs and interests of each child.<\/li>\n \t<li>While there may be a need to support a child\u2019s mastery of a specific skill, keep the whole child in mind, particularly the child\u2019s social-emotional experience.<a href=\"#_ftn59\">[59]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Common Modifications, Adaptations, and Supports<\/h2>\nEach child is an individual, and modifications, adaptations, accommodations, and supports should be designed with a single child in mind. However, researchers from the Early Childhood Research Institute on Inclusion (ECRII) have found that many changes can be grouped into categories of modifications, summarized in Table 10.2.<a href=\"#_ftn60\">[60]<\/a>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Table 10.2 \u2013 Common Modifications, Adaptations, and Supports <\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn61\">[61]<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"grid landscape\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Category of Support<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Environmental Support<\/td>\n<td>Alter the physical, social, or temporal environment to promote participation, engagement, and learning<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use a photo, picture, or object to signal the next activity.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Make boundaries for activities (e.g., mark sections of the floor with tape, provide a tray or box lid for art activities).\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free surfaces of bumps or smooth them with \u201clips\u201d and ramps.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Materials Adaptation<\/td>\n<td>Modify materials to promote independence<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add knobs to wooden puzzles.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use fabric self-adhesive closures on dress-up clothes.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Place \u201cno-slip\u201d placemats under dishes when children eat or serve themselves.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Activity Simplification<\/td>\n<td>Simplify a complicated task by breaking it into smaller parts or reducing the number of steps<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give a child the materials for a task one piece at a time.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prepare materials for easier use.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Replace materials that may be difficult to use with ones that are simpler and can serve the same function.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Child Preferences<\/td>\n<td>Capitalize on a child\u2019s favorite activities<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Observe a child\u2019s interests and then provide additional materials or toys that match them.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use the child\u2019s preferred activities, such as music, to support efforts to learn other skills.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Find ways to build on a child\u2019s preferred activities when introducing new ideas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Special Equipment<\/td>\n<td>Use adaptive devices to facilitate participation<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure that providers know the proper use of adaptive or medical equipment, such as hearing aids, glasses, or nebulizers\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Allow all children to participate in activities by providing appropriate seating or other equipment\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use picture cards or electronic switch-activated speaking devices for children who cannot speak.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adult Support<\/td>\n<td>Employ direct adult intervention to support a child\u2019s efforts<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assign a primary caregiver to a child so that the assigned adult is able to know the unique needs of the child and ways to support them.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide direct instruction or guidance to a child while he\/she is learning or practicing tasks.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Learn specific ways of interacting or communicating with a child, such as sign language.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Peer Support<\/td>\n<td>Use classmates as models to help children learn<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pair a child with a certain disability with a child who does not have that disability during certain activities,\u00a0 ensuring that the child with special needs is sometimes the helper and not always the one being helped.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate children\u2019s interactions and observations of one another in small groups.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Teach children specific ways to engage and interact with a child with special needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Invisible Support<\/td>\n<td>Arrange naturally occurring events to assist inclusion<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stock the dress-up center or kitchen corner with sufficient items so more children can participate in a popular activity without competition.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assign roles during children\u2019s play, such as having a child with limited mobility be in charge of \u201cpumping gas\u201d as the children riding bikes go by.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comment on children\u2019s play in ways that encourage further interaction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Pause to Reflect<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16%\"><img class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-89\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/P2R-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84%\">How might you explain what inclusion is and why it is good for children and families to the following:\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Someone who thinks they want to be a teacher but doesn\u2019t believe they can handle teaching in an inclusive classroom.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The family of a child with special needs.\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The family of a child that is having a hard time with changes in the classroom after a child that has a special need joined the class.\n\n&nbsp;\n\nDid your explanations differ? Why or why not?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\nAll children and their families deserve access to and full inclusion in high-quality early care and education programs. This includes children with special health care and other special needs. Working with families and the health care and service providers, programs can meet each child\u2019s individualized needs. This takes knowledge, planning, and partnership. Inclusive programs are beneficial to everyone, the children with the special needs and their families, the children that do not have the special needs, and the program staff.\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Review<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n[h5p id=\"18\"]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n\n<strong>Resources for Further Exploration<\/strong>\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.healthychildren.org\">American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)<\/a>: www.healthychildren.org\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<\/a>: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/kidshealth.org\/\">KidsHealth\u00ae from Nemours<\/a>: http:\/\/kidshealth.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/medlineplus.html\">National Institute of Health, Medline Plus<\/a>: http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/medlineplus.html\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.aap.org\/medication-administration-in-early-care-and-education-settings\/\">Online Learning Course: Medication Administration in Early Education and Child Care<\/a>: http:\/\/www.healthychildcare.org\/healthyfutures.html\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aafa.org\/\">Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America<\/a>: http:\/\/www.aafa.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lung.org\/\">American Lung Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.lung.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Juvenile Arthritis: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/juvenile-arthritis\">https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/juvenile-arthritis<\/a>\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aacpdm.org\/\">American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine<\/a>: http:\/\/www.aacpdm.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cff.org\/\">Cystic Fibrosis Foundation<\/a>: https:\/\/www.cff.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.diabetes.org\">American Diabetes Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.diabetes.org\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nads.org\/\">National\u00a0Association for\u00a0Down Syndrome<\/a>: https:\/\/www.nads.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/\">Epilepsy Foundation<\/a>: http:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.add.org\/\">Attention Deficit Disorder Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.add.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autism-society.org\/\">Autism Society of America<\/a>: https:\/\/www.autism-society.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.deafchildren.org\">American Society for Deaf Children<\/a>: http:\/\/www.deafchildren.org\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childrenseyefoundation.org\/\">Children\u2019s Eye Foundation of AAPOS<\/a>: https:\/\/www.childrenseyefoundation.org\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ada.gov\/childqanda.htm\">Information and Technical Assistance on the American with Disabilities Act, Commonly Asked Questions about Child Care Centers and the Americans with Disabilities Act<\/a>: http:\/\/www.ada.gov\/childqanda.htm\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parentcenterhub.org\/disability-landing\/\">Center for Parent Information and Resources<\/a>: https:\/\/www.parentcenterhub.org\/disability-landing\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/newsletter\/disabilities-services-newsletters\">Disabilities Services Newsletters<\/a><strong>: <\/strong>https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/newsletter\/disabilities-services-newsletters\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/csefel.vanderbilt.edu\/\">Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning<\/a>: http:\/\/csefel.vanderbilt.edu\/\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I<a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/video\/individualization-strategies-teaching-children-special-needs\">ndividualization: Strategies for Teaching Children with Special Needs<\/a>: https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/video\/individualization-strategies-teaching-children-special-needs\n\n\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/headstartinclusion.org\/\">Head Start Center for Inclusion<\/a>: http:\/\/headstartinclusion.org\/\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Workbook<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\n[h5p id=\"19\"]\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5>References:<\/h5>\n<div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Care Plan for Children with Special Health Care Needs by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gibsonsgolfer\/5368179982\">Team Meeting<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gibsonsgolfer\/\">Bob Cotter<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/article\/making-it-our-own-customizing-individualized-health-plan-learning\">Making It on Our Own: Customizing an Individualized Health Plan [A Learning Activity]<\/a> by\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). 2017-2018 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org\">https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canyons.edu\/academics\/onlineeducation\/ztc\/\">College of the Canyons ZTC Team<\/a> is based on image from source: Data Resource Center for Child &amp; Adolescent Health. (n.d.). 2017-2018 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org\/browse\/survey\/results?q=6859&amp;r=1&amp;g=713\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steelmore\/187103852\">Tired of allergies<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steelmore\/\">Ste Elmore<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/allergy.html\">Allergy<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/anaphylaxis.html\">Anaphylaxis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/arthritis\/basics\/childhood.htm\">Childhood Arthritis<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/asthmainchildren.html#summary\">Asthma in Children<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/faqs.htm\">Learn How to Control Asthma<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/asthmainchildren.html#summary\">Asthma in Children<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/faqs.htm\">Learn How to Control Asthma<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fdaphotos\/7349096110\">Treating Kids with Asthma (3)<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fdaphotos\/\">The U.S. Food and Drug Administration<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hemophilia\/facts.html\">What is Hemophilia?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hemophilia\/treatment.html\">Treatment of Hemophilia<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sickle_Cell_Anemia.png\">Sickle Cell Anemia<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/blausen.com\/\">Blausen Medical Communications <\/a>is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> What is Sickle Cell Disease? by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/thalassemia\/facts.html\">What is Thalassemia?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/thalassemia\/treatment.html\">Thalassemia: Complications and Treatment<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/cp\/facts.html\">What is Cerebral Palsy?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/cysticfibrosis.html\">Cystic Fibrosis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osi.af.mil\/News\/Article-Display\/Article\/1593473\/osi-ncos-daughter-selected-for-cystic-fibrosis-treatment-vest\/\">Image<\/a> by Stacey Geiger is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/cysticfibrosis.html\">Cystic Fibrosis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html\">Diabetes in Children and Teens<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Insulin_Delivery_Devices.png\">Insulin Delivery Devices<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/blausen.com\/\">Blausen Medical Communications <\/a>is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/type1.html\">Type 1 Diabetes<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/type1.html\">Type 1 Diabetes<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/DownSyndrome.html\">Facts about Down Syndrome<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/about\/index.htm\">About Epilepsy<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/groups\/schools.htm\">Epilepsy in Schools<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/about\/first-aid.htm\">Seizure First Aid<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jble.af.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/844896\/the-faith-to-fight-eustis-family-copes-with-illness\/\">Image<\/a> by Airman 1st Class Austin Harvill is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/groups\/schools.htm\">Epilepsy in Schools<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:NewADHDpic.gif\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/adhd\/facts.html\">What is ADHD?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jbcharleston.jb.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/238718\/autism-speaks-at-jb-charleston\/\">Image<\/a> by Airman 1st Class Dennis Sloan is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/facts.html\">What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a> Rosen, P. (n.d.) <em>Neurodiversity: What You Need to Know<\/em>. Understood. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.understood.org\/en\/friends-feelings\/empowering-your-child\/building-on-strengths\/neurodiversity-what-you-need-to-know\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/types.html\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/types.html\">Types of Hearing Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref45\">[45]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/facts.html\">What is Hearing Loss in Children?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/risk\/age.htm\">Age and Vision Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a> Image by Jennifer Paris used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/basics\/ced\/index.html\">Common Eye Disorders<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/risk\/age.htm\">Age and Vision Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data1.cde.ca.gov\/dataquest\/SpecEd\/SpecEd1.asp?cChoice=SpecEd1&amp;cYear=2018-19&amp;cLevel=State&amp;cTopic=SpecEd&amp;myTimeFrame=S&amp;submit1=Submit&amp;ReptCycle=December\">Special Education Enrollment by Age and Disability Statewide Report<\/a> by the by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/preschoolproggdlns2015.pdf\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission.\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/publication\/infographic-young-children-special-needs\">Infographic: Young Children with Special Needs<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/about-idea\/\">About IDEA<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Education<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/publication\/infographic-young-children-special-needs\">Infographic: Young Children with Special Needs<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/policy\/speced\/guid\/earlylearning\/joint-statement-full-text.pdf\">Policy Statement on Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Programs<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Education<\/a> is in the public domain\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<div>\n\n<a href=\"#_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Relate family-centered care and individualized planning and care.<\/li>\n<li>Explain what individualized health planning is and who it is appropriate for.<\/li>\n<li>Describe some chronic health conditions that children in early care and education programs may have.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss what inclusion is and why it is beneficial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Children with special health care needs are defined as \u201c. . . those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally\u201d (McPherson, 1998).<\/p>\n<p>Any child who meets these criteria in an early care and education setting should have an up-to-date care plan, completed by their primary health care provider with input from parents\/guardians, included in their on-site health record and readily accessible to those caring for the child.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Individualized Planning for Health<\/h2>\n<p>What does it take to care for children with chronic conditions in an early care and education program? There&#8217;s no single recipe for all situations. What it takes\u2014more than any policy, list of services, or staffing plan\u2014is a commitment to communication, collaboration, and creative problem-solving, and a determination to make it work. The essential principles that should guide the care of children with chronic conditions in early childhood education are: care should be family-centered, individualized, safe, and legal.<\/p>\n<h4>Family-Centered Care<\/h4>\n<p>Over the last 15 years, children&#8217;s health care and the relationship between families and health professionals have changed significantly. The role of parents\/caregivers has shifted from being patients to partners with the health care provider; and the &#8220;good patient&#8221; has changed from unquestioningly following advice to being a good partner\u00a0who actively participates in decisions and advocates for services for their child.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Family-centered care&#8221; involves providing the family health care and other services based on the family&#8217;s needs, priorities, and convenience rather than those of the service providers or the child alone. Family-centered services are evidence of a program\u2019s commitment to family partnerships and supporting child and family development.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-194\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"Parents, teacher and child sitting on the floor watching the child play\" width=\"300\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-65x42.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-225x147.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1-350x228.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2021\/11\/9.1.jpg 376w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">10.1 \u2013 Family centered care relies on respect and collaboration. [2]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Services are family-centered when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The family is recognized as the child&#8217;s most constant and important caregiver.<\/li>\n<li>The family and professionals collaborate as partners.<\/li>\n<li>Communication is open and honest, in both directions, between the family and professionals.<\/li>\n<li>Individual strengths and differences are respected among families.<\/li>\n<li>Services are flexible and responsive to the family&#8217;s needs.<\/li>\n<li>Family-to-family support is encouraged.<\/li>\n<li>Children with chronic conditions and their families are treated like other children and families, and not defined by their condition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Individualizing Care<\/h4>\n<p>Individualizing means recognizing the characteristics that make each child unique and planning a program that responds to these differences. Individualizing allows families and staff to respond to each child&#8217;s built-in time clock for development, as well as culture, family, home language, life experiences, strengths, needs, skills, and abilities.<\/p>\n<p>Early care and education programs can best meet the needs of children with chronic conditions by following a systematic process of Individualized Health Planning. For children who are eligible for an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), the IEP or IFSP may or may not include planning for the child&#8217;s health care needs. In addition, many children with special health needs who are not eligible for an IEP or IFSP would, in fact, benefit from individualized health planning.<\/p>\n<p>Individualized health planning for children with chronic conditions involves close communication and collaboration among families, the early care and education program staff, and health care and service providers. It is a process of collecting all the necessary information from screening and evaluations, developing plans for the child&#8217;s routine and emergency care, conducting ongoing assessment, and revising the plans as needed. The plan should be documented in writing to serve as a clear guide for staff, families, and health care providers on meeting the child&#8217;s health needs.<\/p>\n<h6>Who Should Have an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\n<p>Children who would benefit from an Individualized Health Plan include any child who:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Requires adaptations in daily activities because of a medical condition; daily activities to be considered include feeding, playing, sleeping, toileting<\/li>\n<li>Needs medication regularly<\/li>\n<li>Requires a specialized emergency plan<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The decision to develop an Individualized Health Plan for a child should be made collaboratively by the family, health specialists, and classroom teacher.<\/p>\n<h6>What are the Benefits of an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Health Promotion and Prevention of Complications:\u00a0Children with chronic conditions remain healthiest when all possible measures are taken to promote their general health and manage the chronic condition closely.<\/li>\n<li>Communication and Collaboration:\u00a0Optimal health care for children with chronic conditions requires close communication and coordination among families, Head Start, and health care providers.<\/li>\n<li>Training and Skills:\u00a0An Individualized Health Plan identifies the specific procedures needed to care for a child with chronic conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Confidence:\u00a0 With an Individualized Health Plan, families and program staff can feel confident that they are doing everything possible to keep the child healthy on a routine and daily basis. Also, if health problems or emergencies occur, they can feel confident that they are prepared to manage them in the best way possible. Children with special medical needs feel more secure and able to learn when their caregivers know what to do.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-195\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Six adults sitting at a table to discuss the health care needs of a child with special needs\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-225x168.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2-350x261.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.2.jpg 663w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.2 \u2013 Families, health care and service providers, and early care and education programs can work together to make sure children with special health needs get the care they need. [3]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h6>What should be Included in an Individualized Health Plan?<\/h6>\n<p>Caring for children with chronic conditions is a serious responsibility. Staff are commonly concerned about meeting the child&#8217;s daily care needs: &#8220;How can I be sure to give him his medicine at the right time? Do we have enough staff to do his tracheostomy care while also supervising the other children? Will I have all his asthma supplies on the field trip?&#8221; Staff are also commonly concerned about emergencies: &#8220;What if I give her the wrong amount of medicine? What if she stops breathing? What if I can&#8217;t reach her father on the phone?&#8221; The Individualized Health Plan should include the information necessary to respond to the most likely &#8220;what-ifs.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Many people are afraid to care for children with chronic conditions. It can raise anxieties to discuss and plan for the &#8220;what-if&#8221; situations. It is important to remember\u00a0that anticipating and planning for a situation doesn&#8217;t make it happen; it just allows you to be prepared if it does.<\/p>\n<p>At minimum, an Individualized Health Plan should be a guide to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What accommodations in daily programming are needed, including meals and snacks, playing, sleeping, and toileting<\/li>\n<li>When and how to give medication, and who may give it<\/li>\n<li>When and how to perform any required medical procedures, and who may perform them<\/li>\n<li>What procedures to follow in the event of a medical emergency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Individualized Health Plan should be developed with the participation of families, medical professionals, classroom staff, and any other program that may be involved in providing care. All parties should sign the form as an indication of agreement with and commitment to plan.<a href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> See the example of a health plan in Appendix M.<\/p>\n<h2>Who are Children with Special Needs?<\/h2>\n<p>According to Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health and shown in Figure 10.3, in 2017 over 20% of children 0-5 years, and over 40% of children 6-11 years, have one or more of the following current or lifelong health conditions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>allergies (food, drug, insect or other)<\/li>\n<li>arthritis<\/li>\n<li>asthma<\/li>\n<li>blood disorders (such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, or hemophilia)<\/li>\n<li>brain injury\/concussion\/head injury<\/li>\n<li>cerebral palsy<\/li>\n<li>cystic fibrosis<\/li>\n<li>diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Down Syndrome<\/li>\n<li>epilepsy or seizure disorder<\/li>\n<li>genetic or inherited condition<\/li>\n<li>heart condition<\/li>\n<li>frequent or severe headaches including migraine (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>Tourette Syndrome (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>anxiety problems (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>depression (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>behavioral and conduct problem (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>substance use disorder (6-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>developmental delay (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>intellectual disability (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>speech or other language disorder (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>learning disability (also known as mental retardation) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>other mental health condition (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD or ADHD) (3-17 years)<\/li>\n<li>hearing problems<\/li>\n<li>vision problems.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-1024x576.png\" alt=\"7% of children under 5 have 2 or more health conditions, 14.5% have one health condition and 78.5% have no current health conditions.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.3.png 1100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.3 \u2013 Prevalence of current or lifelong health conditions in children 0-17 years in U.S. [6]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Introduction to Chronic Health Conditions<\/h2>\n<p>Although no summary in a textbook will replace the knowledge families and their health care and service providers can provide about a child who has a chronic health condition, it can be helpful to have some familiarity with different conditions. Here is some introductory information on some of the chronic health conditions children in early care and education programs may have.<\/p>\n<h3>Allergies<\/h3>\n<p>An allergy is a reaction by the immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pollen<\/li>\n<li>Dust mites<\/li>\n<li>Mold spores<\/li>\n<li>Pet dander<\/li>\n<li>Food<\/li>\n<li>Insect stings<\/li>\n<li>Medicines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Normally, the immune system fights germs. It is the body&#8217;s defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm. Genes and the environment probably both play a role.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 259px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-197\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.4.jpg\" alt=\"Young boy laying his head down on a table.\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.4.jpg 259w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.4-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.4-225x169.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 259px) 100vw, 259px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.4 \u2013 This child suffers from allergies. [7]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching,\u00a0rashes, swelling, or\u00a0asthma. Allergies can range from minor to severe.\u00a0Anaphylaxis\u00a0is a severe reaction that can be life-threatening. Doctors use skin and blood tests to diagnose allergies. Treatments include medicines, allergy shots, and avoiding the substances that cause the reactions.<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><strong>Anaphylaxis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Anaphylaxis is a serious\u00a0allergic reaction. It can begin very quickly, and symptoms may be life-threatening. The most common causes are reactions to\u00a0foods\u00a0(especially peanuts),\u00a0medications, and\u00a0stinging insects. Other causes include exercise and\u00a0exposure to latex. Sometimes no cause can be found.<\/p>\n<p>It can affect many organs:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Skin &#8211; itching, hives, redness, swelling<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nose &#8211; sneezing, stuffy nose, runny nose<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mouth &#8211; itching, swelling of the lips or tongue<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Throat &#8211; itching, tightness, trouble swallowing, swelling of the back of the throat<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chest &#8211; shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, chest pain or tightness<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Heart &#8211; weak pulse, passing out, shock<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gastrointestinal tract &#8211; vomiting, diarrhea, cramps<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nervous system &#8211; dizziness or fainting<\/p>\n<p>If child is having a serious allergic reaction, 911 should be called. If an auto-injector is available, give the injection right away.<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Arthritis<\/h4>\n<p>Arthritis in children is called childhood arthritis or juvenile arthritis. The most common type of childhood arthritis is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.<\/p>\n<p>Childhood arthritis can cause permanent physical damage to joints. This damage can make it hard for the child to do everyday things like walking or dressing and can result in disability.<\/p>\n<p>Symptoms may come and go over time. There may be times when symptoms get worse, known as flares, and times when symptoms get better, known as remission. Signs and symptoms include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joint pain.<\/li>\n<li>Swelling.<\/li>\n<li>Fever.<\/li>\n<li>Stiffness.<\/li>\n<li>Rash.<\/li>\n<li>Fatigue (tiredness).<\/li>\n<li>Loss of appetite.<\/li>\n<li>Inflammation of the eye.<\/li>\n<li>Difficulty with daily living activities such as walking, dressing, and playing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The exact cause of childhood arthritis is unknown. In childhood arthritis, the immune system may not work right which causes the inflammation in the joints and other body systems. Although there is no cure, some children with arthritis achieve permanent remission, which means the disease is no longer active. Any physical damage to the joint will remain.<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Asthma<\/h4>\n<p>Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs. In the United States, about 20 million people have\u00a0asthma. Nearly 9 million of them are children. Children have smaller airways than adults, which makes asthma especially serious for them.<a href=\"#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0It causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing at night or early in the morning. If a person has asthma, they have it all the time, but they will have asthma attacks only when something bothers their lungs.<\/p>\n<p>An asthma attack may include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. The attack happens in the body\u2019s airways, which are the paths that carry air to the lungs. As the air moves through the lungs, the airways become smaller, like the branches of a tree are smaller than the tree trunk. During an asthma attack, the sides of the airways in the lungs swell and the airways shrink. Less air gets in and out of the lungs, and mucous that the body makes clogs up the airways.<\/p>\n<p>An asthma attack can happen when the person is exposed to asthma triggers. Your asthma triggers can be very different from someone else\u2019s asthma triggers. It\u2019s important for teacher to know about the triggers for any child in their care that has asthma, so they can help the child avoid them and watch for an attack when you can\u2019t. <a href=\"#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0 Triggers include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allergens &#8211; mold, pollen, animals<\/li>\n<li>Irritants &#8211; cigarette smoke, air pollution<\/li>\n<li>Weather &#8211; cold air, changes in weather<\/li>\n<li>Exercise<\/li>\n<li>Infections &#8211; flu, common cold<a href=\"#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Asthma is treated with medication. There are quick-relief and long-term medications. Some are taken orally and some may be breathed it. It\u2019s important to have accurate information in the health plan and in the child\u2019s records about a child with asthma\u2019s medication.<a href=\"#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-198\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A child using an inhaler to control asthma.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.5.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.5 \u2013 A child using an inhaler to control asthma. [15]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Blood Disorders<\/h4>\n<p>There are several blood disorders that children in early care and education programs may have. Here is an introduction to hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.<\/p>\n<h6>Hemophilia<\/h6>\n<p>Hemophilia is usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. This can lead to spontaneous bleeding as well as bleeding following injuries or surgery.\u00a0Blood contains many proteins called clotting factors that can help to stop bleeding. People with hemophilia have low levels of either factor VIII (8) or factor IX (9). The severity of hemophilia that a person has is determined by the amount of factor in the blood. The lower the amount of the factor, the more likely it is that bleeding will occur which can lead to serious health problems.<\/p>\n<p>Hemophilia is caused by a\u00a0mutation\u00a0or change, in one of the genes, that provides instructions for making the clotting factor proteins needed to form a blood clot. This change or mutation can prevent the clotting protein from working properly or to be missing altogether. Hemophilia occurs in about 1 of every 5,000 male births. Females can also have hemophilia, but this is much rarer (and more often they are carriers). Hemophilia affects people from all racial and ethnic groups.<\/p>\n<p>The best way to treat hemophilia is to replace the missing blood clotting factor so that the blood can clot properly. This is done by infusing (administering through a vein) commercially prepared factor concentrates.<a href=\"#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u00a0Hemophilia is a complex disorder. Good quality medical care from doctors and nurses who know a lot about the disorder can help people with hemophilia prevent some serious problems.<a href=\"#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<h6>Sickle Cell Disease<\/h6>\n<p>SCD is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Healthy red blood cells are round, and they move through small blood vessels to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. In someone who has SCD, the red blood cells become hard and sticky and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a \u201csickle\u201d. The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells. Also, when they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the blood flow. This can cause pain and other serious problems such infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-199\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-300x300.png\" alt=\"Healthy red blood cells are round\/oval and sickle cells are sickle shaped (like a C)\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.6.png 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.6 \u2013 Normal vs. sickle cell anemia blood cells. [18]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>SCD is a genetic condition that is present at birth. It is inherited when a child receives two sickle cell genes\u2014one from each parent. People with SCD start to have signs of the disease during the first year of life, usually around 5 months of age. Symptoms and complications of SCD are different for each person and can range from mild to severe.<\/p>\n<p>There is no single best treatment for all people with SCD. Treatment options are different for each person depending on the symptoms. The only cure for SCD is bone marrow or stem cell transplant.<a href=\"#_ftn19\">[19]<\/a><\/p>\n<h6>Thalassemia<\/h6>\n<p>Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused when the body doesn\u2019t make enough of a protein called hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells. When there isn\u2019t enough hemoglobin, the body\u2019s red blood cells don\u2019t function properly and they last shorter periods of time, so there are fewer healthy red blood cells traveling in the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<p>Red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells of the body. Oxygen is a sort of food that cells use to function. When there are not enough healthy red blood cells, there is also not enough oxygen delivered to all the other cells of the body, which may cause a person to feel tired, weak or short of breath. This is a condition called anemia.<\/p>\n<p>People with thalassemia may have mild or severe anemia. Severe anemia can damage organs and lead to death. People with moderate and severe forms of thalassemia usually find out about their condition in childhood, since they have symptoms of severe anemia early in life.<a href=\"#_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Symptoms of anemia include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dizziness<\/li>\n<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>A fast heart beat<\/li>\n<li>Headache<\/li>\n<li>Leg cramps<\/li>\n<li>Difficulty concentrating<\/li>\n<li>Pale skin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The type of treatment a person receives depends on how severe the thalassemia is. The more severe the thalassemia, the less hemoglobin the body has, and the more severe the anemia may be. One way to treat anemia is to provide the body with more red blood cells to carry oxygen. This can be done through a blood transfusion, a safe, common procedure in which the person receives blood through a small plastic tube inserted into one of their blood vessels.<a href=\"#_ftn21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Cerebral Palsy<\/h4>\n<p>Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person\u2019s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood.\u00a0<em>Cerebral<\/em>\u00a0means having to do with the brain.\u00a0<em>Palsy<\/em>\u00a0means weakness or problems with using the muscles. CP is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain that affects a person\u2019s ability to control his or her muscles.<\/p>\n<p>The symptoms of CP vary from person to person. A child with severe CP might need to use special equipment to be able to walk, or might not be able to walk at all and might need lifelong care. A child with mild CP, on the other hand, might walk a little awkwardly, but might not need any special help. CP does not get worse over time, though the exact symptoms can change over a person\u2019s lifetime.<\/p>\n<p>All people with CP have problems with movement and posture. Many also have related conditions such as\u00a0intellectual disability; seizures; problems with\u00a0vision, hearing, or speech; changes in the spine (such as\u00a0scoliosis); or joint problems (such as\u00a0contractures).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-200\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Three children and a teacher in a classroom, one child is lying on a mat.\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-65x44.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-225x151.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7-350x235.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.7.jpg 394w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.7 \u2013 Children with cerebral palsy can be part of early care and education programs. [22]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Doctors classify CP according to the main type of movement disorder involved. Depending on which areas of the brain are affected, one or more of the following movement disorders can occur:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stiff muscles (spasticity)<\/li>\n<li>Uncontrollable movements (dyskinesia)<\/li>\n<li>Poor balance and coordination (ataxia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There is no cure for CP, but treatment can improve the lives of those who have the condition. It is important to begin a treatment program as early as possible.<\/p>\n<p>After a CP diagnosis is made, a team of health professionals works with the child and family to develop a plan to help the child reach his or her full potential. Common treatments include medicines; surgery; braces; and physical, occupational, and speech therapy. No single treatment is the best one for all children with CP.<a href=\"#_ftn23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Cystic Fibrosis<\/h4>\n<p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands. It affects mostly the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sex organs. CF causes mucus to be thick and sticky. The mucus clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow. This can lead to repeated lung infections and lung damage.<a href=\"#_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-201\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl holding a breathing mask on her mouth and nose\" width=\"300\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-225x170.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8-350x265.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.8.jpg 780w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.8 \u2013 Cystic fibrosis treatment. [25]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The symptoms and severity of CF can vary. Some people have serious problems from birth. Others have a milder version of the disease that doesn&#8217;t show up until they are teens or young adults.<\/p>\n<p>CF is diagnosed through various tests, such as gene, blood, and sweat tests. There is no cure for CF, but treatments have improved greatly in recent years. In the past, most deaths from CF were in children and teenagers. Today, with improved treatments, some people who have CF are living into their forties, fifties, or older. Treatments may include chest physical therapy, nutritional and\u00a0respiratory therapies, medicines, and exercise.<a href=\"#_ftn26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Diabetes<\/h4>\n<p>Until recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was\u00a0type 1. It was called juvenile diabetes. With Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose, or sugar, get into your cells to give them energy. Without insulin, too much\u00a0sugar\u00a0stays in the blood.<\/p>\n<p>Now younger people are also getting\u00a0type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But now it is becoming more common in children and teens, due to more\u00a0obesity. With Type 2 diabetes, the body does not make or use insulin well.<\/p>\n<p>Children have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active. Children who are African American, Hispanic, Native American\/Alaska Native, Asian American, or Pacific Islander also have a higher risk. To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Have them maintain a healthy weight<\/li>\n<li>Be sure they are physically active<\/li>\n<li>Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods<\/li>\n<li>Limit time with the TV, computer, and video<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Children and teens with type 1 diabetes may need to take insulin. Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and\u00a0exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral\u00a0diabetes medicines\u00a0or insulin.<a href=\"#_ftn27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-202\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9.png\" alt=\"Insulin can be delivered with a syringe, pen, jet injector or insulin pump\" width=\"800\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9.png 800w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9-65x22.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9-225x75.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.9-350x117.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.9 \u2013 Insulin can be delivered via different methods. [28]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When a child in an early care and education program has type 1 diabetes, staff will be involved in diabetes care on a day-to-day basis, from serving healthy foods to giving insulin injections to watching for and treating hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). <a href=\"#_ftn29\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Hypoglycemia<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Hypoglycemia\u00a0(low blood sugar) can happen quickly and needs to be\u00a0treated\u00a0immediately. It\u2019s most often caused by too much insulin, waiting too long for a meal or snack, not eating enough, or getting extra physical activity. Hypoglycemia symptoms are different from person to person; make sure you know your specific symptoms, which could include:<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shakiness<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nervousness or anxiety<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sweating, chills, or clamminess<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Irritability or impatience<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dizziness and difficulty concentrating<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hunger or nausea<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Blurred vision<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Weakness or fatigue<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Anger, stubbornness, or sadness<a href=\"#_ftn30\">[30]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.26562em\">Down Syndrome<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small \u201cpackages\u201d of genes in the body. They determine how a baby\u2019s body forms during pregnancy and how the baby\u2019s body functions as it grows in the womb and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is \u2018trisomy.\u2019 Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby\u2019s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.<\/p>\n<p>Even though people with Down syndrome might act and look similar, each person has different abilities. People with Down syndrome usually have an IQ (a measure of intelligence) in the mildly-to-moderately low range and are slower to speak than other children.<\/p>\n<p>Some common physical features of Down syndrome include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose<\/li>\n<li>Almond-shaped eyes that slant up<\/li>\n<li>A short neck<\/li>\n<li>Small ears<\/li>\n<li>A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth<\/li>\n<li>Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye<\/li>\n<li>Small hands and feet<\/li>\n<li>A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease)<\/li>\n<li>Small pinky fingers that sometimes curve toward the thumb<\/li>\n<li>Poor muscle tone or loose joints<\/li>\n<li>Shorter in height as children and adults<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many people with Down syndrome have the common facial features and no other major birth defects. However, some people with Down syndrome might have one or more major birth defects or other medical problems. Some of the more common health problems among children with Down syndrome are listed below.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hearing loss<\/li>\n<li>Obstructive sleep apnea, which is a condition where the person\u2019s breathing temporarily stops while asleep<\/li>\n<li>Ear infections<\/li>\n<li>Eye diseases<\/li>\n<li>Heart defects\u00a0present at birth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 268px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-203\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.10.jpg\" alt=\"Two children, one with Down syndrome, cutting paper for an art project.\" width=\"268\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.10.jpg 268w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.10-65x71.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.10-225x247.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.10 \u2013 Two children, one with Down syndrome, working on an art project. [31]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. Services early in life will often help babies and children with Down syndrome to improve their physical and intellectual abilities. Most of these services focus on helping children with Down syndrome develop to their full potential. These services include speech, occupational, and physical therapy, and they are typically offered through early intervention programs in each state. Children with Down syndrome may also need extra help or attention in early care and education programs and school, although many children are included in classrooms with children that do not have special needs.<a href=\"#_ftn32\">[32]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Epilepsy (Seizure disorders)<\/h4>\n<p>Epilepsy is a broad term used for a brain disorder that causes seizures. There are many different types of epilepsy. There are also different kinds of seizures.<a href=\"#_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> A\u00a0seizure\u00a0is a short change in normal brain activity. Seizures are the main sign of epilepsy. Some seizures can look like staring spells. Other seizures cause a person to fall, shake, and lose awareness of what\u2019s going on around them. <a href=\"#_ftn34\">[34]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Most seizures end in a few minutes. If a child has a seizure the teacher should:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stay with the child until the seizure ends and he or she is fully awake. Once they are alert and able to communicate, tell them what happened in very simple terms.<\/li>\n<li>Comfort the person and speak calmly.<\/li>\n<li>Keep yourself and other people calm.<\/li>\n<li>Follow the directions in the Health Care Plan (which likely will include calling the family)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Teacher should never do any of the following things:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do\u00a0nothold the child down or try to stop their movements.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u00a0notput anything in the child\u2019s mouth. This can injure teeth or the jaw. A person having a seizure cannot swallow his or her tongue.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u00a0nottry to give mouth-to-mouth breaths (like CPR). People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure.<\/li>\n<li>Do\u00a0notoffer the person water or food until he or she is fully alert.<a href=\"#_ftn35\">[35]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-204\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Young girl sitting on the floor with an adult and a toy car\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-65x47.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-225x161.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11-350x250.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.11.jpg 780w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.11 \u2013 This girl has Dravet syndrome, a rare form of epilepsy. [36]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nationwide, about 470,000 children have epilepsy. For many children, epilepsy is easily controlled with medicine. These children can do what other kids can do, and perform as well in school. For others, it can be more challenging.<a href=\"#_ftn37\">[37]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)<\/h4>\n<p>ADHD is one of the most common\u00a0neurodevelopmenta<em>l<\/em>\u00a0disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.<\/p>\n<p>It is normal for children to have trouble focusing and behaving at one time or another. However, children with ADHD do not just grow out of these behaviors. The symptoms continue, can be severe, and can cause difficulty at school, at home, or with friends.<\/p>\n<p>A child with ADHD might:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>daydream a lot<\/li>\n<li>forget or lose things a lot<\/li>\n<li>squirm or fidget<\/li>\n<li>talk too much<\/li>\n<li>make careless mistakes or take unnecessary risks<\/li>\n<li>have a hard time resisting temptation<\/li>\n<li>have trouble taking turns<\/li>\n<li>have difficulty getting along with others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-205\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-300x212.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-300x212.gif 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-768x543.gif 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-65x46.gif 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-225x159.gif 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.12-350x248.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.12 \u2013 Brain scans of showing difference in brain activity in children with and without ADHD. [38]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There are three different types of ADHD, depending on which types of symptoms are strongest in the individual. Because symptoms can change over time, the presentation may change over time as well.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Predominantly Inattentive Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0It is hard for the individual to organize or finish a task, to pay attention to details, or to follow instructions or conversations. The person is easily distracted or forgets details of daily routines.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0The person fidgets and talks a lot. It is hard to sit still for long (e.g., for a meal or while doing homework). Smaller children may run, jump or climb constantly. The individual feels restless and has trouble with impulsivity. Someone who is impulsive may interrupt others a lot, grab things from people, or speak at inappropriate times. It is hard for the person to wait their turn or listen to directions. A person with impulsiveness may have more accidents and injuries than others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Combined Presentation:<\/strong>\u00a0Symptoms of the above two types are equally present in the person.<\/p>\n<p>The cause(s) and risk factors for ADHD are unknown, but current research shows that genetics plays an important role. Recent studies of twins link genes with ADHD. In addition to genetics, scientists are studying other possible causes and risk factors including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brain injury<\/li>\n<li>Exposure to environmental (e.g., lead) during pregnancy or at a young age<\/li>\n<li>Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy<\/li>\n<li>Premature delivery<\/li>\n<li>Low birth weight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Research does not support the popularly held views that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, watching too much television, parenting, or social and environmental factors such as poverty or family chaos.<\/p>\n<p>For preschool-aged children (4-5 years of age) with ADHD, behavior therapy, particularly training for parents, is recommended as the first line of treatment before medication is tried. What works best can depend on the child and family. Good treatment plans will include close monitoring, follow-ups, and making changes, if needed, along the way.<a href=\"#_ftn39\">[39]<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)<\/h4>\n<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a\u00a0developmental disability\u00a0that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. There is often nothing about how people with ASD look that sets them apart from other people, but people with ASD may communicate, interact, behave, and learn in ways that are different from most other people. A diagnosis of ASD now includes several conditions that used to be diagnosed separately: autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger syndrome. These conditions are now all called autism spectrum disorder.<\/p>\n<p>The learning, thinking, and problem-solving abilities of people with ASD can range from gifted to severely challenged. Some people with ASD need a lot of help in their daily lives; others need less. People with ASD might repeat certain behaviors and might not want change in their daily activities. Many people with ASD also have different ways of learning, paying attention, or reacting to things. Signs of ASD begin during early childhood and typically last throughout a person\u2019s life.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-206 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Two boys in a backyard, one with autism is holding a small basketball\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-768x537.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-225x157.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13-350x245.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.13.jpg 1029w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.13 \u2013 This three-year-old boy was diagnosed with ASD. [40]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Children or adults with ASD might:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>not point at objects to show interest (for example, not point at an airplane flying over)<\/li>\n<li>not look at objects when another person points at them<\/li>\n<li>have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all<\/li>\n<li>avoid eye contact and want to be alone<\/li>\n<li>have trouble understanding other people\u2019s feelings or talking about their own feelings<\/li>\n<li>prefer not to be held or cuddled, or might cuddle only when they want to<\/li>\n<li>appear to be unaware when people talk to them, but respond to other sounds<\/li>\n<li>be very interested in people, but not know how to talk, play, or relate to them<\/li>\n<li>repeat or echo words or phrases said to them, or repeat words or phrases in place of normal language<\/li>\n<li>have trouble expressing their needs using typical words or motions<\/li>\n<li>not play \u201cpretend\u201d games (for example, not pretend to \u201cfeed\u201d a doll)<\/li>\n<li>repeat actions over and over again<\/li>\n<li>have trouble adapting when a routine changes<\/li>\n<li>have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound<\/li>\n<li>lose skills they once had (for example, stop saying words they were using)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We do not know all of the causes of ASD. However, we have learned that there are likely many causes for multiple types of ASD. There may be many different factors that make a child more likely to have an ASD, including environmental, biologic and genetic factors. ASD occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but is about 4 times more common among boys than among girls.<\/p>\n<p>Research shows that early intervention treatment services can improve a child\u2019s development.\u00a0Services can help the child meet developmental milestones and interact with others.\u00a0There is no cure for ASD.<a href=\"#_ftn41\">[41]<\/a> But not everyone believes that autism is a condition or disorder or that it needs to be cured.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Neurodiversity<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u201cNeurodiversity is a concept that\u2019s been around for a while. In a nutshell, it means that brain differences are just that: differences. So conditions like\u00a0ADHD and [ASD]\u00a0aren\u2019t \u201cabnormal.\u201d They\u2019re simply variations of the human brain.<\/p>\n<p>For kids with learning and thinking differences, the idea of neurodiversity has real benefits. It can help kids (and their parents) frame their challenges as differences, rather than as deficits. It can also shed light on instructional approaches that might help to highlight particular\u00a0strengths kids have.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn42\">[42]<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.26562em\">Hearing Problems<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear is not working in the usual way. This includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, hearing (acoustic) nerve, and\u00a0auditory system.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The outer ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>the part we see on the sides of our heads, known as pinna<\/li>\n<li>the ear canal<\/li>\n<li>the eardrum, sometimes called the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer and middle ear<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The middle ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>the eardrum<\/li>\n<li>three small bones called ossicles that send the movement of the eardrum to the inner ear<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The inner ear is made up of:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>the snail shaped organ for hearing known as the cochlea<\/li>\n<li>the semicircular canals that help with balance<\/li>\n<li>the nerves that go to the brain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The auditory (ear) nerve sends sound information from the ear to the brain.<\/li>\n<li>The auditory (hearing) system processes sound information as it travels from the ear to the brain so that our brain pathways are part of our hearing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-207\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-300x163.png\" alt=\"Diagram of the ear; outer, middle, and inner\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-300x163.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-65x35.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-225x122.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14-350x191.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.14.png 406w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.14 \u2013 The outer, middle, and inner ear. [43]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>There are four types of hearing loss:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conductive Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by something that stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated with medicine or surgery.<\/li>\n<li>Sensorineural Hearing Loss : Hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works.<\/li>\n<li>Mixed Hearing Loss: Hearing loss that includes both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss.<\/li>\n<li>Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: Hearing loss that occurs when sound enters the ear normally, but because of damage to the inner ear or the hearing nerve, sound isn\u2019t organized in a way that the brain can understand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The degree of hearing loss can range from mild to profound:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mild Hearing Loss: A person with a mild hearing loss may hear some speech sounds but soft sounds are hard to hear.<\/li>\n<li>Moderate Hearing Loss: A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level.<\/li>\n<li>Severe Hearing Loss: A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds.<\/li>\n<li>Profound Hearing Loss: A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds. <a href=\"#_ftn44\">[44]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hearing loss can happen any time during life \u2013 from before birth to adulthood. Following are some of the things that can increase the chance that a child will have hearing loss:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A genetic cause: About 1 out of 2 cases of hearing loss in babies is due to genetic causes.<\/li>\n<li>1 out of 4 cases of hearing loss in babies is due to maternal infections during pregnancy, complications after birth, and head trauma.<\/li>\n<li>For about 1 out of 4 babies born with hearing loss, the cause is unknown.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hearing loss can affect a child\u2019s ability to develop speech, language, and social skills. The earlier children with hearing loss start getting services, the more likely they are to reach their full potential.<a href=\"#_ftn45\">[45]<\/a> Screening for hearing loss was covered in Chapter 7.<\/p>\n<h2>Vision Problems<\/h2>\n<p>In the United States, the most prevalent disabling childhood conditions are vision disorders including amblyopia, strabismus, and significant refractive errors. Early detection increases the likelihood of effective treatment; however, less than 15% of all preschool children receive an eye exam, and less than 22% of preschool children receive some type of vision screening. <a href=\"#_ftn46\">[46]<\/a> Vision screening was also addressed in Chapter 7.<\/p>\n<h4>Amblyopia<\/h4>\n<p>Amblyopia, also referred to as \u201clazy eye,\u201d is the most common cause of vision impairment in children. Amblyopia is the medical term used when the vision in one of the eyes is reduced because the eye and the brain are not working together properly. The eye itself looks normal, but it is not being used normally because the brain is favoring the other eye. Conditions leading to amblyopia include strabismus, an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes, being more nearsighted, farsighted, or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely, other eye conditions, such as cataracts.<\/p>\n<p>Unless it is successfully treated in early childhood amblyopia usually persists into adulthood, and is the most common cause of permanent one-eye vision impairment among children and young and middle-aged adults. An estimated 2%\u20133% of the population suffer from amblyopia.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-208\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Little girl with glasses and a patch over her right eye\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.15.jpg 898w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.15 \u2013 Patching the dominant eye is one way of treating amblyopia. [47]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Strabismus<\/h4>\n<p>Strabismus involves an imbalance in the positioning of the two eyes. Strabismus can cause the eyes to cross in (esotropia) or turn out (exotropia). Strabismus is caused by a lack of coordination between the eyes. As a result, the eyes look in different directions and do not focus simultaneously on a single point. In most cases of strabismus in children, the cause is unknown. In more than half of these cases, the problem is present at or shortly after birth (congenital strabismus). When the two eyes fail to focus on the same image, there is reduced or absent depth perception and the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, causing permanent vision loss in that eye (one type of amblyopia).<\/p>\n<h4>Refractive Errors<\/h4>\n<p>Refractive errors in children include myopia (near-sightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism (distorted vision at all distances), can be corrected by eyeglasses, contact lenses, or in some cases surgery.<a href=\"#_ftn48\">[48]<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-209\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Two young boys sitting at a table. One boy is wearing glasses\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-225x148.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16-350x230.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.16.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.16 \u2013 Children with refractive errors may wear glasses. [49]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>Other Eye Diseases<\/h4>\n<p>Other eye diseases affecting this age group include retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), congenital defects, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and cancers such as retinoblastoma.<a href=\"#_ftn50\">[50]<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Pause to Reflect<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-89\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/P2R-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.5%\">Do you have experiences with any of the special needs discussed in this section? How does this affect how you feel about that particular need?<\/p>\n<p>Did you find yourself feeling more concerned about potentially caring for a child with any of these? If so, why? What can you do to address those concerns?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Are there any you feel more comfortable and\/or qualified to handle? Why or why not?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.42425em;font-style: italic\">Children with Special Needs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Children in early care and education programs may have special needs that are not directly related to their health. The number of children enrolled in Special Education according to the California Department of Education, in the 2018-2019 academic year is provided by disability in Table 10.1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Table 10.1 Special Education Enrollment by Age and Disability <\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn51\">[51]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"grid landscape\" style=\"height: 182px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 47px\"><strong>Age <\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 47px\"><strong>ID<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>HH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>Deaf<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>SLI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>VI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 47px\"><b>ED<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>OI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 47px\"><strong>OHI<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>SLD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 47px\"><strong>DB<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 47px\"><strong>MD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 47px\"><strong>ASD<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 47px\"><strong>TBI<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">334<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">62<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">63<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">288<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">115<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">605<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">93<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">178<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">72<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">171<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">764<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">79<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">134<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">589<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">89<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">860<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">97<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">137<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1091<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">112<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">805<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">419<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">136<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">13028<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">67<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">351<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">997<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">252<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">6100<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1016<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">414<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">114<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">18404<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">96<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">443<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1274<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">51<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">270<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">7976<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1362<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">418<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">148<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">20533<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">110<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">83<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">430<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">1742<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">524<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">321<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">8437<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1777<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">167<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">167<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">23784<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">140<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">265<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">526<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">3075<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">2339<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">349<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">9078<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">1924<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">22053<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">160<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">580<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">549<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">4676<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">7174<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">345<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">9024<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.5556px;height: 15px\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.8889px;height: 15px\">2228<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.4444px;height: 15px\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.2222px;height: 15px\">188<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">17871<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">191<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 83.3333px;height: 15px\">879<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">879<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 82.2222px;height: 15px\">6035<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">14717<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.6667px;height: 15px\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 64.4444px;height: 15px\">394<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.8889px;height: 15px\">8685-<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 71.1111px;height: 15px\">70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>CODE:<\/strong> ID = Intellectual Disability, HH = Hard of Hearing, SLI = Speech or Language Impairment, VI = Visual Impairment, ED = Emotional Disturbance, OI = Orthopedic Impairment, OHI = Other Health Impairment, SLD = Specific Learning Disability, DB = Deaf\/Blind, MD = Multiple Disabilities, ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder, TBI = Traumatic Brain Injury<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>These children and their families need a partnership with early care and education staff and other service providers as early as possible because it creates a solid foundation to support optimal development and can reduce the prevalence of ongoing and future challenges.<a href=\"#_ftn52\">[52]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the federal law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible\u00a0children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.<\/p>\n<p>The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities.<a href=\"#_ftn53\">[53]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>For children birth to 3 years, Part C of IDEA Provides early intervention services to children from birth to 3 with special needs. And Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) is a written document outlining:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The early intervention services a child and family will receive<\/li>\n<li>The child&#8217;s needs; the family&#8217;s strengths and choices; and the Early Intervention team&#8217;s recommendations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Once children turn 3, Part B of IDEA (Section 619), provides special education services through the public school system. An Individualized Education Program (IEP) is a written plan that describes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The child&#8217;s educational goals<\/li>\n<li>Services and supports in a school setting<a href=\"#_ftn54\">[54]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 199px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-210\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Three children and a teacher, child with cerebral palsy is strapped into a special chair that helps her stay upright and safe\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17-65x98.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17-225x340.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.17.jpg 245w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.17 \u2013 This child with cerebral palsy has a special chair that allows\u00a0her to participate in her inclusive early care and education program\u00a0 [55]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Inclusion<\/h2>\n<p>In IDEA, the word appropriate, refers to providing that educational experience in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE requires a continuum of placement options be available to best meet the diverse needs of children with disabilities, and presumes that the first placement option considered for each child with a disability is the regular classroom the child would attend if he or she did not have a disability.<a href=\"#_ftn56\">[56]<\/a> The full and active participation of children with disabilities or other special needs in community activities, services, and programs designed for children without disabilities, including child care, is referred to as inclusion. In an inclusive program, if support, accommodations, or modifications are needed to ensure the child\u2019s full, active participation, they are provided appropriately. The participation results in an authentic sense of belonging for the child and family.<\/p>\n<p>Teachers may be reassured to know that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Child care providers can successfully include children with disabilities or other special needs in the program while promoting belonging for all children.<\/li>\n<li>Major modifications to their program or facility probably will not be needed in order to include children with disabilities or other special needs.<\/li>\n<li>Assistance and support for more significant changes in their program or facility may be available.<\/li>\n<li>An inclusive child care program is rewarding for all the children, families, and staff in child care programs.<a href=\"#_ftn57\">[57]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Individualizing Care and Education<\/h2>\n<p>When serving an individual child, the provider should focus on the child\u2019s needs, not the disability or its label. Working with the family and the service providers, teachers can provide individualized care and education for the child\u2019s unique needs and strengths, just as they should be doing for each and every child in their classroom.<\/p>\n<p>As each child is unique, so is each child care program. There is no magic formula for making inclusion work beyond the creativity, energy, and interest that most child care providers already bring to their work. Their uniqueness notwithstanding, every program is able to successfully include children with disabilities. And each makes it work child by child, day by day.<\/p>\n<p>Some children need small changes to the curriculum or minor supports in order to get the most out of certain activities. These sorts of things may consist of fairly simple accommodations, such as providing a special place or quiet activity for a child who is unable to participate in large-group activities or making available a special snack for a child who needs to eat more frequently than the typical meal or snack schedule. Other children may require more specific adaptations that might not be readily apparent. A variety of community resources can be helpful in determining what those might be. The family, for example, is always the first and most important guide for what a child might need; after that, an area specialist or a local workshop might be. Beyond the immediate community, a world of literature in books, periodicals, and Web sites devoted to disabilities and inclusion can inform a child care provider about appropriate adaptations for a child with a particular condition or need.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-211\" style=\"width: 249px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-211 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.18.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching holding a young girl and a puppet on her lap\" width=\"249\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.18.jpg 249w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.18-65x78.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/10.18-225x270.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 249px) 100vw, 249px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10.18 \u2013 All programs can successfully include children with disabilities. [58]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Programs that begin with a high-quality, developmentally appropriate foundation; a positive attitude on the part of the care provider; appropriate adult\u2013child ratios; supportive administrators; and adequate training for the provider will be in a good position to creatively solve problems for a child with disabilities or other special needs, exactly as it does for children who are typically developing. If a child already has an established diagnosis, trained intervention personnel may be available to assist in this process.<\/p>\n<p>One of the biggest roles for a care provider is to facilitate a sense of belonging and inclusion. Several helpful strategies are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with the assumption that all children are competent.<\/li>\n<li>Adapt the environment so that it is developmentally appropriate, challenging, and fits the needs and interests of each child.<\/li>\n<li>While there may be a need to support a child\u2019s mastery of a specific skill, keep the whole child in mind, particularly the child\u2019s social-emotional experience.<a href=\"#_ftn59\">[59]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Common Modifications, Adaptations, and Supports<\/h2>\n<p>Each child is an individual, and modifications, adaptations, accommodations, and supports should be designed with a single child in mind. However, researchers from the Early Childhood Research Institute on Inclusion (ECRII) have found that many changes can be grouped into categories of modifications, summarized in Table 10.2.<a href=\"#_ftn60\">[60]<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Table 10.2 \u2013 Common Modifications, Adaptations, and Supports <\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn61\">[61]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"grid landscape\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Category of Support<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Environmental Support<\/td>\n<td>Alter the physical, social, or temporal environment to promote participation, engagement, and learning<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use a photo, picture, or object to signal the next activity.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Make boundaries for activities (e.g., mark sections of the floor with tape, provide a tray or box lid for art activities).<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free surfaces of bumps or smooth them with \u201clips\u201d and ramps.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Materials Adaptation<\/td>\n<td>Modify materials to promote independence<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add knobs to wooden puzzles.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use fabric self-adhesive closures on dress-up clothes.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Place \u201cno-slip\u201d placemats under dishes when children eat or serve themselves.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Activity Simplification<\/td>\n<td>Simplify a complicated task by breaking it into smaller parts or reducing the number of steps<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Give a child the materials for a task one piece at a time.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prepare materials for easier use.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Replace materials that may be difficult to use with ones that are simpler and can serve the same function.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Child Preferences<\/td>\n<td>Capitalize on a child\u2019s favorite activities<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Observe a child\u2019s interests and then provide additional materials or toys that match them.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use the child\u2019s preferred activities, such as music, to support efforts to learn other skills.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Find ways to build on a child\u2019s preferred activities when introducing new ideas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Special Equipment<\/td>\n<td>Use adaptive devices to facilitate participation<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure that providers know the proper use of adaptive or medical equipment, such as hearing aids, glasses, or nebulizers<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Allow all children to participate in activities by providing appropriate seating or other equipment<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use picture cards or electronic switch-activated speaking devices for children who cannot speak.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adult Support<\/td>\n<td>Employ direct adult intervention to support a child\u2019s efforts<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assign a primary caregiver to a child so that the assigned adult is able to know the unique needs of the child and ways to support them.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide direct instruction or guidance to a child while he\/she is learning or practicing tasks.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Learn specific ways of interacting or communicating with a child, such as sign language.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Peer Support<\/td>\n<td>Use classmates as models to help children learn<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pair a child with a certain disability with a child who does not have that disability during certain activities,\u00a0 ensuring that the child with special needs is sometimes the helper and not always the one being helped.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate children\u2019s interactions and observations of one another in small groups.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Teach children specific ways to engage and interact with a child with special needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Invisible Support<\/td>\n<td>Arrange naturally occurring events to assist inclusion<\/td>\n<td>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stock the dress-up center or kitchen corner with sufficient items so more children can participate in a popular activity without competition.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assign roles during children\u2019s play, such as having a child with limited mobility be in charge of \u201cpumping gas\u201d as the children riding bikes go by.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comment on children\u2019s play in ways that encourage further interaction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Pause to Reflect<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-89\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accbertelsen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/160\/2023\/10\/P2R-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84%\">How might you explain what inclusion is and why it is good for children and families to the following:<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Someone who thinks they want to be a teacher but doesn\u2019t believe they can handle teaching in an inclusive classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The family of a child with special needs.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The family of a child that is having a hard time with changes in the classroom after a child that has a special need joined the class.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Did your explanations differ? Why or why not?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p>All children and their families deserve access to and full inclusion in high-quality early care and education programs. This includes children with special health care and other special needs. Working with families and the health care and service providers, programs can meet each child\u2019s individualized needs. This takes knowledge, planning, and partnership. Inclusive programs are beneficial to everyone, the children with the special needs and their families, the children that do not have the special needs, and the program staff.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Review<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"h5p-18\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-18\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"18\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 10 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Resources for Further Exploration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.healthychildren.org\">American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)<\/a>: www.healthychildren.org<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)<\/a>: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/kidshealth.org\/\">KidsHealth\u00ae from Nemours<\/a>: http:\/\/kidshealth.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/medlineplus.html\">National Institute of Health, Medline Plus<\/a>: http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/medlineplus.html<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.aap.org\/medication-administration-in-early-care-and-education-settings\/\">Online Learning Course: Medication Administration in Early Education and Child Care<\/a>: http:\/\/www.healthychildcare.org\/healthyfutures.html<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aafa.org\/\">Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America<\/a>: http:\/\/www.aafa.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lung.org\/\">American Lung Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.lung.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Juvenile Arthritis: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/juvenile-arthritis\">https:\/\/www.arthritis.org\/juvenile-arthritis<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aacpdm.org\/\">American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine<\/a>: http:\/\/www.aacpdm.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cff.org\/\">Cystic Fibrosis Foundation<\/a>: https:\/\/www.cff.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.diabetes.org\">American Diabetes Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.diabetes.org<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nads.org\/\">National\u00a0Association for\u00a0Down Syndrome<\/a>: https:\/\/www.nads.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/\">Epilepsy Foundation<\/a>: http:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.add.org\/\">Attention Deficit Disorder Association<\/a>: http:\/\/www.add.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autism-society.org\/\">Autism Society of America<\/a>: https:\/\/www.autism-society.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.deafchildren.org\">American Society for Deaf Children<\/a>: http:\/\/www.deafchildren.org<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childrenseyefoundation.org\/\">Children\u2019s Eye Foundation of AAPOS<\/a>: https:\/\/www.childrenseyefoundation.org\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ada.gov\/childqanda.htm\">Information and Technical Assistance on the American with Disabilities Act, Commonly Asked Questions about Child Care Centers and the Americans with Disabilities Act<\/a>: http:\/\/www.ada.gov\/childqanda.htm<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.parentcenterhub.org\/disability-landing\/\">Center for Parent Information and Resources<\/a>: https:\/\/www.parentcenterhub.org\/disability-landing\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/newsletter\/disabilities-services-newsletters\">Disabilities Services Newsletters<\/a><strong>: <\/strong>https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/newsletter\/disabilities-services-newsletters<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/csefel.vanderbilt.edu\/\">Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning<\/a>: http:\/\/csefel.vanderbilt.edu\/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I<a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/video\/individualization-strategies-teaching-children-special-needs\">ndividualization: Strategies for Teaching Children with Special Needs<\/a>: https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/video\/individualization-strategies-teaching-children-special-needs<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/headstartinclusion.org\/\">Head Start Center for Inclusion<\/a>: http:\/\/headstartinclusion.org\/<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter 10 Workbook<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"h5p-19\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-19\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"19\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 10 Workbook\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5>References:<\/h5>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Care Plan for Children with Special Health Care Needs by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gibsonsgolfer\/5368179982\">Team Meeting<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/gibsonsgolfer\/\">Bob Cotter<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0\/\">CC BY-NC 2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/article\/making-it-our-own-customizing-individualized-health-plan-learning\">Making It on Our Own: Customizing an Individualized Health Plan [A Learning Activity]<\/a> by\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). 2017-2018 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health (NSCH) data query. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org\">https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canyons.edu\/academics\/onlineeducation\/ztc\/\">College of the Canyons ZTC Team<\/a> is based on image from source: Data Resource Center for Child &amp; Adolescent Health. (n.d.). 2017-2018 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.childhealthdata.org\/browse\/survey\/results?q=6859&amp;r=1&amp;g=713<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steelmore\/187103852\">Tired of allergies<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/steelmore\/\">Ste Elmore<\/a> is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\">CC BY 2.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/allergy.html\">Allergy<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/anaphylaxis.html\">Anaphylaxis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/arthritis\/basics\/childhood.htm\">Childhood Arthritis<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/asthmainchildren.html#summary\">Asthma in Children<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/faqs.htm\">Learn How to Control Asthma<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/asthmainchildren.html#summary\">Asthma in Children<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/faqs.htm\">Learn How to Control Asthma<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fdaphotos\/7349096110\">Treating Kids with Asthma (3)<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/fdaphotos\/\">The U.S. Food and Drug Administration<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hemophilia\/facts.html\">What is Hemophilia?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hemophilia\/treatment.html\">Treatment of Hemophilia<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sickle_Cell_Anemia.png\">Sickle Cell Anemia<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/blausen.com\/\">Blausen Medical Communications <\/a>is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> What is Sickle Cell Disease? by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/thalassemia\/facts.html\">What is Thalassemia?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/thalassemia\/treatment.html\">Thalassemia: Complications and Treatment<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/cp\/facts.html\">What is Cerebral Palsy?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/cysticfibrosis.html\">Cystic Fibrosis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osi.af.mil\/News\/Article-Display\/Article\/1593473\/osi-ncos-daughter-selected-for-cystic-fibrosis-treatment-vest\/\">Image<\/a> by Stacey Geiger is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/cysticfibrosis.html\">Cystic Fibrosis<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html\">Diabetes in Children and Teens<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/\">MedlinePlus<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Insulin_Delivery_Devices.png\">Insulin Delivery Devices<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/blausen.com\/\">Blausen Medical Communications <\/a>is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/type1.html\">Type 1 Diabetes<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/type1.html\">Type 1 Diabetes<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/birthdefects\/DownSyndrome.html\">Facts about Down Syndrome<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/about\/index.htm\">About Epilepsy<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref34\">[34]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/groups\/schools.htm\">Epilepsy in Schools<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref35\">[35]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/about\/first-aid.htm\">Seizure First Aid<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref36\">[36]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jble.af.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/844896\/the-faith-to-fight-eustis-family-copes-with-illness\/\">Image<\/a> by Airman 1st Class Austin Harvill is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref37\">[37]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/epilepsy\/groups\/schools.htm\">Epilepsy in Schools<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref38\">[38]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:NewADHDpic.gif\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref39\">[39]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/adhd\/facts.html\">What is ADHD?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref40\">[40]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jbcharleston.jb.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/238718\/autism-speaks-at-jb-charleston\/\">Image<\/a> by Airman 1st Class Dennis Sloan is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref41\">[41]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/facts.html\">What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref42\">[42]<\/a> Rosen, P. (n.d.) <em>Neurodiversity: What You Need to Know<\/em>. Understood. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.understood.org\/en\/friends-feelings\/empowering-your-child\/building-on-strengths\/neurodiversity-what-you-need-to-know<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref43\">[43]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/types.html\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref44\">[44]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/types.html\">Types of Hearing Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref45\">[45]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/hearingloss\/facts.html\">What is Hearing Loss in Children?<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref46\">[46]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/risk\/age.htm\">Age and Vision Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref47\">[47]<\/a> Image by Jennifer Paris used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref48\">[48]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/basics\/ced\/index.html\">Common Eye Disorders<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref49\">[49]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref50\">[50]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/visionhealth\/risk\/age.htm\">Age and Vision Loss<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref51\">[51]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data1.cde.ca.gov\/dataquest\/SpecEd\/SpecEd1.asp?cChoice=SpecEd1&amp;cYear=2018-19&amp;cLevel=State&amp;cTopic=SpecEd&amp;myTimeFrame=S&amp;submit1=Submit&amp;ReptCycle=December\">Special Education Enrollment by Age and Disability Statewide Report<\/a> by the by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/preschoolproggdlns2015.pdf\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref52\">[52]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/publication\/infographic-young-children-special-needs\">Infographic: Young Children with Special Needs<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref53\">[53]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.ed.gov\/idea\/about-idea\/\">About IDEA<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Education<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref54\">[54]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/children-disabilities\/publication\/infographic-young-children-special-needs\">Infographic: Young Children with Special Needs<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/\">Head Start Early Childhood Learning &amp; Knowledge Center<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref55\">[55]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/itcurriculumframework.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref56\">[56]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/policy\/speced\/guid\/earlylearning\/joint-statement-full-text.pdf\">Policy Statement on Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Early Childhood Programs<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ed.gov\/\">U.S. Department of Education<\/a> is in the public domain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref57\">[57]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref58\">[58]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Image<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref59\">[59]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref60\">[60]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref61\">[61]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/sp\/cd\/re\/documents\/inclusionworks.pdf\">Inclusion Works!<\/a> by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/\">California Department of Education<\/a> is used with permission<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[47],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-212","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":149,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/32"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":357,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/revisions\/357"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/149"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/212\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=212"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=212"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/accece\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}