{"id":52,"date":"2021-05-06T18:04:18","date_gmt":"2021-05-06T18:04:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/chapter\/run-on-sentences\/"},"modified":"2025-07-17T20:59:31","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T20:59:31","slug":"run-on-sentences","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/chapter\/run-on-sentences\/","title":{"raw":"Run-on Sentences","rendered":"Run-on Sentences"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the cause of a run-on sentence<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between a fused sentence and a comma splice<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply three strategies to fix run-on sentences<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIt\u2019s inevitable. In using a variety of sentence types in your writing, you will have errors. One of the most common errors students have are <strong>run-on sentences.<\/strong>\r\n<h1>The Basics<\/h1>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nJust as short, incomplete sentences can be problematic, lengthy sentences can be problematic too.\r\n\r\nAs writers we want to ensure our sentences are always form a complete idea to avoid confusion for our reader. A \"complete sentence\" is also known as an <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"194\"]independent clause[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> which we learned about in the previous chapter. Here's an example:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\">I have to complete my project by tomorrow. It is worth 30% of my grade.<\/div>\r\nBoth sentences are independent clauses. They both express a complete idea.\r\n\r\nHowever, many people make mistakes when incorrectly combining two or more independent clauses. This is what is known as a <strong>run-on sentence<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nA [pb_glossary id=\"239\"]<strong>run-on sentence<\/strong> [\/pb_glossary] can take two main forms. Before we tell you what those are, read the examples below and see if you can identify what is wrong with each.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example #1<\/strong>: I have to complete my project by tomorrow it is worth 30% of my grade.\r\n<strong>\r\nExample #2:<\/strong> I have to complete my project by tomorrow, it is worth 30% of my grade.<\/div>\r\nExample #1 is known as a\u00a0<strong>fused sentence<\/strong>. This means that two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Example #2 is known as a <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">comma splice<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">. This means that a comma incorrectly joins two independent clauses.<\/span>\r\n\r\nLook at two more examples below. Can you tell which one is a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"236\"]fused sentence[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> and which is a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"237\"]comma splice[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>?\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Example #1: <\/strong>We looked outside, and the kids were hopping on the trampoline.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><strong>Example #2:\u00a0<\/strong>A family of foxes lived under our shed. Young foxes played all over the yard.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nExample #1 is a <strong>comma splice.<\/strong> Example #2 is a<strong> fused sentence<\/strong>. Let's do some more practice identifying the two.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise #1: Fused Sentence or Comma Splice?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nRead the [pb_glossary id=\"239\"]run-on sentences[\/pb_glossary] below. Decide if they are an example of a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"236\"]fused sentence[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> or a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"237\"]comma splice[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"14\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Fixes for Run-on Sentences<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">While <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"239\"]run-on sentences[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>\u00a0are extremely common, they are also easily fixed by<\/span> using punctuation, [pb_glossary id=\"195\"]coordinating conjunctions[\/pb_glossary], or [pb_glossary id=\"192\"]subordinate conjunctions[\/pb_glossary].\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2>Punctuation<\/h2>\r\nA period and a semicolon are the most common punctuation marks to fix <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nA period will correct the error by creating two separate sentences.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0There were no seats left, we had to stand in the back.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0There were no seats left.\u00a0We had to stand in the back.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nUsing a semicolon between the two complete sentences will also correct the error. A semicolon lets you keep two closely related ideas together in one sentence. When you punctuate with a semicolon, make sure that both parts of the sentence are <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"194\"]independent clauses[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nMany people mistakenly assume a semicolon can be used like a comma, which is incorrect.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong> The accident closed both lanes of traffic and we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The accident closed both lanes of traffic<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Make sure that both ideas are closely related before you use a semicolon<\/em>. If they are not related, you cannot use a semicolon.\r\n\r\nFor example, a semicolon can't be used in the following sentence because both ideas are not related:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Incorrect Semicolon Use: <\/strong>The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> we ate fast food for dinner.<\/div>\r\nYou might be saying, \"What if they ate fast food because of the accident? Wouldn't the two sentences be related then?\"\r\n\r\nIn such a case, you may be right. But it falls on the writer to clarify that distinction to the reader. It's <strong>your job<\/strong> to ensure the connection between your ideas is clear! This can be done with<strong> [pb_glossary id=\"238\"]transition words[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nWhen you use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses, you may wish to add a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html\">transition word<\/a> to show the connection between the two thoughts.\r\n\r\nAfter the semicolon, add the transition word and follow it with a comma:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0The project was put on hold we didn\u2019t have time to slow down, so we kept working.\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The project was put on hold;\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>however<\/em>,<\/span> we didn\u2019t have time to slow down, so we kept working.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe can also apply this to our incorrect example above:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Incorrect Semicolon Use: <\/strong>The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> we ate fast food for dinner.\r\n\r\n<strong>Correct Semicolon Use<\/strong>: The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">therefore,<\/span> we ate fast food for dinner.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nYou can also fix<strong> run-on sentences<\/strong> by adding a comma and a\u00a0<strong><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">[pb_glossary id=\"195\"]coordinating conjunction[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span>.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRemember, a <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/chapter\/basicelements\/#chapter-354-section-2\"><strong>coordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/a> acts as a link between two clauses.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">These are the seven <strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong> that you can use: <\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">for<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">and<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">nor<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">but<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">or<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">yet<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">, and\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">so<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">. <\/span><\/div>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Use these words appropriately when you want to link the two independent clauses.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0The new printer was installed, no one knew how to use it.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The new printer was installed<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">,\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>but<\/em> <\/span>no one knew how to use it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s02\">\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s02_n01\">Subordinate Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nAdding <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"192\"]subordinate conjunctions[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> is another way to link independent clauses. Like <strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>, <strong>subordinate conjunctions<\/strong> show a relationship between two independent clauses. There are many different <strong>subordinate conjunctions<\/strong>. Check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/\">this link<\/a> to see a list.\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0We took the elevator, the others still got there before us.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence: <\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>Although<\/em><\/span>\u00a0we took the elevator, the others got there before us.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the example above, the run-on is a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"237\"]comma splice[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, which results from joining two complete ideas with a comma. In the correct example, the subordinating conjunction <em>although<\/em>\u00a0appears at the start to show the relationship between the sentences. Now, it's okay to combine both sentences with a comma.\r\n\r\nHere's another example:\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Run-on:<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\"> Cobwebs covered the furniture the room hadn\u2019t been used in years.<\/span>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0Cobwebs covered the furniture\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>because<\/em><\/span> the room hadn\u2019t been used in years.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n\r\nIn this example, the run-on is a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"236\"]fused sentence[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">We fixed this issue by inserting the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">subordinate conjunction<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"> in between both sentences.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise #2: Fixing Run-on Sentences<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nA reader can get lost or lose interest in material that is too dense and rambling. This can easily happen when there are too many [pb_glossary id=\"239\"]run-on sentences[\/pb_glossary] in a paragraph. Use what you have learned to correct the following passages. When you think you have a solution, compare it to the possible answer. Changes are bolded and colored purple.\r\n\r\nIf your answers are a little different, that's okay, as long as you followed the strategies we discussed. If you're not sure, please ask your instructor.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The report is due on Wednesday, but we\u2019re flying back from Miami that morning. I told the project manager that we would be able to get the report to her later that day she suggested that we come back a day early to get the report done and I told her we had meetings until our flight took off. We e-mailed our contact who said that they would check with his boss, she said that the project could afford a delay as long as they wouldn\u2019t have to make any edits or changes to the file our new deadline is next Friday.<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"15\"]\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nAnna tried getting a reservation at the restaurant, but when she called they said that there was a waiting list so she put our names down on the list when the day of our reservation arrived we only had to wait thirty minutes because a table opened up unexpectedly which was good because we were able to catch a movie after dinner in the time we\u2019d expected to wait to be seated.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"16\"]\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nWithout a doubt, my favorite artist is Leonardo da Vinci, not because of his paintings but because of his fascinating designs, models, and sketches, including plans for scuba gear, a flying machine, and a life-size mechanical lion that actually walked and moved its head. His paintings are beautiful too, especially when you see the computer enhanced versions researchers use a variety of methods to discover and enhance the paintings\u2019 original colors, the result of which are stunningly vibrant and yet delicate displays of the man\u2019s genius.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[h5p id=\"17\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"239\"]run-on sentence[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> occurs when two or more independent clauses are connected without proper punctuation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are two types of <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong>: a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"236\"]fused sentence[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> and a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"237\"]comma splice[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A <strong>fused sentence<\/strong> occurs when two independent clauses are combined <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">without<\/span> punctuation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A <strong>comma splice<\/strong> occurs when two independent clauses are combined with a comma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Both types of <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong> can be fixed by adding correct punctuation, a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"195\"]coordinating conjunction[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>, or a <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"192\"]subordinate conjunction[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> to the sentence. The one that's best depends on the information the writer is trying to convey.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow that you are finished with this chapter, you can either click on one of the other sentence-level issues and learn about them, or continue on to the next required chapter.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Go To Another Topic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/sentence-fragments\/\">Sentence Fragments<\/a> |\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/verb-tense\/\">Verb Tense<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/punctuation\/\">Punctuation<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/eliminating-wordiness\/\">Eliminating Wordiness<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">References<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nPossel,\u00a0H. (n.d.).\u00a0<em>Transition Words<\/em>. Smart Words.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html\">https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nTraffis,\u00a0C. (2020, December 16).\u00a0<em>What is a subordinating conjunction?<\/em> Grammarly. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/\">https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/<\/a>\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\nThis chapter is adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/communicationatwork\/chapter\/5-2-proofreading-for-grammar\/\">Communication at Work<\/a>\u201d by Jordan Smith (on <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/\">Open Library<\/a>). It is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThis chapter is also adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/2-1-sentence-writing\/\">Writing for Success<\/a>\u201d by University of Minnesota (on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.umn.edu\/services\/publishing\">University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing<\/a>). It is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the cause of a run-on sentence<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate between a fused sentence and a comma splice<\/li>\n<li>Apply three strategies to fix run-on sentences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>It\u2019s inevitable. In using a variety of sentence types in your writing, you will have errors. One of the most common errors students have are <strong>run-on sentences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1>The Basics<\/h1>\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<p>Just as short, incomplete sentences can be problematic, lengthy sentences can be problematic too.<\/p>\n<p>As writers we want to ensure our sentences are always form a complete idea to avoid confusion for our reader. A &#8220;complete sentence&#8221; is also known as an <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_194\">independent clause<\/a><\/strong> which we learned about in the previous chapter. Here&#8217;s an example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\">I have to complete my project by tomorrow. It is worth 30% of my grade.<\/div>\n<p>Both sentences are independent clauses. They both express a complete idea.<\/p>\n<p>However, many people make mistakes when incorrectly combining two or more independent clauses. This is what is known as a <strong>run-on sentence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_239\"><strong>run-on sentence<\/strong> <\/a> can take two main forms. Before we tell you what those are, read the examples below and see if you can identify what is wrong with each.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Example #1<\/strong>: I have to complete my project by tomorrow it is worth 30% of my grade.<br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\nExample #2:<\/strong> I have to complete my project by tomorrow, it is worth 30% of my grade.<\/div>\n<p>Example #1 is known as a\u00a0<strong>fused sentence<\/strong>. This means that two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Example #2 is known as a <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">comma splice<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">. This means that a comma incorrectly joins two independent clauses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Look at two more examples below. Can you tell which one is a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_236\">fused sentence<\/a><\/strong> and which is a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_237\">comma splice<\/a><\/strong>?<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Example #1: <\/strong>We looked outside, and the kids were hopping on the trampoline.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><strong>Example #2:\u00a0<\/strong>A family of foxes lived under our shed. Young foxes played all over the yard.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<p>Example #1 is a <strong>comma splice.<\/strong> Example #2 is a<strong> fused sentence<\/strong>. Let&#8217;s do some more practice identifying the two.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise #1: Fused Sentence or Comma Splice?<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Read the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_239\">run-on sentences<\/a> below. Decide if they are an example of a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_236\">fused sentence<\/a><\/strong> or a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_237\">comma splice<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-14\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-14\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"14\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Fused Sentence or Comma Splice?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Fixes for Run-on Sentences<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">While <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_239\">run-on sentences<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0are extremely common, they are also easily fixed by<\/span> using punctuation, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_195\">coordinating conjunctions<\/a>, or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_192\">subordinate conjunctions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2>Punctuation<\/h2>\n<p>A period and a semicolon are the most common punctuation marks to fix <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>A period will correct the error by creating two separate sentences.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0There were no seats left, we had to stand in the back.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0There were no seats left.\u00a0We had to stand in the back.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Using a semicolon between the two complete sentences will also correct the error. A semicolon lets you keep two closely related ideas together in one sentence. When you punctuate with a semicolon, make sure that both parts of the sentence are <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_194\">independent clauses<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Many people mistakenly assume a semicolon can be used like a comma, which is incorrect.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong> The accident closed both lanes of traffic and we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s01_n02\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The accident closed both lanes of traffic<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span>we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Make sure that both ideas are closely related before you use a semicolon<\/em>. If they are not related, you cannot use a semicolon.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a semicolon can&#8217;t be used in the following sentence because both ideas are not related:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Incorrect Semicolon Use: <\/strong>The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> we ate fast food for dinner.<\/div>\n<p>You might be saying, &#8220;What if they ate fast food because of the accident? Wouldn&#8217;t the two sentences be related then?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In such a case, you may be right. But it falls on the writer to clarify that distinction to the reader. It&#8217;s <strong>your job<\/strong> to ensure the connection between your ideas is clear! This can be done with<strong> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_238\">transition words<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>When you use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses, you may wish to add a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html\">transition word<\/a> to show the connection between the two thoughts.<\/p>\n<p>After the semicolon, add the transition word and follow it with a comma:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0The project was put on hold we didn\u2019t have time to slow down, so we kept working.<\/p>\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The project was put on hold;\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>however<\/em>,<\/span> we didn\u2019t have time to slow down, so we kept working.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>We can also apply this to our incorrect example above:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Incorrect Semicolon Use: <\/strong>The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> we ate fast food for dinner.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct Semicolon Use<\/strong>: The accident closed both lanes of traffic<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">;<\/strong> <span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">therefore,<\/span> we ate fast food for dinner.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<p>You can also fix<strong> run-on sentences<\/strong> by adding a comma and a\u00a0<strong><span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_195\">coordinating conjunction<\/a><\/span><\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Remember, a <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/chapter\/basicelements\/#chapter-354-section-2\"><strong>coordinating conjunction<\/strong><\/a> acts as a link between two clauses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">These are the seven <strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong> that you can use: <\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">for<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">and<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">nor<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">but<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">or<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">,\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">yet<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">, and\u00a0<\/span><em class=\"im_emphasis\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">so<\/em><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Use these words appropriately when you want to link the two independent clauses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0The new printer was installed, no one knew how to use it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0The new printer was installed<strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">,\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>but<\/em> <\/span>no one knew how to use it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s02_n01\">Subordinate Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<p>Adding <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_192\">subordinate conjunctions<\/a><\/strong> is another way to link independent clauses. Like <strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>, <strong>subordinate conjunctions<\/strong> show a relationship between two independent clauses. There are many different <strong>subordinate conjunctions<\/strong>. Check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/\">this link<\/a> to see a list.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mcleanbuseng-ch01_s01_s02_s03_s03_n01\" class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Run-on:<\/strong>\u00a0We took the elevator, the others still got there before us.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete Sentence: <\/strong><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>Although<\/em><\/span>\u00a0we took the elevator, the others got there before us.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the example above, the run-on is a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_237\">comma splice<\/a><\/strong>, which results from joining two complete ideas with a comma. In the correct example, the subordinating conjunction <em>although<\/em>\u00a0appears at the start to show the relationship between the sentences. Now, it&#8217;s okay to combine both sentences with a comma.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s another example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\" style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\">Run-on:<\/strong><span style=\"text-align: initial; font-size: 1em;\"> Cobwebs covered the furniture the room hadn\u2019t been used in years.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div class=\"im_callout im_editable im_block\">\n<p><strong class=\"im_emphasis im_bold\">Complete sentence:<\/strong>\u00a0Cobwebs covered the furniture\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\"><em>because<\/em><\/span> the room hadn\u2019t been used in years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<p>In this example, the run-on is a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_236\">fused sentence<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">We fixed this issue by inserting the\u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1em;\">subordinate conjunction<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"> in between both sentences.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise #2: Fixing Run-on Sentences<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>A reader can get lost or lose interest in material that is too dense and rambling. This can easily happen when there are too many <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_239\">run-on sentences<\/a> in a paragraph. Use what you have learned to correct the following passages. When you think you have a solution, compare it to the possible answer. Changes are bolded and colored purple.<\/p>\n<p>If your answers are a little different, that&#8217;s okay, as long as you followed the strategies we discussed. If you&#8217;re not sure, please ask your instructor.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">The report is due on Wednesday, but we\u2019re flying back from Miami that morning. I told the project manager that we would be able to get the report to her later that day she suggested that we come back a day early to get the report done and I told her we had meetings until our flight took off. We e-mailed our contact who said that they would check with his boss, she said that the project could afford a delay as long as they wouldn\u2019t have to make any edits or changes to the file our new deadline is next Friday.<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-15\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-15\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"15\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Run-On Sentence Review #1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Anna tried getting a reservation at the restaurant, but when she called they said that there was a waiting list so she put our names down on the list when the day of our reservation arrived we only had to wait thirty minutes because a table opened up unexpectedly which was good because we were able to catch a movie after dinner in the time we\u2019d expected to wait to be seated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-16\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-16\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"16\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Run-On Sentence Review #2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Without a doubt, my favorite artist is Leonardo da Vinci, not because of his paintings but because of his fascinating designs, models, and sketches, including plans for scuba gear, a flying machine, and a life-size mechanical lion that actually walked and moved its head. His paintings are beautiful too, especially when you see the computer enhanced versions researchers use a variety of methods to discover and enhance the paintings\u2019 original colors, the result of which are stunningly vibrant and yet delicate displays of the man\u2019s genius.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-17\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-17\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"17\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Run-On Sentence Review #3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_239\">run-on sentence<\/a><\/strong> occurs when two or more independent clauses are connected without proper punctuation<\/li>\n<li>There are two types of <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong>: a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_236\">fused sentence<\/a><\/strong> and a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_237\">comma splice<\/a><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>fused sentence<\/strong> occurs when two independent clauses are combined <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">without<\/span> punctuation.<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>comma splice<\/strong> occurs when two independent clauses are combined with a comma.<\/li>\n<li>Both types of <strong>run-on sentences<\/strong> can be fixed by adding correct punctuation, a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_195\">coordinating conjunction<\/a><\/strong>, or a <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_52_192\">subordinate conjunction<\/a><\/strong> to the sentence. The one that&#8217;s best depends on the information the writer is trying to convey.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now that you are finished with this chapter, you can either click on one of the other sentence-level issues and learn about them, or continue on to the next required chapter.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Go To Another Topic<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/sentence-fragments\/\">Sentence Fragments<\/a> |\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/verb-tense\/\">Verb Tense<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/punctuation\/\">Punctuation<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/rcm300\/chapter\/eliminating-wordiness\/\">Eliminating Wordiness<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">References<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Possel,\u00a0H. (n.d.).\u00a0<em>Transition Words<\/em>. Smart Words.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html\">https:\/\/www.smart-words.org\/linking-words\/transition-words.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Traffis,\u00a0C. (2020, December 16).\u00a0<em>What is a subordinating conjunction?<\/em> Grammarly. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/\">https:\/\/www.grammarly.com\/blog\/subordinating-conjunctions\/<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p>This chapter is adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/communicationatwork\/chapter\/5-2-proofreading-for-grammar\/\">Communication at Work<\/a>\u201d by Jordan Smith (on <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/\">Open Library<\/a>). It is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter is also adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/2-1-sentence-writing\/\">Writing for Success<\/a>\u201d by University of Minnesota (on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.umn.edu\/services\/publishing\">University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing<\/a>). It is licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_52_194\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_194\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a clause that can stand on it's own because it conveys a complete idea.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_239\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_239\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a writing error where two or more independent clauses are connected without proper punctuation<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_236\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_236\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>when two independent clauses are combined without any punctuation<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_237\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_237\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_195\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_195\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a word that joins two clauses. These include words like and, but, for, yet, nor, or, so<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_192\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_192\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a word that connects a dependent clause to an independent clause. It shows a cause-and-effect relationship or a shift in time and place between the two clauses<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_52_238\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_52_238\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>words that are used to connect words, phrases, or sentences. Examples include: <em>as a matter of fact<\/em>, <em>moreover<\/em>, <em>in other words<\/em>, and <em>as a result<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":101,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-52","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":43,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2798,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/revisions\/2798"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/43"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/52\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=52"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.ccconline.org\/2250organizationalcommunication\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}